Zolberg, A., Creating Political Order: The Party-States of West Africa, 1966
———, One-Party Government in the Ivory Coast, 1969
INDEX
Aba Island 331, 332
Abbas, Ferhat 520
Abbas Hilmi II 496, 497
Abd el-Kader 209, 210, 211, 212
Abdallahi, Abdallahi Muhammad, Khalifa 332, 333, 436
Abdurrahman, sultan of Sokoto 415
Abeokuta 216–17
Abidjan 675
Abomey 126, 217
Abu Hamed 435
Abu Simbel 16
Abuja 657
Abukir Bay 198, 200
Abydos xxi–xxii
Abyssinia 58–9, 85–7, 88, 111–15, 170–9, 299–306, 320, 427–32, 434, 501–6
Christian identity 85–6, 170–5
Egyptian invasion, attempted 325–6
Italy and 306, 427–8, 429–31, 434, 503–6
modernisation 501–2
Portuguese presence 170–3
Prester John legends 87–8, 93, 100, 107, 108, 109, 111, 112, 683
reforms 300
territorial expansion 431, 432, 435
‘Time of the Judges’ 299
see also Ethiopia
Accra 422, 494, 521, 523, 549, 552, 597, 675
Acholi 403
Adal 114, 170
Adamawa 166
Addis Ababa 429, 502, 608, 615, 675
Aden 111, 432
Adigrat 430
Adowa 503
Adrar des Ifoghas 664
Adulis 44, 45, 59, 60
Adwa 430, 434
Adwa, Treaty of (1884) 427
al-Afghani, Jamal ad-Din 323–4
Afonso I, king of Kongo 102, 103–5
Afri tribe xiii, 29
Africa, name of xiii, 29
Africa Orientale Italiana (AOI) 505
African Association 187, 188, 190
African National Congress (ANC) 513, 583–5, 586–7, 588, 630, 632, 633, 634, 635, 674
Afrikaans language 139, 354, 508, 510
Afrikaners 139, 253–4, 354–5, 475, 507–10, 514–17, 633
Broederbond 510, 514, 515, 516, 582
nationalism 480, 507–8, 509, 514–16, 581–2
Ossewatrek (Great Trek re-enactment) 516
‘poor white problem’ 509–10, 581–2
see also Boers; trekboers
Afro-Asiatic languages 679
afterlife beliefs, Egyptian xx, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 13, 14
Afzelius, Adam 187
Agadès 154
Agadir 153
Agatharchides, Greek writer 34–5
Aghlabid Dynasty 67–8
agriculture
agricultural exports xvi, 41, 218, 221, 409, 492, 493, 618
Aksum 58–9
Bantu 22, 23
Benue-Kwa 20
Cape Colony 140–1, 230, 252, 253
Carthaginian 25, 28
cattle culture 23, 84, 162, 236, 290, 519
early xx, xxi
Egypt 36, 205, 497
food aid 606, 619, 622, 644
food production shortfalls 669
international land purchases 668
irrigation systems 8, 26, 36, 205, 496–7
pastoralism xx, 21, 23, 71, 162, 170, 236, 481, 655
postcolonial era 595, 618–20
Roman provinces 40–1
Saharan 26
sheep farming 253
socialist experiments 619
subsistence agriculture xxi, 258, 594
see also individual crops and products
Aha, pharaoh 4
Ahmadu Lobbo 167, 168
Akan 20, 75, 103, 127–8, 418, 419, 548
Akan goldfields 75, 98, 127
Akassa 408, 414
Akhenaten, pharaoh 15, 16
Akitoye, king of Lagos 219
Aksum 44, 58–60, 87, 172
Alaouite dynasty, Morocco 157
Alexander the Great 32, 33
Alexandria 32–4, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 50, 57–8, 63, 199–200, 323, 328–9, 697
Algeria 67, 74, 75, 149, 207–14, 221, 412, 520, 532–4, 651–3
Fly Whisk incident 208
French rule 207–14
Islamist insurgency 652–3
military dictatorship 651–2
nationalism 520, 565–6
oilfields 620, 668
pieds-noirs 212, 213–14, 533, 569, 688
religious and national consciousness 533–4
Ulema movement 533–4
war of independence 565–6, 569
Algiers 149, 150–1, 207–8, 213, 532–3
Algoa Bay 107, 230
Almásy, Count László 676–7
