The Fortunes of Africa: A 5,000 Year History of Wealth, Greed and Endeavour
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Hewett, Edward 221, 392, 407, 409, 410
Hicks, William 334
hieroglyphic writing xx, xxi–xxii
Hinde, Captain Sidney 450
Hippo Regius 55, 56
Hispaniola 116, 117
HIV/Aids 646
Hlubi 239
Hodgson, Sir Frederick 423–4
Hofmeyr, Jan 355
Hoornkrans 482
Horn of Africa 45, 320, 505
horses 78, 96, 98, 159, 681
Horus 4, 39
Hottentot Proclamation 231
Hottentots see Khoikhoi
Houghton, Major Daniel 187, 188
Houphouët-Boigny, Félix 566, 567, 595, 596, 624, 637
Hueda 125–6
Huggins, Sir Godfrey 557
human sacrifice 73, 126, 219, 297, 414, 419
hunter-gatherers 20–1, 22, 23
Hutu 290, 519, 577–9, 639, 640, 641
Hyksos 9–10
Ibadi merchants 71
Ibibio 126, 554
Ibn Battuta 77–8, 83
Ibn Ibrahim, Ahmad (Gragn) 114, 115
Ibn Khaldun 69, 86, 146–7
Ibn Majid, Ahmad 110
Ibn Tumert, Mohamed 74
Ibn Yasin, Abdullah 74
Ibsen, Henrik 309
Idris Alawma 159
Idris ibn Abdullah 67
Ifriqiya xiii, 65, 68, 69, 75
Igbo 20, 126, 409, 414, 492, 519, 553, 605, 606
Igbobi 219
Ijo 218
Ila 466
Ilg, Alfred 428
Ilorin 166
Imhotep 5
Imperial British East Africa Company 400, 401
incense 45
industrialisation 205, 545, 595, 603, 617–18
infant mortality 594, 611
Inkatha 635
International Monetary Fund 622
Inyati 261
Ipetsut (Karnak) 12
ironworking 22, 25, 30, 43–4
Isandlwana 361, 362
Islam
dar al-Islam 161, 169, 649
‘five pillars’ 63–4
jihad 114, 161–9, 209, 211, 333, 647, 648, 649, 650, 651, 654, 664, 665, 698
Kharijites 67, 681
observance of local customs 161–2
religious tolerance 64, 68
resurgence 647–9, 650–7, 659–65
Sanusiyya 439–40, 441–2, 538
sharia law 649, 653, 656, 657, 659, 664
Shi’ism 67, 68, 680–1
slavery, sanction of 78, 162, 166
spread of 61–2, 75–6, 82, 85–6, 86, 154, 170, 493–4
Sufism 74, 162, 165, 168, 439
Sunni 67
Tijaniyya brotherhood 168
torodbe 162–4, 168
Ulema movement 533–4
Ismail, Moulay 157–8
Ismail Pasha 309, 310, 312, 313–14, 315, 317, 318, 320, 321–2, 331
Ismailia 541
Israel 542, 545, 546, 620, 649–50
Istanbul 147, 148, 150
Italy
colonialism 306, 391, 427–31, 432, 434, 442, 495, 505, 538–9, 539
invasion of Abyssinia 503–6
Second World War 506, 521, 540
Itsekiri 410
ivory xxi, 43, 45, 97, 99, 116, 252, 259–60, 269, 270, 271, 273, 275, 278, 279, 286, 288–9, 315, 316–17, 447, 448, 689–90, 695–6
Chinese trade 667
European demand for xiv, 260–1
Indian demand for 270
Ivory Coast see Côte d’Ivoire
al-Jabarti 200, 201
Jaghbub 439
Jaja, king of Opobo 408–10
Jakin 125
James, William 126–7
Jameson, Dr Starr 470–1, 475
Jameson Raid 475
Janssens, General Emile 574
Jardine, Douglas 432–3
Jawara 66
Jebel Bakal 30
Jebel Qadir 332
Jenne-jeno 22, 70–1, 154, 156, 168
Jewish communities 33, 41, 50
jihad 114, 161–9, 209, 211, 333, 647, 648, 649, 650, 651, 654, 664, 665, 698
al-Jilani, Abd-al-Qadir 165
Jimmy, King, Temne sub-chief 185
Jobson, Richard 188
Johannesburg 459–61, 477, 509, 580
John of Ephesus 60
Johnson, Frank 467
Johnston, Harry 409–10
Jola 417
Jolof 163
Joubert, Gideon 244
Juba River 321
Jubaland 495
Judar Pasha 155, 156
Julian, Egyptian monk 60–1
Justinian, Emperor 57
Kaarta 168
