monasticism 51–2, 59
Monophysitism 59
Roman Catholic Church 55–6
schisms 55, 57–8, 59
spread of 50–6, 59, 60–2
see also missionary activity
Church Missionary Society 192, 216, 274, 295, 399
Churchill, Winston 505, 522, 540, 693
Circumcelliones 55
civilisados 538
Clapperton, Hugh 194, 195, 196
Clarkson, John 186
Clauzel, General Bertrand 210
Cleopatra VII 37, 38–9
click languages 21
Clot, Antoine 205–6
cloves 271–2
Cochoqua 134
cocoa 492, 552, 593, 595, 603, 604, 618, 619
coffee 176, 492, 593, 595, 686–7
Coffin Texts 8, 14
coinage 59, 82
Cold War 545, 575, 593, 602, 626, 636
Colley, Sir George 366
Collins, Colonel Richard 228–9
colonialism
African elites, emergence of 520, 528, 531, 536, 548, 549
African political representation 528, 529–30, 531–2, 533, 556, 561
‘civilising mission’ 223, 416, 531, 537
‘indirect rule’ system 492
infrastructure development xvi
legacy xvi
post-First World War dispensation 495
post-Second World War 527–39
‘scramble for Africa’ xv, 385–95, 422–3, 427, 431, 432, 442, 491
tribal identification system 518–20
see also individual colonial powers
Columbus, Christopher 108, 116
commodity price boom 667, 668
communism 549, 584, 597, 602
Compagnie de Katanga 449, 450
Company for German Colonisation (GDK) 397, 398
Conakat 572
concentration camps 478, 479, 486
Congo Basin 20, 385, 393, 394, 646
Congo Free State xv, 388, 395, 445–56, 534
atrocities 452–4, 455–6
Force Publique 447, 449, 452, 574, 575
rubber trade xv, 452–6
see also Belgian Congo
Congo River 99, 101, 286–7, 383, 384–5, 386, 388, 393, 394
Congo-Brazzaville 602, 620, 637
Congo-Kinshasa
civil war 575–7
see also Democratic Republic of Congo (Kinshasa); Zaire
Conrad, Joseph 445–7, 456, 695
Constantine 209, 210, 211, 213
Convention People’s Party (CPP) 549–50, 551
copper xvi, xxi, 5, 71, 108, 493, 572, 593, 595
Coptic Christianity 57, 58, 64, 171, 173, 651, 661, 662
Coptic script 34, 51, 61
corruption xvii, 463, 599, 610, 618, 623, 673–4
corsairs 149, 150, 157, 158
Côte d’Ivoire 97, 417, 566, 567, 568, 619, 637
independence 568
Cotonou 391
cotton 492, 497
coups 542–3, 601–9, 612, 700
Covilha, Pêro de 111, 112, 114
Cradock, Sir John 229
Crawford, Dan 448
Creasy, Sir Gerald 549
Cross River 127
Crowther, Samuel Ajayi 192–3, 216, 217, 219
Cushitic pastoralists 21, 86, 170
Cyrenaica 65, 66, 69, 439, 441–2, 538, 678
Dabou 221
Dacko, David 602, 611
Dahomey 126, 132, 193, 217, 221, 391, 412–13, 568
coups 601, 609
independence 568
see also Benin
Dakar 222, 494, 523
Damara 486
Danakil 320
Dar es Salaam 400, 675
Dar Fur/Darfur 203, 320, 322, 334, 495, 655
Daudi Chwa 403, 693
Daym al-Zubayr 320
de Beer, Johannes 341
De Beers Consolidated Mines Limited 378, 465
De Beers Mining Company 348, 373, 374
de Klerk, F.W. 632–3, 634
Debre Damo 59, 114
Debre Libanos 112, 506
Debre Tabor 301, 303
debt, and debt relief programmes 620–1, 623, 669
Decoeur, Henri 413
decolonisation
Belgian 570–9
British 548–63, 589
French 566–9
Portuguese 625–6, 627
deforestation 620
Deir el-Bahri 8
Delagoa Bay 237, 240, 349, 367, 460, 473–4
Delegorgue, Adulphe 248
Democratic Republic of Congo (Kinshasa) 609–10, 641–2
see also Congo (Kinshasa); Zaire
demotic script 34, 36
Denham, Major Dixon 194–5
