Namib Desert 481
Nana Asmau 167
Nana Olomu 410
Nandi 404
Napata 30
Napier, Sir Robert 304–5
Napoleon Bonaparte 198, 199, 200, 201, 203, 208, 611
Narmer Palette 3
Nasir al-Din 163
Nasser, Gamel Abdul 542, 543, 545–7, 597, 647, 648, 649
Natal 22, 108, 255–6, 345, 357, 360
Natalia 248–9, 355
nation-state, first xxii
National African Company 220, 407
nationalism see under individual countries
Native Urban Areas Act 1925, South Africa 512
Natives’ Land Act 1913, South Africa 511
Ndakarou (Dakar) 222
Ndebele 244, 245, 466–7, 471, 476
see also Matabele
Ndongo 119, 124
Ndwandwe 237, 238, 240
Nefertiti 15
Nellmapius, Hugo 368
Nelson, Lord 200
Nembe 414
Nero, emperor 43
Netherlands
Cape Colony 129–41
slave trade 118, 119, 121, 127, 131–2, 133, 139
trade 118–19
Neto, Agostinho 626
Ngombi 387
Ngoni 277, 278
Nguni 236–8, 249, 255, 256
Ngwaketse 239
Ngwane 239
Niani 76
Niger 568, 614, 620
independence 568
Niger Coast Protectorate 410, 414
Niger Delta 70–1, 126, 197, 218, 220, 391, 407, 670–1, 687
Niger Mission 219
Niger River 70, 187, 189, 191, 196, 197, 215–16, 217–18, 219–20, 391, 393, 394, 407, 408, 413, 687
Niger-Congo languages and peoples 19, 19–20, 23, 82, 162, 679
Nigeria 414, 491, 492, 493, 518, 520, 528, 552–5, 604–7, 618, 620, 623, 645–6, 675
Boko Haram 657
civil war 606
corruption 599, 623, 656, 670
coups 605–6
economic collapse 645
elite self-enrichment 599, 670
food imports 619
independence 554–5
Islam in 493, 656–7
oilfields 606, 620, 645, 668, 670
regional rivalries 552–4, 604–6
religious strife 645, 656–7
Nikki 413
Nile Valley
Blue Nile 173, 179
early settlement xx–xxii
flooding xxi, 7, 9, 31–2, 37, 173, 497
source of 31–2, 43, 45, 173, 176, 179, 273–4, 276, 277, 279, 317–18
White Nile 179, 273–4, 275, 276, 317, 320, 437
Nilo-Saharan languages 153–4, 679
‘Nine Saints’ 59
Nkomo, Joshua 588, 589, 628, 629
Nkrumah, Kwame 549–50, 551, 552, 594, 597–8, 603, 604
Nobatia 60
Nok culture 22, 99, 679
nomadism 23, 26, 66, 71, 73, 78, 86
North Korea 629
Northern Rhodesia 530, 556, 557, 562
see also Zambia
Nubar Pasha 313
Nubia 9, 10, 16, 30, 60–1, 65, 86, 203
Baqt 65–6
Christian Church 60–2
Egypt and 9, 10, 34
Lower Nubia 9, 10, 16, 34
Numeiri, Gaafar 653
Numidia 40, 55
Nun River 197
Nupe 166
Nur al-Da’im, Muhammad Sharif 331, 332
Nxele, Xhosa warrior-prophet 229–30
Nyamwezi 271, 273, 277–8, 280, 284
Nyamweziland 277–8
Nyangwe 280, 449–50
Nyasaland 530, 556, 557, 561–2
independence 562
see also Malawi
Nyerere, Julius 595, 602, 619, 624
Nzinga a Nkuwu 101, 102
Obiang, Teodorin 672–3
Obiang, Teodoro 672
Obote, Milton 611, 612, 613
Octavian (Augustus) 39
Offra 125
Ogaden 431, 432, 503–4, 505, 539, 607, 615, 638
Ogowé River 385
Ohrwalder, Father Joseph 333
Oil Rivers 218, 221, 391, 407, 410
Oil Rivers Protectorate 408
oil xvi, xvii, 606, 613–14, 620, 626, 645, 654, 668, 671–2
imports 620
theft 670
Ojukwu, Colonel Emeka 606–7
Okahandja 483–4
Olifant River 134
olive production 41
Olympio, Sylvanus 601
Omani Arabs 269, 270, 272
Omdurman 336, 337, 436, 437
Ondini 361
one-party systems 596–7, 617, 624, 629, 636, 639, 652
Ophir xiii, 84, 85, 466, 470
Opobo 408–10
Oran 209, 213
Orange Free State 251, 257, 258, 343, 344, 353–4, 478, 508