Almohads 74
Almoravids 74
Alvares, Francisco 112–13
Alwa 60, 61
Amadou Seku 416
Amazons 217
Amenemhat I, pharaoh 9
Amenhotep III, pharaoh 12, 13
Amenhotep IV, pharaoh see Akhenaten
American Colonization Society 194
American Firestone Company 527
Amhose I, pharaoh 10
Amin, Idi 611, 612–13
Amr ibn al-As 63, 64
Amun 12, 13, 15
Amun-Ra 12, 13
ancestor worship 20, 23
Anglo-Belgian India-Rubber Company (Abir) 453, 456
Anglo-Boer Wars xv, 696–7
First Anglo-Boer War (1880–81) 365–7
Second Anglo-Boer War (1899–1902) 478–9, 507
Anglo-Zulu War (1879) 361–2
Angola 100, 124, 132, 193, 285, 491, 493, 537, 538, 589–90, 626–7, 633, 641, 642
civil war 627
civilisados 538
diamond mines 626
elite self-enrichment 671
futungos 671, 672
Marxist-Leninist regime 630
nationalism 625, 626
oil industry 589, 626, 668, 671–2
Portuguese rule 491, 589–90
Angra Pequena 391, 392
animal husbandry see cattle; pastoralism
Ankhtifi 7
Ankole 290, 403
Ansar Dine 664
Anti-Slavery Society 232
Antonelli, Count Pietro 428–9
Antony, Mark 39
Antony of the Desert 51–2, 57
Aozou Strip 614
apartheid 581–3, 585, 631, 633, 635
Arab Spring 657–9
Arab–Israeli conflict 542, 545, 620, 649–50
Arabs 63–9, 74–5, 82, 86, 269, 270, 272
see also Islam
Arby, Khaira 665
Archimedes of Syracuse 33
Archinard, Colonel Louis 416
Arden-Clarke, Sir Charles 550–1
Arendrup, Søren 320
Arguin Island 93–4
Aristarchus of Samos 33
Ark of the Covenant 87
Armitage, Sir Robert 561–2
Arnot, Frederick 448
Aro Chukwa oracle 414
Aro Confederacy 414
Arzew 209
Asaba 408
Asante 128, 418–24, 493, 551
Golden Stool 128, 418–19, 423–4, 694
Askiya dynasty 154
Asmara 429, 539
Assab 428, 538
Assini 221
Association Internationale Africaine (AIA) 384
Association Internationale du Congo (AIC) 387, 388, 394
Aswan High Dam 496–7, 545, 547
Aten, sun god 15
Athanasius, bishop of Alexandria 51
Atkins, John 125–6
Atlantic Charter (1941) 522
Attahiru, Muhammad 415
Augustine of Hippo 55–6
Awdaghust 72, 74
Awolowo, Obafemi 554
Axim 118–19
Ayyubid dynasty 145
al-Azhar mosque 68, 201
Azzemour 153
ba (spiritual force) 8<
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Badagry 125, 196, 220
Bahr al-Ghazal 43, 316, 320, 322, 334
Baikie, William 217
Baker, Samuel 317, 318–19, 403
Bakgatla 261–2
Bakongo 387, 491, 571, 572, 573, 626
al-Bakri 72–3
Balewa, Abubakar Tafawa 554, 605
Baluba 572, 573, 576
Balugani, Luigi 177, 178, 179
Balunda 125, 448, 572
Bamako 191, 223, 416, 492, 664
Bambara 156, 189
Bambuk 26, 71, 75, 188
Bamongo 572
bananas 82, 291–2, 419
Banda, Hastings 561, 562, 595, 598, 624, 637
Banks, Joseph 10
al-Banna, Hasan 499, 541
Bantu peoples 19, 20, 21–3, 81–2, 241
Banu Hammad 69
Banu Hassan 69, 163
Banu Hilal 69, 74
Baoulé 417
Baqqara cattle-nomads 333
Baqt 65–6
Baratieri, General Oreste 430
Barbarossa brothers 149, 684
Barbary coast 150, 151, 684–5
Barberton 369
Barbot, James 121
Barbot, John 122
Barghash, Sultan 281, 321, 398, 400
Baring, Evelyn (Lord Cromer) 334–5, 496, 560
Barkly, Sir Henry 344, 351
Barnato, Barney 347, 378, 459
Barotseland 473
Barrow, John 137, 138
barter 25–6
Barth, Heinrich 167, 685–6
al-Bashir, Omar 654, 655, 656
Basutoland 258, 345, 349, 562
British annexation of 354
independence 562
see also Lesotho
Bateke 385
