Running Science

by Owen Anderson

2. Paavolainen, L. et al. Explosive-strength training improves 5-km running time by improving running economy and muscle power. Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 86 (5), pp. 1527-33, May 1999.

  3. Paradisis, G. et al. Combined uphill and downhill sprint running training is more efficacious than horizontal. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, Vol. 4 (2), pp. 229-43, June 2009.

  4. Ebben, W. et al. Effect of the degree of hill slope on acute downhill running velocity and acceleration. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, Vol. 22 (3), pp. 898-902, May 2008.

  5. Zafeiridis, A. et al. The effects of resisted sled-pulling sprint training on acceleration and maximum speed performance. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, Vol. 45 (3), pp. 284-90, Spet. 2005.

  6. Rukso, H. and Bosco, C. Metabolic response of endurance athletes to training with added load. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, Vol. 56 (4), pp. 412-8, 1987.

  7. Ross, R. et al. The effects of treadmill sprint training and resistance training on maximal running velocity and power. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, Vol. 23 (2), pp. 385-94, Mar. 2009.

  8. de Villarreal, E. et al. Low and moderate plyometric training frequency produces greater jumping and sprinting gains compared with high frequency. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, Vol. 22 (3), pp. 715-25, May 2008.

  9. Nummela, A. et al. Neuromuscular factors determining 5 km running performance and running economy in well-trained athletes. European Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 97 (1), pp. 1-8, May 2006.

  10. Harris, N. et al. Squat jump training at maximal power loads vs. heavy loads: Effect on sprint ability. J Strength Cond Res, Vol. 22 (6), pp. 1742-9, Nov. 2008.

  Chapter 29 Promoting Resistance to Fatigue

  1. Fimland, M. et al. enhanced neural drive after maximal strength training in multiple sclerosis patients. European Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 110 (2), pp. 435-443, 2010.

  2. Markovic, G. and Mikulic, P. Neuro-musculoskeletal and performance adaptations to lower-extremity plyometric training. Sports Medicine, Vol. 40 (10), pp. 859-895, 2010.

  3. Girard, O. et al. Repeated-sprint ability part 1: Factors contributing to fatigue. Sports Medicine, Vol. 41 (8), pp. 673-694, 2011.

  4. Yobes Ondieki, conversation with the author, Eldoret, Kenya, February 7, 1995.

  5. Saraslanidis, P. et al. Muscle metabolism and performance improvement after two programmes of sprint running differing in rest interval duration. Journal of Sports Sciences, Vol. 29 (11), pp. 1167-74, 2011.

  6. Weston, A. et al. African runners exhibit greater fatigue resistance, lower lactate accumulation, and higher oxidative enzyme activity. Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 86 (3), pp. 915-923, 1999.

  7. Hayes, P. et al. The effect of muscular endurance on running economy, Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 25(9), pp. 2464-2469, 2011.

  8. Nogueira, L. et al. (-)-Epicatechin enhances fatigue resistance and oxidative capacity in mouse muscle. Journal of Physiology, 589 (18), pp 4615-4631, 2011.

  Chapter 30 Training Effects at the Molecular Level

  1. Laye, M. et al. Increased shelter in mRNA expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and skeletal muscle following an ultra-long-distance running event. Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 112 (5), pp. 773-81, Mar. 2012.

  2. Groves-Chapman, J. et al. Changes in mRNA levels for brain-derived neurotrophic factor after wheel running in rats selectively bred for high- and low-aerobic capacity. Brain Research, Vol. 1425, pp. 90-7, Nov. 2011.

  3. Keller, P. et al. A transcriptional map of the impact of endurance exercise training on skeletal muscle phenotype. Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 110 (1), pp. 46-59, Jan. 2011.

  4. Iwanuma, O. et al. Effects of mechanical stretching on caspase and IGF-1 expression during the proliferation process of myoblasts. Zoological Science, Vol. 25 (3), pp. 242-7, Mar. 2008.

  5. Haghighipour, N. et al. Differential effects of cyclic uniaxial stretch on human mesenchymal stem cell into skeletal muscle cell. Cell Biology International, Vol. 36 (7), pp. 669-75, July 2012.

  6. Inashima, S. et al. Effect of endurance training and acute exercise on sarcoplasmic reticulum function in rat fast- and slow-twitch skeletal muscles. European Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 89 (2), pp. 142-9, Apr. 2003. Epublished Jan. 31, 2003.

  7. Matsunaga, S. et al. Oxidation of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase induced by high-intensity exercise. Pflugers Archives, Vol. 446 (3), pp. 394-9, June 2003. Epublished April 9, 2003.

  8. Richter, E.A. and Ruderman, N.B. AMPK and the biochemistry of exercise: Implications for human health and disease. Biochemical Journal, Vol. 418 (2), pp. 261-75, Mar. 2009.

