13. Rachel Carson to Lois Crisler, August 19, 1961, Rachel Carson Papers, Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University, New Haven, CT.
14. Author interview with Cathy Stone (Douglas’s fourth wife), August 19, 2010.
15. Adam W. Sowards, The Environmental Justice: William O. Douglas and American Conservation (Corvallis: Oregon State University Press, 2009), p. 119.
16. William O. Douglas, A Wilderness Bill of Rights (Boston, MA: Little, Brown, 1965), p. 166.
17. Edwin O. Wilson, “Afterword,” in Rachel Carson, Silent Spring (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2002), p. 357.
18. Sally Ann Grumaer Rannery, “Heroines and Hierarchies: Female Leadership in the Conservation Movement,” in Donald Snow (ed.), Voices from the Environmental Movement (Washington, DC: Island, 1992), p. 115.
19. Isabella Bird, A Lady’s Life in the Rocky Mountains (New York: Putnam, 1900), p. 167.
20. Grumaer Rannery, “Heroines and Hierarchies: Female Leadership in the Conservation Movement,” pp. 116–119.
21. Edna Ferber, Ice Palace: A Novel for Alaska Statehood (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1958), p. 18.
22. Mitman, Reel Nature, p. 116.
23. Vera Norwood, Made from This Earth (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1993), p. 162.
24. Audubon (November–December 2004), pp. 52–53.
25. Paul Brooks, The House of Life: Rachel Carson at Work (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1989), p. 253.
1. Margaret E. Murie, “Foreword,” in Debbie S. Miller, Midnight Wilderness: Journeys in Alaska’s National Wildlife Refuge (Portland, OR: Alaska Northwest, 2000), p. x.
2. T. H. Watkins, Vanishing Arctic: Alaska’s National Wildlife Refuge (Washington, DC: Aperture Foundation, 1988), p. 47.
3. Roger Kaye, Last Great Wilderness (Anchorage: University of Alaska Press, 2006), pp. 106–107.
4. Olaus J. Murie to George L. Collins, November 29, 1956, Margaret Murie Papers, Box 2, Folder 18, American Heritage Center, University of Wyoming, Laramie.
5. Gary Snyder, Look Out: A Selection of Writings (New York: New Direction, 2002), pp. 115–116.
6. Rick Bass, Caribou Rising: Defending the Porcupine Herd, Gwich-’in Culture, and the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (San Francisco, CA: Sierra Club, 2004), p. 109.
7. Kaye, Last Great Wilderness, p. 107.
8. Daniel Nelson, Northern Landscapes: The Struggle for Wilderness Alaska (Washington, DC: Resources for the Future, 2004), p. 45.
9. Mark Harvey, Wilderness Forever: Howard Zahniser and the Path to the Wilderness Act (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2005), p. xii.
10. Olaus Murie, in Living Wilderness, Vol. 58 (1956), p. 30.
11. Murie to Collins, November 29, 1956.
12. Lois Crisler to Olaus Murie, October 24, 1956, Margaret Murie Papers, Box 2, Folder 18, American Heritage Center, University of Wyoming, Laramie.
13. Olaus J. Murie to Fairfield Osborn, November 4, Margaret Murie Papers, Box 2, Folder 18.
14. Lois Crisler, “Where Wilderness Is Complete,” Living Wilderness, Vol. 60, (Spring 1957), p. 4.
15. Ibid., pp. 1–4.
16. Tom Walker, Caribou: Wanderer of the Tundra (Portland, OR: Graphic Arts Center, 2005), p. 24.
17. Crisler, “Where Wilderness Is Complete.”
18. Bass, Caribou Rising, p. 109.
19. Ernest Thompson Seton, The Arctic Prairies (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1911), p. 209.
20. Kaye, Last Great Wilderness, p. 114.
21. Olaus Murie to Fairfield Osborn, February 18, 1957.
22. U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, Hearing Before the Merchant Marine and Fisheries Subcommittee on S. 1899, 86th Congress, 1st Session, June 30, 1959, p. 55.
23. Quoted in Kaye, Last Great Wilderness, p. 119.
24. David Backes, The Life of Sigurd F. Olson (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999), p. 254.
25. Ibid., p. 271.
26. “Fred Seaton,” Kansas Historical Society, Topeka, Kansas. (Biography.)
27. “Fred A. Seaton, Interior Chief Under Eisenhower, Dies at 64,” New York Times, January 18, 1974.
28. Ibid.
29. Dermot Cole, “The Road to Statehood,” in Alaska 50: Celebrating Alaska’s 50th Anniversary of Statehood 1959–2009 (Tampa, FL: Faircount Media Group, 2008), p. 23.
30. F. Seaton, speech at the Eisenhower Library.
31. Herb and Lois Crisler to Secretary of the Interior Fred Seaton, May 14, 1958.
32. Kaye, Last Great Wilderness, p. 246.
33. “Wildlife Range—Boon to State,” Fairbanks Daily News-Miner, May 21, 1959. (Editorial.)
34. Debbie S. Miller, Midnight Wilderness: Journeys in Alaska’s National Wildlife Refuge (Portland, OR: Alaska Northwest, 2000), p. 172.