Kabareka, king of Bunyoro 319, 403
Kabila, Laurent 641
Kabylia 213
Kagame, Paul 640, 641
al-Kahina, Berber queen 66
Kairouan 65, 67–8, 69
Kamba 404
Kamerun see Cameroon
Kanem 71, 78
al-Kanemi, Muhammad 194, 195
Kankan 416
Kano 164, 165, 167, 195, 415, 492
Karagwe 273, 290
Karamajong 403
Karoo 134, 341
Karume, Abeid 602, 603
Kasa-Vubu, Joseph 572, 573, 576, 577
Kasanje 125
Kasongo 286, 450
Katanga xvi, 273, 395, 448–9, 465, 492, 493, 572, 573, 575, 576, 577
Katsina 164, 165
Kaunda, Kenneth 637
Kazeh (Tabora) 273, 275, 276, 278, 280
Kazembe 125
Kebra Negast 86–7
Kei River 255
Keiskamma River 228
Keita, Modibo 595
Kenya 405, 493, 495, 529–30, 539, 558–61, 562–3, 603, 619, 654
corruption 673
elite self-enrichment 599–600
independence 562
Mau Mau revolt 558–61
‘multiracial’ strategy 556, 561
nationalism 559
oilfelds 668
Kenyatta, Jomo 558, 559, 560, 563, 599
Kerma 10
Khafra, pharaoh 6
Kharijites 67, 681
Khartoum 276, 315–16, 317, 322, 332, 334, 335, 336–7, 520, 654, 655
Khasekhemy, king of Egypt 5
Khoikhoi 23, 129, 130–1, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 228, 231–2, 356, 679
Khoikhoi Cape Regiment 229
Khoisan language 679
Khufu, pharaoh 5
Khumalo 240
Kibaki, Mwai 673
Kidal 665
Kigali 640
Kikuyu 404, 558–9, 560
Kilimanjaro 274, 398
Kilwa 83, 110, 271
Kilwa Kisiwani 83
Kimberley 344–5, 346, 348, 371–3, 377–8
Kimberley ‘Big Hole’ 342
Kinjikitile Ngwale 486–7
Kinshasa (Leopoldville) 386, 610, 641, 675
Kipling, Rudyard 479
Kirk, John 281
Kismayu 321
Kisumu 404, 405
KiSwahili 82
Kitchener, General Herbert 435, 436, 437
Kivu 640
Klaarwater 243
Kofi Kakari 421
Kok, Adam 250
Koko, Nembe king 414
kola nuts 20, 75, 154, 164
Kolobeng 262, 263
Kongo 99–105, 125, 388, 572
Kora 356
Koran 63, 64, 163
Kordofan 204, 316, 322, 331, 332, 333, 334
Kosoko, king of Lagos 218
Koumbi Saleh 72–3
Krapf, Ludwig 274
Kruger, Paul 352–3, 364–5, 366, 367, 368, 369, 376, 377, 461, 462, 463, 473–4, 475, 476–7, 478, 515
Kubai, Fred 559
Kukawa 194
Kumasi 128, 418, 419–21, 422, 423, 492
Kurgus 10
Kuruman 261
Kush 9, 10–11, 30, 43–4
Kwa Igbo 409
Kwaku Dua 420
Kwena 261
labour
forced 249, 260, 452–3, 454, 476, 485–6, 492, 531
slave see slavery
Lagarde, Léonce 435
Lagos 125, 218–19, 220, 391, 412, 414, 494, 523, 553, 675
Laing, Gordon 195–6
Laird, Macgregor 215, 216, 219
Lake Albert 318
Lake Chad 195
Lake Nyasa 277, 278, 279
Lake Tanganyika 273, 277, 279, 283, 284, 287, 492
Lake Turkana 431
Lalibela 86
Lamizana, Colonel Sangoulé 601–2
Lampson, Sir Miles 540
Lamu 82, 278
Land Apportionment Act 1931, Rhodesia 529
Lander, John 197
Lander, Richard 197, 215–16
landholdings, foreign xvi, xvii 40–1
Landye, John 116
Lango 403
Larache 26, 153
Lavigerie, Charles 295–6
League of Nations 504
leather goods 167
Lebna Dengel 113–14
Leo Africanus 154–5, 159, 187
Leopold II of Belgium xiv–xv, 383–4, 386, 387, 388–9, 393, 394–5, 404, 407, 447, 448, 450, 451, 452, 453, 454, 456
see also Congo Free State
Leopoldville 386, 523, 571, 572, 573, 575
leprosy 520
Lepsius, Richard 309
Lesotho 562
see also Basutoland
Lesseps, Ferdinand de 311
Lettow-Vorbeck, General Paul von 494, 495
Leutwein, Theodor von 483
