Ancient Philosophy
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practical reasoning 48, 53, 78
preferred indifferents 50
Presocratics xii-xiii, 20, 80–1, 96–9
Priam 50
Prior Analytics 65
private property 25
Prodicus of Cos xiii, 36–7, 40–1
professionalism (philosophical) 103, 104
proof 64, 78
propositional logic 78, 79
Protagoras of Abdera xiii, 37, 72
providence 44, 81, 90
psychology (motivational) 2–5, 7–9, 47–8, 52, 70
purpose see teleological explanation
Pyrrho of Elis xiv, 67–9, 111, 113
Pyrrhonism 68, 71, 107, 111
Pythagoras xii, xiv, 64, 101, 113
Q
questioning 57–60, 62–4, 100
R
rack, the 49, 52
random events 84–6, 88, 89, 90
rational appreciation 81
rational commitment 69, 70
rational unity xii, 59, 83, 88
in the soul 8, 41, 48
rationalism 111
rationality 3–4, 7–10, 87, 110–11
see also reason
reality 80, 82, 99
reason 8–9, 62, 82, 95, 97
and emotion xi, 6, 10–12, 15
limits of 67–8, 71
reasoning (philosophical) 71, 96, 100–1
and common sense 73–4, 99
and knowledge 46, 63–5, 70
practical 48, 53, 78
reflection (on one’s life) 36, 41–2, 45, 47–9, 53
relativism 19, 33, 37, 72, 119
Renaissance 19–20, 26, 108
rejection of Aristotle 91, 93
Republic 15, 26–7, 63–5
as a political work 23–4, 28–31, 34, 118
main argument 25, 32
responsibility 4, 53
rhetoric 37, 99–100, 102–3
Roman Catholic Church 91
Roman Empire 105, 107, 108
Romanticism 27
Runaways, The 111–12
Russell, Bertrand 79
S
Sandys, Frederick 12, 14
scepticism 19, 55–7, 67–74, 111
schools (philosophical) 19, 44, 75, 103–5, 107
sciences (Aristotelian) 66, 67, 77–8
self-alienation 10
self-awareness 2, 7, 15, 41, 97
see also reflection
self-mastery 36, 38, 42, 47
self-regulating system 83
Seneca 113
senses, the 65, 73–4
see also experience
sexism 38
see also women
Sextus Empiricus 68, 107, 111, 113
shamelessness 38, 40, 107
signs (Epicurean) 78
skeptikos 68–9
Socrates 36, 56–8, 60–1, 111, 113
and the sophists 37, 59, 62–3
influence of xiii, 71, 99–100, 119
Socratic definitions 62
sophia 58
sophists xiii, 36, 37, 118
relation to philosophy 99, 103, 111
soul 2–3, 25, 32
divisions within 4, 6–10, 15, 117
spirit 6, 9
Statesman 26, 32
Stoics xiii, 3, 19, 57, 110
and philosophical schools 75–6, 103, 105
epistemology and logic 71–3, 78, 119
ethics 50–2, 118–19
metaphysics 81, 88–9
psychology 2, 7, 10–11, 15
street preaching 107–8
sullogismos 77
suspending judgment 69, 70
Symposium 82
T
Taylor, Thomas 27
techne 59
technology 80
teleological explanation 84–6, 87–8
criticized 44, 89–90
telos 41
Thales xii, 94, 95, 113
Theatetus 37, 72, 119
Theophrastus 78, 113
Thrasymachus of Chalcedon 37
thumos 1
Timaeus 15, 19, 25–6
cosmology 81, 82, 87, 90
Timon 68
totalitarianism 27, 29, 31, 32
tranquillity 46
sceptical 68, 70–1, 107
trial of Socrates 57, 58–9
truth 67–8, 72–3, 76–7, 93
U
understanding 15–17, 47, 58–9, 62, 67
see also giving an account
universalism 3, 51, 89
universals 77–8, 82
universities 24, 28, 103–4
Utilitarianism 27, 40, 118
V
valid argument 76, 77
Vesuvius 20
Victorians see nineteenth century
virtue 38, 46, 48, 51, 59
as a habit 47, 50, 53
virtue ethics 46, 50, 53
virtuous person 24–5, 32, 47–8, 50
W
well-adaptedness 84–6, 88, 90
West, Martin 95, 120
Wild, John 31, 118
wisdom 48, 56, 58–9, 110–11
see also understanding
women 25, 26, 28, 38
wonder 16, 84
Wordsworth, William 27
X
Xanthippe 56
Xenophanes of Colophon xii, 97, 113
Xenophon 36, 118
Z
Zeno of Citium 3, 113
Zeno of Elea xii, 98–9, 113
Zeno of Sidon 60