Der el Memun 51
Der Mar Antonios 51
Derna 442
Deval, Pierre 208
diamonds xvi, 265, 341–8, 355, 371–3, 377–8, 463, 493, 626, 641, 642–3, 673
black labour, control of 346, 371–2
claim-holders 345–6
mining monopoly 372–3, 378
open-cast pits 342–3, 346, 371
underground operations 371
Dias, Bartolomeu 107
dictatorships 597–8, 611–12, 617, 624, 636–7, 639, 642, 649, 652
Dingane, Zulu king 242, 245, 246–7, 248
Dingiswayo, Zulu king 237
Dinka 204, 316, 653
Diocletian, Emperor 55
Diodorus Siculus 16–17, 35
Diogenes, Greek merchant 45, 274
Dioscorus, bishop of Alexandria 57
divine kingship 4, 36, 503
Djibouti 431, 434
Djose, pharaoh 5
Dlamini 240
Doe, Samuel 642
Dogali, battle of (1887) 428
Donatism 55, 56
Dongola 61–2, 65, 434, 435
dos Santos, Eduardo 671
Dosunmu, king of Lagos 219
droughts 620, 622, 638
du Toit, Stephanus 354
Dul Madoba, battle of (1913) 432
Dunn, John 362
Durban 249, 463
D’Urban, Sir Benjamin 234, 245
Durrell, Lawrence 697
Dutch colonialism see Afrikaners; Boers; Cape Colony
Dutch Reformed Church 244, 353, 354, 508
Dutch United East India Company 130, 131
Dutch West India Company 119, 121, 127
Dutoitspan 344, 373, 378
dynamite 463
dyula merchants 75–6
East Africa Protectorate 405, 493
see also Kenya
East African Association 400
economic growth and development
gross domestic product 669
independence era 593, 595, 617–18
market-oriented development strategies 622
post-Second World War 530–1
twenty-first century 668–9
economies, failing 603–4, 610, 613, 620–1
international rescue packages 622–3
political causes 623–4
Eden, Anthony 546
education
Afrikaner 507–8
colonial programmes 520
independence era 594
Islamic 205, 493
missionaries and 192–3
secular 205
Edusei, Krobo 599
Efik 554
Egypt
Abyssinian campaign 325–6
Alexander the Great 32
ancient xx–xxii, 3–18, 677–8
Anglo-French ‘Dual Control’ 313, 327–8, 329–30, 391
Arab Spring 658
Arab–Israeli conflict 542, 545, 649–50
Assyrian rule 30
‘black pharaohs’ 30
British protectorate 329–30, 391, 496–8
Christian Church 50–2, 57–8
colonialism 10–11, 34, 204, 318–19, 320�
�1
Fatimid rule 68
First World War 497
Free Officers’ coup 542–3, 648
Hyksos rule 9–10
independence 497–9, 527
Islam in 63, 64–5, 68, 145–8, 647–9, 650–1, 660–3
Kushite rule 30
Libyan rule 30
Lower Egypt xxii, 3, 4, 10
Mamluks 145–7, 148, 198, 199, 200, 202
Middle Kingdom 7–9
modernisation 204–6, 312–13, 545, 597
Muhammad Ali dynasty 206, 496, 498, 543
Muslim Brotherhood 499, 541, 543, 597, 647–8, 649, 650–1, 660–1, 663, 697–8
Napoleonic occupation 198, 199–202
Nasser dictatorship 597, 649
New Kingdom 10–17
Old Kingdom, collapse of 7
Ottoman suzerainty 114, 147–8, 198–9, 202, 206, 314, 496
Persian rule 30, 32
pharaonic rule xxii, 3–18
Ptolemaic rule 32–9
Pyramid Age 5–7
Roman Egypt 39, 41–2, 44
Second World War 540
slave-raiding operations 203–4
and Sudan 334, 335, 435–6, 543–4
Suez Canal 198, 206, 309, 310–12, 313, 329, 498, 541, 543, 545–7, 650
trade 8, 11–12, 34, 44–5, 68
unification xxii
Upper Egypt xxii, 3, 4
Wafd movement 497–9, 500, 540
Young Egypt 499–500
Egyptology 201–2
El Fasher 320
El Khartoum 204
El Mina 98
El Obeid 331, 333, 334
Elephantine Island 4
elephants
elephant hunting 252–3, 259, 273, 286, 289