Levant 8, 9, 11, 17, 206, 441
Liberia 97, 194, 527, 642
civil war 642, 643
Libya 17, 26, 30, 442, 538, 654, 663–4, 678
Arab Spring 658–9
colonialism 30
Gaddafi dictatorship 614, 664
independence 538
oilfields 613–14, 620
life expectancy 594, 669
Lij Yasu, emperor-designate of Abyssinia 501
Limpopo Valley 22, 84, 240, 245, 261, 470
liquor distilleries 368, 408
literacy rates 594, 611
Livingstone, David 261–5, 277, 278–81, 285–6, 289
Livingstone, Mary 261, 265
Lixus (Larache) 26, 153
Loango 193, 395
Lobengula, Ndebele king 466, 467, 468, 469, 471
locusts 113, 594
Lok, John 116
Lokoja 414
London agreement, Rhodesia (1979) 628–9
London Missionary Society (LMS) 231–2, 243, 261
Longinus, Bishop 61
Lourdel, Siméon 296, 399, 401
Lourenço Marques 460
Lozi 466
Lualaba River 283, 285
Luanda 119, 124, 263, 589, 626, 627, 672
Luango 387
Lüderitz, Adolf 391, 392
Ludolf, Job 686
Lugard, Frederick 401–2, 405–6, 413, 414–15, 492
Lukuga River 284
Lulua 573
Lumumba, Patrice 536–7, 571, 572, 573, 574–6, 577
Luo 404
Luta Nzigé 318
Luxor 12
Lyautey, Marshal 492
Maasai 404, 405, 558
Maasailand 399, 401
Mabotsa 261
Macaulay, Zachary 186–7
Machel, Samora 626, 628
Mackay, Alexander 295, 296–7, 399, 400
Mackenzie, Charles 264, 265
McKillop, Captain H.F. 321
Mackinnon, William 400, 401, 467
Maclean, Charles 241
Macmillan, Harold 562, 563
Madi 403
Mafela 387
Mafia 398
Magdala 302, 303, 304–5
Maghreb, Arab hegemony 66, 67–9, 74–5
Mago, Carthaginian writer 25
Magomero 264
al-Magrizi 147
Mahdali clan 83
Mahdi (Muhammad Ahmad ibn Abdallah) 331–4, 335, 336, 337, 436
Mahdi (Ubaydalla Said) 68
Mahdia 68, 69
Mahdism 331–7, 428, 434, 435–6
Maherero, Samuel 483, 484
Maigoga 171
Maitatsine 656
maji-maji uprising 487
Majuba 366
Makaba II, Tswana king 239
Makapanspoort 260
Makelle 430
makhzen system 153
Makoko, Bateke king 385, 386
Makoko Treaty (1880) 386, 388, 391
Makuria 60, 61–2, 65
malaguetta pepper 97
Malan, Daniel 508, 509, 510, 514, 515, 516, 582
malaria 215, 216, 217–18, 264–5, 275, 483, 520, 594, 688
Malawi 473, 562, 598, 619, 637
see also Nyasaland
Malebo Pool 385, 386, 387, 395
Mali 614, 618, 620, 664
independence 568
Islam in 664–5
Mali empire xiv, 75, 76, 77–8, 154
Malik Sy 163
Malindi 83, 110
Malka Christos 174–5
Malzac, Alphonse de 316–17
Mamluks 145–7, 148, 198
Mandela, Nelson 583–4, 586–7, 631, 632, 634, 635, 674
Mandingo 188
Mandinka 416
Manetho, historian 33
Mangungu, Msovero chief 397
Manicaland 473
Mankurwane, Tlhaping chief 374–5
Mansa Musa xiv, 76, 154, 161, 681
al-Mansur, Ahmad 153, 155
Manyema 273, 279, 284, 448
maps, early 76, 179–80
Mapungubwe 84
Maqoma 254
marabouts 74, 163
Marchand, Captain Jean-Baptiste 435, 436, 437
Marcian, Emperor 57
Mark, apostle 50
Marrakesh 74, 442
Marxist–Leninism 614–16, 626, 630, 633
Mascara 209, 210
Mascarene Islands 272, 281
Mashariki Bantu 22
Mashonaland 465, 466, 467, 468, 469, 470–1, 476
Masina 162, 167–8
Masindi 319
Massawa 170, 175, 301, 306, 320, 427, 538
al-Masudi, Abdul Hasan Ali 81
Matabele 240
see also Ndebele
Matabele Wars 471, 476
Matabeleland 466, 467, 468, 469, 471–2, 474, 476, 629
Matadi 395
Matamba 125
Mau Mau 558–61
Mauch, Carl 465–6, 470