British colony 479, 507
land segregation 511–12
self-government 479
Orange River Sovereignty 251, 257
Oromo 170, 177, 178, 428, 431, 607
Osei Bonsu 420
Osei Tutu 128, 418
Osiris 7, 8–9, 16
Oswell, William 262, 263
Ottoman Turks 114, 147–8, 149–51, 170, 176, 198–9, 202, 206, 314, 442, 496
Ouagadougou 416
Ouidah (Whydah) 125, 126
over-grazing 620
Oviedo, André da 171, 172
Ovonramwen 410–11
Owen, Francis 246
Ozymandias 17
Pachomius, monk 52
Paez, Pedro 172–3, 175, 179
Paiva, Afonsa da 111
Palermo Stone 4
palm-oil 218, 221, 407, 408, 409, 410, 492, 618
Pan-Arab unity 647
Park, Mungo 188–91, 196
pass laws 231, 346, 512, 586
pastoralism xx, 21, 23, 71, 162, 170, 236, 481, 655
patronage systems xvii, 23, 596–7, 599, 605, 610, 622–3, 637, 643
Pedi 240, 260, 350, 363
Pediland 345
Pemba 272, 398
pepper 97, 116
Periplus Maris Erythraei 44–5
Peters, Carl 397–8, 400, 401
Petherick, John 316
Pharos lighthouse 34
Philip, John 232
Phillips, James 411
Phoenicians 24, 34
phosphate 493
pieds-noirs 212, 213, 213–14, 533, 569, 688
Pietermaritzburg 248, 249
piracy see corsairs
Plaatje, Sol 512
Pliny the Elder xvii
Plowden, William 300
Plutarch 37
polygamy 102, 261, 270, 494
Pompey 37–8
Poncet, Jacques 176
Pongola River 238
Popo 125
population growth 521, 619, 620, 675
Port Natal 241–2, 245
Port Said 541
Porto Novo 125, 391, 412
Portugal 92–101
colonialism 119, 153, 269–70, 388, 492, 537–8, 589–90, 625–6, 627
decolonisation 625–6, 627
early initiatives in Africa 92–105, 107–15
missionary activity 92, 101, 102, 171–5
prazeros 270
and slave trade 94–6, 97, 98, 103–5, 117, 119, 124–5, 127
trade 94, 98, 116, 119, 237
post-independence era xvi, 593–600
Potgieter, Hendrik 244–5
pottery xx, 25
poverty, twenty-first century 610, 621, 645, 669, 672, 673, 700
prazeros 270
Prempe, Agyeman 422–3, 693–4
Prester John 87–8, 93, 100, 107, 108, 109, 111, 112, 683
Preston, Ronald 405
Pretoria 257, 351–2, 462, 463, 477
Pretorius, Andries 247, 248, 250–1, 251
> Procopius 56–7
Proterius, bishop of Alexandria 57–8
Prutky, Remedius 176
Ptolemais Theron 34–5
Ptolemy, Claudius 45, 274
Ptolemy I 32, 33, 34
Ptolemy II 34, 35
Ptolemy XIII 37–8
Ptolemy XIV 38
Punic wars 27, 28, 29
Punt 8, 11
Puntland 638
Pyramid Texts 7, 8, 14
pyramids
Egyptian 5–7
Kushite 43
Qadiriyya brotherhood 165, 168, 209
al-Qa’eda 654, 655
Al-Qa’eda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) 664
Qapadan, Selim 315
Qasr Ibrim 61
Quelimane 263
quinine 217–18, 688
Qutb, Sayyid 648–9
Ra, sun-god 7, 12
Rachid, Moulay 157
railways 253, 404–5, 431, 451, 460, 463–4, 483, 492, 502
Ramesses II, pharaoh 16–17
Ramesses XI, pharaoh 17
Randlords 459, 463
Ras Alula 428
Rassam, Hormuzd 301–2
Rawlings, Jerry 645
Rebmann, Johann 274
religious beliefs and practices
Bantu 20, 23
Egyptian xx, xxi, 4, 6–7, 8–9, 12, 14, 15, 36
shamanism 21, 23, 252
see also Christianity; Islam
Renamo 630
Retief, Piet 234–5, 245–7
Rhapta 44, 45
Rhodes, Cecil 348, 373–4, 376–9, 459, 464, 465–6, 467–8, 469–70, 471–2, 473–6
Rhodesia 472, 476, 528–9, 556–7, 587–9, 627–8, 633
black majority rule 628
Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland 557, 561–2
guerrilla warfare 627, 628, 633