war elephants 27, 28, 34–5
see also ivory
Elisabethville 575, 576, 577
elite self-enrichment 598–600, 609–10, 610, 611, 637
Elmina 118, 128, 421
Enlightenment 198
Entebbe 404
Equatoria 318, 319, 322, 337, 404
Equatorial Guinea 637, 672–3
Equiano, Olaudah 122, 123–4
Eratosthenes of Cyrene 33
Erhardt, James 274
Eritrea 429, 430, 431, 434, 503, 505, 538–9, 607, 608, 614, 615
independence 637
Ethiopia 521, 527, 538, 539, 607–8, 614–16, 621
coup 608
famine 622
Marxist regime 614–16
‘red terror’ 615
Tigrayan rebels 621–2, 637
see also Abyssinia
Euclid 33
Eugénie, Empress 309, 310, 311
eunuchs 78, 155
Eusebius 50
Ewe 519
Ewuare, king of Benin 98–9
Eyadéma, Étienne (Gnassingbé) 601, 637
Eyo Honesty, king of Calabar 219
Ezana, king of Aksum 58, 59
Faidherbe, Louis 221–2
Faku, Mpondo king 249
Farewell, Francis 241
Farouk, king of Egypt 500, 540, 541, 542, 543
Fashoda 434, 435, 437, 695
Fasilidas, emperor of Abyssinia 175, 176
Fatimid Dynasty 68
Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland 557, 561–2
Feinstein, Andrew 674
female soldiers 217
Fez 67, 75, 149, 152, 153, 157, 168, 442
Fezzan 26, 71, 78, 160, 538
First Frontier War, Cape Colony (1779) 138
First World War (1914–18) 441, 494–5, 497, 508
Fish River 138, 228, 229, 234
Flad, Martin 302, 303
foreign aid 606, 619, 623, 669
foreign investment 666–8
Fort Jesus 269
Fort Lamy 621
Forty Days Road 203
France
Anglo-French rivalry over Africa 223, 391, 407, 411, 413, 434, 435, 437
anti-slavery strategy 193
‘civilising mission’ 223, 416, 531
colonialism 119, 198, 207–14, 221–3, 385–7, 391, 393, 411–13, 415–17, 431, 434, 435, 437–8, 441, 442, 492, 494–5, 505, 518, 521, 530–4, 539, 564–7
decolonisation 566–9
First World War 494–5
Franco-Prussian War (1870–71) 222, 390, 393
Second World War 521
and slave trade 119, 271
and Suez 311, 545, 546
trade 116, 117, 119, 221, 408
Union Française 532, 566, 567
Franco-African Community 567, 568
François, Captain Curt von 481–2
Freeman, Thomas 420–1
Freetown 186–7, 192, 521, 643
Freitas, Lançarote de 94
Frelimo 625–6, 633
Fremona 171, 172
French Congo 434, 435, 442, 491, 568, 571
independence 568
French Equatorial Africa 492, 521, 532, 567
French Somaliland 431, 434, 435, 505, 539
French West Africa 492, 494–5, 518, 532, 567
French West Indian Company 119
Frere, Sir Bartle 356, 359, 360–1, 362
Freycinet, Charles de 329
Front Islamique du Salut (FIS) 652
Frumentius, missionary 58, 171, 680
Fuad, king of Egypt 498, 500
Fulani 164, 165, 166, 415, 492, 552, 553
Fulbe 78, 162, 163, 164, 167–8
Fulfulde language 162, 163, 166
Fuller, Thomas 373–4
Fustat 64
Futa Jalon 162, 163, 168, 416
Futa Toro 163, 164, 168, 222
Gabon, independence 387, 568, 602, 620, 637
Gaddafi, Muammar 614, 654, 658–9
Galawdewos, emperor of Abyssinia 171
Galvao, Henrique 538
Gama, Vasco da 108–9, 110, 683
Gambetta, Léon 327
Gambia 116, 188–9, 412, 522, 528, 562, 624
independence 562
Gambia River 187–8
Gao 75, 153, 154, 156, 664, 665
Garamantes 26, 71
Gaulle, Charles de 521, 530–1, 567–8, 569, 602, 695
Gautier, Théophile 309–10
Gazaland 240, 242
Ge’ez language 59, 87, 172
Gefat 303
genocide, Rwandan 639–40
German East Africa 401
see also Tanganyika