  9. Magnoni, L. et al. AMP-activated protein kinase plays an important evolutionary conserved role in the regulation of glucose metabolism in fish skeletal muscle cells. PLoS One, Vol. 7 (2), p. e31219, 2012.

  10. Liu, T. et al. Fueling the flame: Bioenergy couples metabolism and inflammation. Journal of Leukocyte Biology, May 9, 2012 [Epublished ahead of print].

  11. Chen, Z. et al. Effect of exercise intensity on skeletal muscle AMPK signaling in humans. Diabetes, Vol. 52 (9), pp. 2205-12, Sept. 2003.

  12. Krook, A. et al. Sending the signal: Molecular mechanisms regulating glucose uptake. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Vol. 36 (7), pp. 1212-7, July 2004.

  13. Little, J.P. et al. An acute bout of high-intensity interval training increases the nuclear abundance of PGC-1α and activates mitochondrial biogenesis in human skeletal muscle. American Journal of Physiology–Regulatory, Integrative Comparative Physiology, Vol. 300 (6), pp. R1303-10, June 2011.

  14. Holloszy, J. Regulation by exercise of skeletal muscle content of mitochondria and GLUT4. Journal of Physiological Pharmacology, Vol. 59 Suppl. 7. , pp. 5-18, Dec. 2008.

  15. Eynon, N. et al. The champions’ mitochondria: Is it genetically determined? A review on mitochondrial DNA and elite athletic performance. Physiological Genomics. Vol. 43 (13), pp. 789-98, July 2011.

  16. Yang, Y. et al. Murine Sirt3 protein isoforms have variable half-lives. Gene, Vol. 488c(1-2), pp. 46-51, Nov. 2011.

  17. Carter, H. and D. Hood. Contractile activity-induced mitochondrial biogenesis and mTORC1. American Journal of Physiolology–Cell Physiology, June 13, 2012 [Epublished ahead of print].

  18. Ikeda, S. et al. Muscle type-specific response of PGC-1 alpha and oxidative enzymes during voluntary wheel running in mouse skeletal muscle. Acta Physiologica (Oxford), Vol. 188 (3-4), pp. 217-23, Nov.-Dec. 2006.

  19. Lira, V. et al. PGC-1alpha regulation by exercise training and its influences on muscle function and insulin sensitivity. American Journal of Physiology–Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vol. 299 (2), pp. E145-61, Aug. 2010.

  20. Little, J. et al. A practical model of low-volume high-intensity interval training induces mitochondrial biogenesis in human skeletal muscle: Potential mechanisms. Journal of Physiology, Vol. 588(Pt 6), pp. 1011-22, Mar. 2010.

  21. Gulve, E. et al. Effects of wheel running on glucose transporter (GLUT4) concentration in skeletal muscle of young adult and old rats. Mechanisms of Ageing Development, Vol. 67 (1-2), pp. 187-200, Feb. 1993.

  22. Ellison, G. et al. Physiological cardiac remodelling in response to endurance exercise training: Cellular and molecular mechanisms. Heart, Vol. 98 (1), pp. 5-10, Jan. 2012.

  Chapter 31 Training Favoring Molecular Enrichment

  1. Hickson, R. Interference of strength development by simultaneously training for strength and endurance. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, Vol. 45 (2-3), pp. 255-63, 1980.

  2. Hickson, R. et al. Strength training effects on aerobic power and short-term endurance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Vol. 12 (5), pp. 336-9, 1980.

  3. Hickson, R. et al. Potential for strength and endurance training to amplify endurance performance. Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 65 (5), pp. 2285-90, Nov. 1988.

&n
bsp; 4. Sale, D. et al. Interaction between concurrent strength and endurance training. Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 68 (1), pp. 260-70, Jan. 1990.

  5. Farnfield, M. et al. Activation of mTOR signalling in young and old human skeletal muscle in response to combined resistance exercise and whey protein ingestion. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism. Vol. 37 (1), pp. 21-30, Feb. 2012 [Epublished Dec. 13, 2011].

  6. Calegari, V. et al. Endurance training activates AMP-activated protein kinase, increases expression of uncoupling protein 2 and reduces insulin secretion from rat pancreatic islets. Journal of Endocrinology, Vol. 208 (3), pp. 257-64, Mar. 2011.

  (7) Hansen, A. et al. Skeletal muscle adaptation: Training twice every second day vs. training once daily. Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 98 (1), pp. 93-9, Jan. 2005.

  8. Yeo, W. et al. Skeletal muscle adaptation and performance responses to once a day versus twice every second day endurance training regimens. Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 105 (5), pp. 1462-70, Nov. 2008.

  9. Snyder, A. Overtraining and glycogen depletion hypothesis. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Vol. 30 (7), pp. 1146-50, July 1998.