Bathurst 220
Bati 97
BaTwa hunter-gatherers 20
Bauchi 166
Baybars, Al-Malik al-Zahir 146
al-Bayda 439
Bechuanaland 262, 376–7, 466, 470, 475, 486, 562
Boer raids 375–6
British control 377
independence 562
see also Botswana
Bedouin 69, 157, 439
Beecroft, John 217
Behanzin, king of Dahomey 412, 413
Beit, Alfred 347, 373, 377–8, 459
Beja 334
Belgian Congo 491, 518, 534–7, 570–7
immatriculation 536–7
independence 570, 571, 573
le pari Congolais 570–1, 573
nationalism 570, 572
see also Congo Free State; Congo (Kinshasa); Democratic Republic of Congo (Kinshasa); Zaire
Belgium
colonialism 492, 519, 577–8
decolonisation 570–9
mining companies 493
see also Belgian Congo; Congo Free State
Bello, Muhammad 166, 168, 195, 196
Ben Ali, Zine al-Abidine 657–8, 659
Benadir 398
Benghazi 439, 440, 441, 442, 659
Benguela 125, 448
Benin 98–9, 116, 119, 410–11, 554, 637
see also Dahomey
Benin, Bight of 125, 126, 127, 193, 197, 215, 218
Benin Bronzes 411
Benin Punitive Expedition 411
Benin River 410
Benue-Kwa 20
Berber 435
Berbera 431–2
Berbers 24, 25, 26, 27, 40, 42–3, 55, 56, 66, 67, 68, 69, 71, 74, 564, 678
Berenice Troglodytica 35, 44
Berlin Conference (1884–85) 393–4, 397
Bethelsdorp 231
Biafra 606–7
Biafra, Bight of 193, 218
‘Big Man’ rule 617, 624, 636, 637
see also dictatorships
Bilad as-Sudan 70, 72, 153, 203
bilharzia 206, 594
Bilma 71
bin Laden, Osama 654, 655
Birni Ngazargamo 159
Bismarck, Otto von 388–9, 390, 391, 392, 393–4, 397, 398, 400–1, 407
Bissandugu 416
Black Death 147
‘Black Hawk Down’ 638
Blanc, Henry 690–1
Bleek, Wilhelm 19
Bloem, Jan 250
Bloemfontein 250, 251, 257, 477
Blood River, battle of (1838) 247–8, 516
Blundell, Herbert Weld 441
Blunt, Wilfrid 325, 326, 327, 691–2
Boer Wars see Anglo-Boer Wars
Boers 230, 231, 233–5, 243–51, 257–8, 262–3, 350–1, 352–3, 357
freebooters 374–5, 377
Great Trek 234–5, 235, 243–9, 355, 367, 516, 688–9
trekboers 134–7, 138, 141, 228, 232, 234, 244, 260
Volksraad 248, 249, 260, 350, 352, 461
see also Afrikaners; Orange Free State; Transvaal
Bogaert, Abraham 133
Bogos 429
Bokassa, Jean-Bédel 602, 610–11
Boko Haram 657
Boma 119, 455
Bondu 163
Bonduku 423
Bône 209
Bongo, Omar 637
Bonny 126, 218, 408
Book of the Dead 14
Borgnis-Desbordes, Colonel Gustave 223
Borgu 413
Bornu 159–60, 194–5
Boshof, Jacobus 249
Botha, Louis 508
Botha, P.W. 630, 631, 632
Botswana 562, 617, 624
see also Bechuanaland
Bou Regreg 157
Bouazizi, Mohamed 658
Bouët-Willaumez, Louis 221
Boulton, Samuel 180
Bourguiba, Habib 565, 566, 597
Bowdich, Thomas 419–20
Brand, Johannes 344
Brass 126, 197, 215, 408
Brassmen revolt (1895) 413–14
brasswork 99, 680
Brazil 117, 120, 125, 193
Brazza, Pierre Savorgnan de 385–6, 387
Brazzaville 386, 437, 521, 530
Brière de L’Isle, Louis 222–3
Britain
Anglo-French rivalry over Africa 223, 391, 407, 411, 413, 434, 435, 437
anti-slavery movements and strategies 183–5, 191–2, 193, 218, 232, 278, 281
colonialism xv, 141, 206, 220, 221, 228–35, 250, 252–5, 252–6, 258, 329–30, 334–5, 344, 349–50, 351, 352, 354, 355, 364–5, 376, 377, 391, 391–2, 398–9, 400, 401–4, 407–11, 412, 413–15, 422–4, 431–2, 437–8, 479, 491, 492, 495, 496–8, 518, 527–30, 539, 540–1, 542, 544, 545, 588, 628–9
confederation of colonies, schemes for 350, 351, 356, 377, 474