35. Kaye, Last Great Wilderness, pp. 119–121.
36. Peter A. Coates, The Trans-Alaska Pipeline Controversy (Anchorage: University of Alaska Press, 1993), p. 92.
37. Miller, Midnight Wilderness, p. 158.
38. Ibid., p. 174.
39. Clarence J. Rhode to Olaus Murie, May 21, 1957, Margaret Murie Papers, Box 2, Folder 18.
40. Kaye, Last Great Wilderness, p. 83.
41. Margaret Murie, Two in the Far North (Anchorage: Alaska Northwest, 1962), p. 357.
42. Miller, Midnight Wilderness, p. 170.
43. John M. Kauffmann, Alaska’s Brooks Range: The Ultimate Mountains (Seattle, WA: Mountaineers, 2005), p. 102. See also Kaye, Last Great Wilderness, pp. 121–125.
44. Elaine Rhode, National Wildlife Refuges of Alaska (Anchorage: Alaska Natural History Association, 2003), p. 20.
45. Neil M. Maher, Nature’s New Deal: The Civilian Conservation Corps and the Roots of the American Environmental Movement (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008), p. 5.
46. Miller, Midnight Wilderness, p. 172.
47. Kaye, Last Great Wilderness, p. 132.
48. William O. Douglas, My Wilderness: The Pacific West (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1968), pp. 16–17.
49. Gerald E. Bowke, Reaching for a Star: The Final Campaign for Alaskan Statehood (Fairbanks, AK: Epicenter, 1989).
50. Kaye, Last Great Wilderness, p. 138.
51. Dermot Cole, “The Road to Alaska’s Statehood,” in Alaska 50: Celebrating Alaska’s 50th Anniversary of Statehood 1959–2009 (Tampa, FL: Faircount Media Group, 2008), p. 19.
52. Ross Coen, “Eisenhower Was Reluctant Supporter of Alaska Statehood,” Anchorage Daily News, July 6, 2008.
53. Claus-M. Naske and Herman E. Slotnick, Alaska: A History of the 49th State (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1979), p. 174.
54. Miller, Midnight Wilderness, p. 155.
55. Kaye, Last Great Wilderness, p. 151.
56. John A. Murray, The Mountain Reader (Old Saybrook, CT: Globe Pequot, 2000), p. 110.
57. Ansel Adams to J. F. Carithers, December 19, 1959. Personal papers of Douglas Carithers, Tucson, AZ.
1. William O. Douglas, “Foreword,” in Farewell to Texas: A Vanishing Wilderness (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967).
2. William O. Douglas, My Wilderness: The Pacific West (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1968), p. 94.
3. Ibid., pp. 30–31.
4. William O. Douglas, A Wilderness Bill of Rights (New York: Little, Brown, 1965), p. 86.
5. James F. Simon, Independent Journey (London: Penguin, 1981), p. 328. (Originally published New York: Harper and Row, 1980.)
6. Author interview with Ethel Kennedy, June 20, 2010.
7. Terry Tempest Williams, The Open Space of Democracy (Barrington, MA: Orion Society, 2004).
8. William H. Rodgers Jr., “The Fox and the Chickens: Mr. Justice Douglas and Environmental Law,” in He Shall Not Pass This Way Again: The Legacy of William O. Douglas (Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1990), pp. 48–219.
9. Celia Hunter, “Statement: Before the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerc
e,” October 20, 1954, Arctic Wildlife Range–Alaska.
10. Author interview with Virginia Wood, June 18, 2010.
11. Ibid.
12. Alaska Conservation Society Newsletter, No. 1 (March 1960).
13. Virginia Wood testifying on behalf of Alaskan wilderness preservation, quoted in Roger Kaye, Last Great Wilderness (Anchorage: University of Alaska Press, 2006), p. 196.
14. David Backes, The Life of Sigurd F. Olson (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997), pp. 298–299.
15. Sigurd F. Olson, “Alaska’s Land and Scenic Grandeur,” Living Wilderness (Winter 1971–1972).
16. Backes, The Life of Sigurd F. Olson, p. 298.
17. Author interview with Virginia Wood, June 16, 2010.
18. Kaye, Last Great Wilderness, p. 202.
19. “Governor’s Office—News Release,” September 26, 1960. Alaska Conservation Society Papers, Box 57, Folder 623, Fairbanks, AK.
20. David L. Spencer, Claus-M. Naske, and John Carnahan, National Wildlife Refuges of Alaska (January 1979), p. 109.
21. Sigurd F. Olson to George L. Collins, December 2, 1970, Sigurd Olson Papers, Box 80, Arctic Range Folder, Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul.
22. Douglas, My Wilderness, pp. 30–31.
23. Author interview with Stewart Udall, March 16, 2009.
24. Margaret Murie, Two in the Far North (Anchorage: Alaska Northwest, 1962).
25. “Secretary Seaton Establishes New Arctic National Wildlife Range,” Department of the Interior, Washington, DC, December 7, 1960.