Mauretania, Berber kingdom, Roman province 40, 54, 56
Mauritania 74, 568, 620, 637
independence 568
Maxim guns 694
M’ba, Léon 602
Mbanza 101, 102
Mbeki, Thabo 674
Mbuyasi 255
Medina 222
Megiddo 11
Mehmed II, sultan 147
Meknes 158, 159
Melilla 153, 442
Memphis 3–4, 10, 34, 35
Memphis, Decree of 36
Mendes, Afonso 174, 175
Menelik I, emperor of Abyssinia 87, 503
Menelik II, emperor of Abyssinia 302, 306, 428, 429–30, 431, 435, 436, 501
Mengistu Haile Mariam 608, 614–16, 621–2, 637
Mengo 276, 401
Menkaura, pharaoh 6
Mentuhotep II, pharaoh 8
Mentzel, Otto 135
Meroe 43, 44
Meroitic script 43
Mersa Gawasis 11
Metemma 428
mfecane 237–41
Mfwa 386
Middle Niger 22, 70, 153, 154, 157, 162
Mikael Sehul, Ras 178
Milner, Sir Alfred 324, 476, 477, 496
Minas, emperor of Abyssinia 171
Mirambo 280, 284
missionary activity 50, 2
57, 260–2, 466, 494
Abyssinia 171–5, 301
African Christians 216–17, 219, 493
‘Bible and Plough’ initiative 216
Buganda 294–7, 399–400
Cape Colony 231–2
education and medical programmes 192–3, 493, 535
Nubia 60–1
Sierra Leone 192–3
and the tribal identification system 519–20
missionary societies
Church Missionary Society 192, 216, 274, 295, 399
London Missionary Society (LMS) 231–2, 243, 261
Universities Mission to Central Africa 264–5
Mlapa III 392
mobile phone technology 668
Mobutu, Joseph 574, 576, 577, 609–10, 640, 641
Moffat, Robert 261
Mogadishu 83, 432, 638
Mogador (Essaouira) 153
Mohammed V, sultan of Morocco 522, 564–5, 566
Moi, Daniel arap 673
el-Mokrani, Mohamed 213
Molepolole 261
Mombasa 83, 110, 274, 278, 321, 400, 404, 521
monasticism 51–2, 59
Monomotapa 111
Monophysitism 57
Monrovia 194, 642
Montshiwa 375, 377
Moore, Francis 122
Morel, Edmund 454, 456
Morice, Jean-Vincent 271
Morocco 27, 66, 74, 75, 149, 152–3, 155, 156, 157–9, 442, 492, 495, 522, 614
independence 566
makhzen system 153
nationalism 564–5
Morsi, Mohamed 660, 661, 662, 663
Mosega 244, 245
Moshoeshoe, BaSotho king 239, 250, 257, 258, 354
Mossel Bay 108, 134
Mossi 78, 416
Mostaganem 209
‘Mountains of the Moon’ 45, 273, 274
Mozambique 109–10, 133, 269, 271, 473, 537, 538, 589, 627, 633
independence 625–6
Marxist-Leninist regime 626, 630, 633
nationalism 625
oilfelds 668
Mpande, Zulu king 248, 357
Mpangazitha, Hlubi king 239
Mpinda 119
Mpondo 242, 255
Msabila 278
Msiri, Nyamwezi trader 448–9, 465
Msovero 397
Mthethwa 237, 238
Mubarak, Hosni 650, 651, 654, 658, 660
Mugabe, Robert 589, 628, 629, 643, 644, 673–4
Muhammad, Prophet 63, 64, 153, 332, 499
Muhammad Ali Pasha 202, 203, 204–5, 206, 312, 315, 316, 325
Muhammad Said Pasha 311
Mujao 664
multi-party democracy 596, 617, 624, 636
Munhu Mutapa 85, 111
Munzinger, Werner 320
Murphy, J.B. 453–4
Musa, Mansa xiv, 76, 154, 161, 681
Muslim Brotherhood 499, 541, 597, 647–8, 649, 650–1, 660–1, 663, 697–8
Mussolini, Benito 503, 504, 505, 506
Mutesa I, king of Buganda 284, 292–3, 294, 295, 296, 297, 319
Mutesa, Sir Edward 612
Muzorewa, Bishop Abel 628
Mwanga, king of Buganda 298, 399–400, 401, 402, 403
Mwissikongo 101
Myos Hormos 44
Mytela Kasanda 278
Mzilikazi 240, 244, 245, 246, 261, 466
Nachtigal, Gustav 392
Nairobi 405, 523, 558, 559, 675
Nama 481, 482, 486