German East Africa Company 400, 401
German South-West Africa 393, 481–6, 494, 495
Germany 390, 474
colonialism 390, 391–3, 397–9, 400–1, 442, 481–7, 495, 519
First World War 494, 497
Franco-Prussian War (1870–71) 222, 390, 393
Second World War 506, 540
Gérôme, Jean-Léon 309
Gesuiwerde National Party (GNP) 514–15
Gezo, king of Dahomey 193, 217, 221
Ghana 552, 603–4, 618, 619
corruption 599
coup 604
economic chaos and decline 603–4
economic reforms 645
elite self-enrichment 599, 670
Nkrumaism 597–8
oilfields 668
Ghana, ancient kingdom 72–3
see also Wagadu
Gilbert, Francis 440–1
Gilf Kebir plateau xix, 676
Gish Abbai 173, 179
Giza 6
Gladstone, William 327, 398
Gobir 164, 165
Gojjam 306
gold xiii–xiv, 26, 43, 70, 71, 72, 75, 76, 77, 81, 83–4, 84, 85, 92, 97–8, 111, 116, 119–20, 154, 265, 493
European demand for 77
slave labour 419
Transvaal 367, 369–70, 459–62, 474
Zambesia 465–6
Gold Coast 98, 118–19, 120, 220, 391, 412, 492, 520, 528
Britain and 548–52
independence 551–2
‘model�
�� colony 548
self-government, demands for 548–51
slave trade 121–2, 123, 127, 128
see also Ghana
Gold Coast Colony 422, 424
Goldie, George 220–1, 407, 408, 413, 467
Gomes, Diogo 97
Gomes, Fernão 97
Gondar 175–6, 177–8, 299, 302–3, 428
Gondokoro 276, 315, 317–18, 319
Gordon, Charles 319–20, 321, 322, 335–7
Gordon Relief Expedition 336, 337
Gorée 119, 221, 222
Gorgora 173
Goshen 375, 376, 377
Graaff-Reinet 138–9, 140, 141
Graf von Götzen, Gustov Adolf 487
Graham, Colonel John 229
Graham’s Town 229
Grain Coast 97, 194
Grand Bassam 221
Grant, Captain James 276–7, 317–18
Graziani, General Rodolfo 505–6
Great Depression 514
Great Pyramid of Giza 6
Great Sphinx 6
Great Trek 234–5, 243–9, 355, 367, 516, 688–9
Ossewatrek (Great Trek re-enactment) 516
Great Zimbabwe 84–5, 470
Greater Assyria 30
Greek influences 32, 33, 34, 36, 41
Gregory, John 693
Griqualand 265, 341–8
Britain’s annexation of 344
diamond mining 341–8, 350
Griqualand East 356
Griqualand West 344, 356, 373
risings 356
Griquas 243–4, 245, 250, 257
Griquatown 243
gross domestic product 669
groundnuts 221, 492, 493, 618
Gudu 165
Guinea 567–8, 618, 637
Guinea coast 96–7, 116, 117, 119, 123
Guinea-Bissau 625
Gulf of Tadjoura 428, 431
Gwato 411
Habyarimana, General Juvénal 639
hadith 63
Hadzabe 22
Haggard, H. Rider 84, 351, 466
Haile Selassie (Ras Tafari) 501–3, 504–5, 506, 521, 527, 538, 539, 607, 608, 698
Halq al-Wadi (Guletta) 149
Hamasien 429
Hamdullahi 168
Hannibal Barca 27–8
Hannington, James 399
Hanno 25
Harar 114, 321, 428, 432, 501
Harkuf, explorer 9
Harris, Captain William Cornwallis 259
Harrison, George 369–70
Hasan, sultan of Kilwa 271
Hassan ibn al-Nu’man 66
Hassan, Muhammad Abdullah 432–3
Hatshepsut, pharaoh 11, 12–13
Hausa, Hausaland 154, 162, 164, 165, 166–7, 552, 553
Hausa language 166
Hawkins, John 117–18
Hawkins, William 116
health and medicine 205–6, 520–1, 594
Heart of Darkness (Conrad) 445–7
Heidelberg 365
Heligoland 401
Heliopolis 7
Helm, Charles 468
Henry the Navigator, Prince of Portugal 92, 93, 94, 95, 682
Herero 481, 483–6
Herero–Nama conflict 482
Herman, George 441
Herodotus 25–6, 30, 31–2, 677
Hertzog, Barry 508, 514, 515, 517
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