  Chapter 32 Training for 800 Meters

  1. Lactate threshold running speed. www.pponline.co.uk/encyc/0079.htm.

  2. 800 metres. www.pponline.co.uk/encyc/0287.htm.

  Chapter 33 Training for 1,500 Meters and the Mile

  1. Anderson, O. Plodding won’t produce peak aerobic capacity: Using the right running speed seems to be the key. Running Research News, Vol. 4 (6), pp. 1-5, 1988.

  2. Anderson, O. 12 reasons to run the mile. Running Research News, Vol. 13 (3), pp. 1-4, 1997.

  3. Anderson, O. Mammoth mileage not mandatory for magnificent miles: Masterful milers have used diverse training plans. Running Research News, Vol. 6 (3), pp. 1-10, 1990.

  4. Bowerman, Bill, interview with the author, April 1992.

  5. Williams, Bob, interview with the author, July 1992.

  6. Ingham, S. et al. Determinants of 800-m and 1500-m running performance using allometric models. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Vol. 40 (2), pp. 345-50, Feb. 2008.

  7. Daniels, J. and Daniels, N. Running economy of elite male and elite female runners. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Vol. 24(4), pp. 483-9, Apr. 1992.

  Chapter 34 Training for 5Ks

  1. Babineau, C. and Léger, L. Physiological response of 5/1 intermittent aerobic exercise and its relationship to 5 km endurance performance. Ecole d’Education Physique et de Loisir, Université de Moncton, New Brunswick. International Journal of Sports Medicine, Vol. 18 (1), pp. 13-9, Jan. 1997.

  2. Paavolainen, L. et al. Explosive-strength training improves 5-km running time by improving running economy and muscle power. Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 86 (5), pp. 1527-33, May 1999.

  3. Bruce Tulloh, conversation with the author.

  4. Houmard, J.A. et al. The effects of taper on performance in distance runners. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, Vol. 26 (5), pp. 624-631, 1994.

  Chapter 35 Training for 10Ks

  1. Beneke, R. et al. Blood lactate diagnostics in exercise testing and training. International Journal of Sports Physioloy and Performance, Vol. 6 (1), pp. 8-24, Mar. 2011.

  2. Jack Daniels, personal communication.

  3. Anderson, O. What Does Science Have to Say about the 10K? Running Research News, Vol. 12 (2), pp. 1-3, 1996.

  4. Peter Snell, personal communication.

  5. Yobes Ondieki, interview with author, Eldoret, Kenya, February 1995.

  6. Bruce Tulloh, interview with author, London, England, March, 1995.

  7. Bob Williams, personal communication.

  Chapter 36 Training for Half Marathons

  1. Jack Daniels, personal communication.

  Chapter 37 Training for Marathons

  1. Dolgener, F. et al. Long slow distance training in novice marathoners. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, Vol. 65 (4), pp. 339-46, Dec. 1994.

  2. Grant, S. et al. First-time marathoners and distance training. British Journal of Sports Medicine, Vol. 18, pp. 241-243, 1984.

  3. Tim Noakes, personal communication.

  4. Sammy Lelei, personal communication.

  5. Sjödin, B. and Svedenhag, J. Applied physiology of marathon running. Sports Medicine, Vol. 2 (2), pp. 83-99, Mar-Apr. 1985.

  6. Anderson, O. Training for the marathon part II: Learning to run at close to your lactate threshold pace. Running Research News, Vol. 5 (3), pp. 1-5, 1989.

  Chapter 38 Training for Ultramarathons

  1. Noakes, T., Lore of Running. 4th ed. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 2002.

  2. Jeukendrup, A. et al. Effect of medium-chain triacylglycerol and carbohydrate ingestion during exercise on substrate utilization and subsequent cycling performance. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 67 (3), pp. 397-404, Mar. 1998.

  Chapter 39 Running Injuries and Health Risks

  1. Anderson, O. What you don’t know about running injuries can hurt you. Running Research News, Vol. 9 (5), pp. 8-9, 1993.

  2. Fredericson, M. and Misra, A.K. Epidemiology and aetiology of marathon running injuries. Sports Medicine, Vol. 37 (4-5), pp. 437-439, 2007.

  3. Byrnes, W. et al. Incidence and severity of injury following aerobic training programs emphasizing running, racewalking, or step aerobics. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, Vol. 25 (5), p. S81, 1993.

  4. Hreljac, A. Impact and overuse injuries in runners. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, Vol. 36 (5), pp. 845-849, 2004.

  5. van Gent, R. et al. Incidence and determinants of lower extremity running injuries in long distance runners: A systematic review. British Journal of Sports Medicine, Vol. 41 (8), pp. 469-480, 2007.

  6. Pinshaw, R., Atlas, V., and Noakes, T. The nature and response to therapy of 196 consecutive injuries seen at a runners’ clinic. South African Medical Journal, Vol. 65 (8), pp. 291-298, 1984.