independence 589
London agreement (1979) 628–9
nationalism 587–9, 627–8
see also Northern Rhodesia; Southern Rhodesia
rice 618
Riebeeck, Jan van 130–1
Rifqi, Uthman 325, 326
Rift Valley 405–6, 493, 558, 559, 560, 693
Ripon Falls 276, 283, 318
river blindness 594
Rivers Wilson, Charles 313
Robben Island 229, 631
Roberto, Holden 626
Robinson, Sir Hercules 367, 376, 377
rock art xix, 21, 23, 676, 679
Roha 86
Rolong 257
Romans, Roman Empire xiii, 24, 26–7, 28–9
African provinces 40–4, 56, 678–9
Christian persecutions 52–4, 55
client kingdoms 43
collapse of empire 56, 60
and Egypt 37–9
Punic wars 27, 28, 29
Rooi Grond 375
Roosevelt, Franklin D. 522
Rorke’s Drift 361, 362
Rosetta Stone 36, 202
Royal Adventurers into Africa 119–20
Royal African Company 122–3, 184
Royal Geographical Society 273, 274, 276, 277, 289, 317
Royal Niger Company 408, 413–14
Rozwi 240
Ruanda–Urundi 519
see also Burundi; Rwanda
rubber xv, 452–6
Rudd, Charles 468, 469
Rusizi River 280
Rwanda 290, 495, 519, 577–8, 639–40, 641–2
ethnic divisions in 577–9, 639
genocide 639–40
independence 578–9
Sabouciré 222
al-Sadat, Anwar 650
Sa’dians 153, 157
Sadiq al-Mahdi 653
Sahara Desert 411
trade routes 26, 70, 71–2, 75–6, 77, 92
trans-Sahara slave trade 78–9, 159, 160, 440–1, 442, 681
Sahati 427–8
Sahel 158, 162, 620
Saifawa dynasty 71, 78, 159
Saint Louis 221, 222
Salafist movement 660
Salah al-Din ibn Ayyub (Saladin) 68, 145
Salazar, António de Oliveira 537, 589, 590
Salé 157, 158
Salisbury, Lord 390, 404, 412, 435, 469
Sallee Rovers 157
salt 71, 72, 75, 77, 154
Sammaniyya 331
Samori Ture 416, 423
San (Bushmen) 21, 23, 136, 137, 252, 486, 679
Sandawe 22
Sanhaja 73–4
al-Sanusi, Idris 538
Sanusi, Lamido 670
al-Sanusi, Muhammad ibn Ali 439–40
Sanusiyya 439–40, 441–2, 538
São Tomé 103, 127
Saqqara 5
Savimbi, Jonas 626
Scanlen, Thomas 376
Schön, James 216
Schreiner, Olive 461
Schryver, August de 571
‘scramble’ for Africa xv, 385–95, 422–3, 427, 431, 432, 442, 491
Berlin Conference (1884–85) 393–4, 397
new era 668
Sea Peoples 17
Sebetwane 239
Sechele, Kwena king 262, 263
Second Frontier War, Cape Colony (1792) 138
Second World War 506, 516–17, 521–2
post-war colonialism 527–39
segregation, political doctrine of, South Africa 510–13
Segu 168, 189, 191, 223, 416
Seitz, Theodor 486
Sekhukhune 345, 350, 352, 363
Sekonyela, Tlokwa king 246
self-determination principle 522, 523, 527, 528, 543
Selous, Fred 466, 469–70
Sena 270
Seneca 43
Senegal 162, 221, 222–3, 412, 417, 492, 493, 520, 531, 566–7, 568, 620
anti-AIDS programmes 646
independence 568
multi-party democracy 617, 624
Senegal River 94, 96, 116, 158, 221, 222
Senghor, Léopold 566–7, 624
Sennar 170, 203, 204
September 11 2001 terrorist attacks 655
Serengeti plains 21
Sétif 534
Seven Wonders of the Ancient World 6, 34
Seyyid Said 272, 273, 274
Shafiq, Ahmad 660, 661
Shaka kaSenzangakhona, Zulu king 237–8, 241, 242
Shaler, William 207–8
shamanism 21, 23, 252
Shanga 82
sharia law 649, 653, 656, 657, 659, 664
Sharp, Granville 183–5
Sharpeville massacre (1960) 586
al-Shatir, Khayrat 660
Shaw, Flora 460–1
Shaw, William 230
Shaykan 334
Sheba 87
Sheba, Queen of xiii, 86–7
sheep farming 253