26. David Petersen, Elkheart, A Personal Tribute to Wapiti and Their World (Black Earth, WI: Big Earth, 1998), p. 100.
27. Kaye, Last Great Wilderness, p. 206.
28. Author interview with Stewart Udall, September 6, 2009.
29. Ibid.
30. Douglas Brinkley, “Eisenhower: His Farewell Speech as President Inaugurated the Spirit of the 1960s,” American Heritage, Vol. 52 (September 2001).
31. Author interview with Carl Rowan, March 19, 1997.
32. William Schwarz (ed.), Voices for the Wilderness (New York: Ballantine, 1969), pp. 109–121.
33. Geoffrey L. Haskett, “Background: ANWR,” Federal Register, Vol. 75, No. 66 (April 7, 2010). (Notice 17764.)
34. Curt Meine, Correction Lines: Essays on Land, Leopold, and Conservation (Washington, DC: Island, 2009), p. 108.
35. Mardy Murie to Fairfield Osborn, January 7, 1961, Margaret Murie Papers, American Heritage Center, University of Wyoming, Laramie.
36. Author interview with Cathy Stone, August 18, 2010.
37. William O. Douglas, Muir of the Mountains (San Francisco, CA: Sierra Club Books for Children, 1961), p. 57.
38. Adam W. Sowards, The Environmental Justice: William O. Douglas and American Conservation (Corvallis: Oregon State University Press, 2009), pp. 2–3.
39. William O. Douglas, My Wilderness: East to Katahdin (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1966), pp. 31–33.
40. Douglas, Muir of the Mountains, p. 101.
* Roosevelt would probably have been amazed at the report by National Geographic in 2009 that DNA (genetic) testing had confirmed the existence of a grizzly–polar bear hybrid in the Arctic.
* In 1909 President William Howard Taft spoke to the Arctic Brotherhood on a visit to Seattle’s Yukon-Pacific Exposition. He was given the title Post Grand Arctic Chief. Unlike TR, Taft agreed to wear the brotherhood’s ridiculous Arctic robe with its polar bear collar. The current Arctic Brotherhood Web site mocks Taft (perhaps inadvertently) for wearing “the gayest-looking costume any president has dared to wear.” In 1907 the federal organization Pioneers of Alaska had been formed to preserve historical relics. Igloo No. 1 was founded in Nome.
* The fierce debate over who first reached the north pole persists in academic circles. Cook claimed to have reached it on April 21, 1908—a year before Peary. Critics of Cook claim he had once faked climbing to the top of Mount McKinley and wasn’t to be trusted.
* Nevertheless, Hornaday stayed a member of the Boone and Crockett Club.
* When he was in northern California, Roosevelt liked to stay at the ranch of the former secretary of state William Seward, near Lassen Volcanic National Park, in order to study the volcanoes.
* Although elk aren’t native to Alaska, they have been reintroduced to Afognak Island, Etolin Island, and Raspberry Island. Elk had lived there during the Pleistocene but became extinct before Euroamericans arrived.
* Pinchot had ghostwritten some of the chapter on conservation in Roosevelt’s An Autobiography, published with great fanfare in 1913. He self-servingly focused the book on the more than 150 national forests he and Roosevelt had founded together from 1901 to 1909. Pinchot viewed Hornaday as a bomb-thrower, constitutionally incapable of moderation or calm bureaucratic infighting.
* In 1921, Leopold wrote an important article for the Journal of Forestry: “The Wilderness and Its Place in Forest Recreational Policy.” He argued that every state needed to have at least one large wilderness area with no commercialism and no roads. Leopold was advocating “virgin stands,” a forest policy that he believed offered human psychic renewal, in contrast to urbanization.
* Sheldon’s voluminous personal papers are now housed at different locations: University of Alaska-Fairbanks, Smithsonian Institution, Dartmouth College, and the Boone and Crockett Club.
* Today the Great Bear Wilderness, the Bob Marshall Wilderness, and the Scapegoat Wilderness form the Bob Marshall Wilderness Complex, totaling more than 1.5 million acres.
* According to the raptor ecologist Joel E. (Jeep) Pagel of U.S. Fish and Wildlife, in Asia golden eagles are known to hunt wolves. In North America, however, golden eagles have never been seen to seize a wolf, although they do eat coyote pups.
* Olaus Murie, however, was a fan of Ernest Thompson Seton, who had been his literary hero during his boyhood. He once encountered Seton at an event in Washington, D.C., and said, “Oh, my, I know all your books. My friends and I grew up with them. We just lived Two Little Savages, along the Red River in Minnesota. We did everything you wrote about in there, and we built a tipi but we could never make the smoke go up right.” Seton replied, “I never could either.”
* In 1980, Denali National Park was expanded by 4 million acres. Today it encompasses a total of 6,075,107 acres. The original 2 million acres are commonly called the “old park” and are designated wilderness.
* Some scholars believe that it is impossible to overcome polio. But the historian David Oshinsky, author of a Pulitzer Prize–winning work on polio, knows that this is indeed possible.
* Snyder did like computers. He even wrote a poem for his Macintosh, designed by Apple Inc.
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