  7. Paluska, S. An overview of hip injuries in running. Sports Medicine, Vol. 35 (11), pp. 991-1014, 2005.

  8. Wen, D. Risk factors for overuse injuries in runners. Current Sports Medicine Reports, Vol. 6 (5), pp. 307-313, 2007.

  9. Walter, S. et al. The Ontario cohort study of running-related injuries. Archives of Internal Medicine, Vol. 149 (11), pp. 2561-2564, 1989.

  10. Rauh, M. et al. Epidemiology of musculoskeletal injuries among high-school cross-country runners. American Journal of Epidemiology, Vol. 163 (2), pp. 151-159, 2006.

  11. Marti, B. et al. On the epidemiology of running injuries: The 1984 Bern Grand-Prix study American Journal of Sports Medicine, Vol. 16 (3), pp. 285-294, 1988.

  12. Macera, C. et al. Predicting lower-extremity injuries among habitual runners. Archives of Internal Medicine, Vol. 149 (11), pp. 2565-2568, 1989.

  13. Lysholm, J. and Wiklander, J. Injuries in runners. American Journal of Sports Medicine, Vol. 15 (2), pp. 168-171, 1987.

  14. Anderson, O. Best predictors of running injury. Running Research News, Vol. 8 (4), p. 10, 1992.

  15. Fields, K. et al. A prospective study of Type A behavior and running injuries.

  Journal of Family Practice, Vol. 30 (4), pp. 425-429, 1990.

  16. Ekenman, I. et al. Stress fractures of the tibia: Can personality traits help us detect the injury-prone athlete? Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, Vol. 11 (2), pp. 87-95, 2001.

  17. Van Middelkoop, M. et al. Prevalence and incidence of lower extremity injuries in male marathon runners. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, Vol. 18 (2), pp. 140-144, 2008.

  18. van Vulpen, A. Sport for all: Sport injuries and their prevention. Oosterbeek: Council of Europe, Netherlands Institute of Sports Health Care, 1989.

  19. Maron, B. et al. Risk of sudden cardiac death associated with marathon running. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, Vol. 28, pp. 428-431, 1996.

  20. Thompson, P. et al. Incidence of death during jogging in Rhode Island from 1975 through 1980. Jo
urnal of the American Medical Association, Vol. 247 (18), pp. 2535-2538, 1982.

  21. Tunstall, P. and Dan, S. Marathon cardiac deaths: The London experience, Sports Medicine, Vol. 37 (4-5), pp. 448-450, 2007.

  22. Paul Thompson, MD, personal communication.

  23. Rynearson, R.R., et al. Do physician athletes believe in pre-exercise examinations and stress tests? New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 301, pp. 792-793, 1979.

  24. Borer, J. et al. Limitations of the electrocardiographic response to exercise in predicting coronary-artery disease. New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 293, pp. 367-371, 1975.

  25. Stuart, R. and Ellestad, M. National survey of exercise stress testing facilities. Chest, Vol. 77, pp. 94-97, 1980.

  26. Anderson, O. Sudden deaths during running: How preventable are they? Should you have an exercise stress test? Running Research News, Vol. 5 (6), pp. 1, 6-10, 1989.

  27. Epstein, S. et al. Sudden cardiac death without warning: Possible mechanisms and implications for screening asymptomatic populations. New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 32, pp. 320-324, 1989.

  28. Skenderi, K, et al. Exertional rhabdomyolysis during a 246-km continuous running race. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, Vol. 38 (6), pp. 1054-1057, 2006.

  29. Anderson, O. Rhabdomyolysis claims life of Houston marathon runner. Running Research News, Vol. 8 (2), pp. 9-12, 1992.

  30. Clarkson, P. Exertional rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure in marathon runners. Sports Medicine, Vol. 37 (4-5), pp. 361-363, 2007.

  31. MacSearraigh, E. et al. Acute renal failure in marathon runners. Nephron, Vol. 24 (5), pp. 236-240, 1979.

  32. Seedat, Y. et al. Acute renal failure in the “Comrades Marathon” runners. Renal Failure, Vol. 11 (4), pp. 209-212, 1989-1990.

  33. Weinstein, L. Poliomyelitis: A persistent problem. New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 288, pp. 370-372, 1973.

  34. Roberts, J. Viral illnesses and sports performance. Sports Medicine, Vol. 3, pp. 296-303, 1986.

  35. Burch, G. Viral diseases of the heart. Acta Cardiologica, Vol. 1, pp. 5-9, 1979.

  36. Anderson, O. Can running prolong a cold? Running Research News, Vol. 14 (10), p. 9, 1998.

  37. Nieman, D. Marathon training and immune function. Sports Medicine, Vol. 37 (4-5), pp. 412-415, 2007.