Shelley, Percy Bysshe 17–18
Shepstone, Theophilus 351, 352, 357–9
Sherbro Island 194
Shi’ite Muslims 67, 68, 680–1
Shilluk 204
Shippard, Sir Sidney 467–8
Shire River 264
Shoa 428–9
Shona 85, 240, 466, 471, 476, 519
Sicily 27, 68
Sidi R’bat 66
Sierra Leone 117–18, 192, 194, 216, 220, 412, 528, 562, 687
diamond fields 642–3
ex-slave colony 183–7
independence 562
Sijilmasa 71, 74, 77
Sindbad the Sailor 81, 681–2
sisal 618
al-Sisi, Abdel Fattah 661, 663
Six-Day War (1967) 647, 649–50
Siyad Barre, Mohammed 638
Skeleton Coast 100
Slave Coast 125–6, 196
slavery 43, 65, 70, 77, 78, 83, 269, 270
abolitionists 191–2, 193
African collaboration xiv, 95–6, 104, 120–1, 122, 125–6, 128, 188, 190, 193, 203, 277, 278, 284, 288, 316, 317, 320
African domestic slavery 26, 77, 78, 95–6, 98, 102–3, 127, 154, 218, 272, 2
78, 282, 419, 441
Christian slaves 150
corsair slaving 157, 684–5
Dutch trade 118, 119, 121, 127, 131–2, 133, 139
east coast trade 281–2
Egyptian trade 203–4
emancipation 233
English trade 117–18, 119, 120, 122, 126–7, 191
ex-slave colonies 183–7, 194
French trade 119, 271
Islamic sanction of 78, 162, 166
kidnapping 122
manumission 133, 139
Muslim slaves 162, 164
Portuguese trade 94–6, 97, 98, 103–5, 117, 119, 124–5, 127
scale of xiv, 79, 124, 125, 160, 191, 194, 270, 281–2, 442
slave armies 78, 145, 147, 147–8, 158, 199
Spanish trade 116–17
trans-Sahara trade 78–9, 159, 160, 440–1, 442, 681
transatlantic trade xiv, 116–28, 191, 193, 194, 281, 442
war captives xiv, 96, 103, 122, 125, 164, 193
west coast trade 94–6, 194
white slaves 150, 151, 157, 684–5
sleeping sickness 594
smallpox 134, 177, 178, 205, 292, 297, 520
Smeathman, Henry 184
Smee, Thomas 271
Smith, Sir Harry 250–1, 254
Smith, Ian 589, 628, 633
Smuts, Jan 508, 514, 517, 581
soapstone carving 85
Soba 61
Sobhuza, Dlamini king 240
Sofala 83, 84, 110, 111, 240
Soglo, Colonel Christophe 601
soil erosion and degradation 620
Sokoto 195, 196, 415
Sokoto Caliphate 165–7, 195, 220, 414–15, 492
Solomon, King 84, 86, 87
Somalia 45, 432, 495, 504, 505, 539, 607, 615, 637–9
collapse and civil war 637–8
multinational task force 638–9
Somaliland 432–3, 638
Sonangol 671–2
Songhay empire 153–7
Soninke 71
Soshangane 240, 242
Sotho 239, 240, 257–8, 260
Soudan Français 416
Sousa, Rui de 101–2
South Africa 495, 507, 508–15, 527, 580–7, 629–35
African National Congress (ANC) 513, 583–5, 586–7, 588, 630, 632, 633, 634, 635, 674
anti-apartheid resistance 583–6, 629–30, 631–2
apartheid 581–3, 584, 585, 631, 633, 635
boycotts 634
corruption 674
Freedom Charter 584–5
Fusion government 514, 517
homelands 585
nationalism 581–2, 583
Pan-Africanist Congress 586
and Rhodesia 627–8
Second World War 516–17
segregation 510–13
see also Afrikaners; Boers; Cape Colony
South African Native Affairs Commission 510–11
South Sudan 656
South-West Africa (Namibia) 633
Southern Rhodesia 528–9, 530, 556, 557, 563
Soviet Union 638
anti-colonialism 522
collapse of 636
role of in Africa 545, 547, 568, 576, 615, 627, 633
see also Cold War
Soweto uprising (1976) 630
Soyinka, Wole 645
Spain
Carthaginians in 27–8
colonialism 149, 153, 442
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