decolonisation 548–63, 589
and diamond fields 343–4
expeditions 187–91, 194–6, 215–16, 217–18, 273–7, 289
First World War 494, 497
‘multiracial’ strategy 556, 558, 561, 562
Second World War 521–2, 540
and slave trade 117, 118, 119, 120, 122, 126–7, 184, 191, 192
and Suez 311, 541, 543, 545–7
trade 116, 119–20, 219–20, 241–2, 408, 409–10
British Kaffraria 254, 255
British Somaliland 431–3, 505, 539
British South Africa Company 469, 470–2, 475
British South Africa Police 475, 476
British West Africa Squadron 192
Broederbond 510, 514, 515, 516, 582
Browne, William 203
Bruce, James 176–9
Buganda 273, 276, 284, 290–8, 399–400, 401–2, 404, 612
banana industry 291–2
British protectorate 402–3
kabaka 290, 291
missionaries 294–7, 399–400
Bugeaud, Thomas 210, 211–12
Bukedi 297
Bula Matari 384, 447
Bulawayo 238, 241, 466, 467, 468, 471
Bultfontein 373, 378
Bunce Island 184
Bunkeya 448, 449
Bunyoro 290, 291, 297, 319, 403
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Bure 75
Burgers, Thomas 350, 351, 352
Burkina Faso 568, 637
Burns, Sir Alan 548
Burton, Richard 273, 274–5, 276, 277, 694
Burundi 290, 495, 519, 578–9, 639
independence 578–9
Busaidi dynasty 272
Bushmen see San
Busoga 297, 399
Bussa 196, 197, 413
Ca’ da Mosto, Alvise 96–7
Cabinda 193
Cabral, Pedro Alvares 117
Caesar, Julius 37, 38
Caesarion 38
Caillié, René 196–7
Cairo 68, 76, 145, 146–7, 148, 199, 200, 310, 312, 323, 329, 334–5, 541, 542, 651, 675
Calabar 126, 218, 219
Caledon River 258
camel caravans 70, 71–2, 75, 77
Cameron, Charles 301, 302
Cameron, Lovett 285
Cameron, Verney 383
Cameroon 19, 392, 407, 442, 494, 495, 568, 619
independence 568
Campbell-Bannerman, Sir Henry 478
Camus, Albert 533
Canaan 11
Cão, Diogo 99–100
Cape Agulhas 107, 108
Cape Blanco 93
Cape Bojador 93
Cape Coast Castle 420, 421
Cape Colony
administrative reforms 231–3
Boer emigrants (Great Trek) 234–5, 243–9, 355, 367, 516, 688–9
British rule 141, 228–35, 250, 252–5, 349–50, 354, 355
conflicts with Xhosa 229–30, 234, 254–5
Dutch establishment of 129–41
economic activity 252–3
prosperity 349
Rhodes as prime minister 465, 475
self-government 254, 349
slave population 131–2, 133, 139, 231, 233
see also Afrikaners; Boers; trekboers
Cape Cross 100
Cape Guardafui 45
Cape Mesurado 194
Cape Negro 100
Cape of Good Hope 107, 129
Cape Town 139–40, 228, 233, 476, 510
Cape Verde Islands 97, 103, 119
Carnarvon, Earl of 349–50, 351
Carthage 24–9, 40, 41, 52–4, 55, 56, 678
colonialism 25
Punic wars 27, 28, 29
Casablanca 442
Casement, Roger 454–6
cash crops see agriculture (exports)
Catalan Atlas (1375) xiv, 76
Cato, Marcus Porcius 28
cattle 23, 84, 162, 236, 290, 519
Cave of Swimmers 676
Cayor 96, 163, 222
Central African Republic 568, 600, 610–11, 637
coup 602
independence 568
Cetshwayo, Zulu king 255, 357–8, 359, 360, 361, 362
Ceuta 92, 153, 442
Chad 568, 614, 620, 621
civil war 621
independence 568
Chalcedon, Council of (451) 57, 59
Chamberlain, Joseph 423, 434, 475, 476, 477–8
Chelmsford, Lord 360, 361
child soldiers 642, 643
China xvii, 83, 666–7
Chouane 262
Christianity
Christian persecutions 52–4, 55
Coptic 57, 58, 64, 171, 173, 651, 661, 662
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