The Fortunes of Africa: A 5,000 Year History of Wealth, Greed and Endeavour

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The Fortunes of Africa: A 5,000 Year History of Wealth, Greed and Endeavour Page 78

by Martin Meredith


  holy war 148–9

  Muslim Spain 67, 74, 148

  and slave trade 116–17

  Sparrman, Anders 136

  Speke, John 273, 274–7, 285, 292–4, 317–18

  Stairs, Captain Grant 449

  Stanley, Henry Morton 280, 281, 283–4, 285–7, 289, 294–5, 383, 384–5, 386–8, 422, 447, 689, 695–6

  Stanley Falls 386, 448

  Stanleyville 572, 573, 577

  stelae 59

  Stellaland 375, 376, 377

  Stellenbosch 132, 233

  Step Pyramid, Saqqara 5

  Stern, Howard 301, 302

  Stockenstrom, Andries 232

  structural adjustment programmes 623

  Strydom, Hans 583

  Suakin 320, 334, 335, 337

  Sudan 70–1, 155, 159, 160, 161, 162, 203, 331, 332, 336–7, 415, 495, 653–6, 667

  Anglo-Egyptian invasion of 434–6

  British-Egyptian rule 438, 543–4

  civil wars 621, 653, 655

  Egyptian Sudan 335, 337

  ethnic cleansing 655–6

  independence 543–4

  Islam in 653–6

  Nilotic Sudan 203, 204

  oil 654

  see also individual kingdoms and states

  Sudd 43

  Suez Canal 198, 206, 309, 310–12, 313, 329, 498, 540, 541, 543, 545–7, 650

  Sufism 74, 162, 165, 168, 439

  sugar plantations 116, 117, 118

  Suna II, king of Buganda 291, 292

  Sunni Ali Ber 154, 161–2

  Sunni Islam 67

  Susenyos, emperor of Abyssinia 172–3, 174, 175

  Swahili coast 82, 109, 110, 269, 270–1, 398, 448

  Swakopmund 483

  Swann, Alfred 287–9

  Swaziland 240, 562, 619

  independence 562

  Swellendam 135, 140, 253

  Swellengrebel, Henrdik 135–6

  Swift, Jonathan 179

  Syria 11, 63, 201

  Taa-Kwi San 23

  taal language 139, 233, 243, 354

  Table Bay 129–30

  Tafilalet 66, 157

  Tafna Treaty (1837) 210

  Taghaza 77, 154

  Tahert 67

  Tahuda 66

  Takoradi 521

  Takrur 162, 164

  Tamarod 662

  Tamba 168

  Tambo, Oliver 584

  Tanganyika 401, 486–7, 495, 530, 562, 602, 603

  independence 562

  maji-maji uprising 487

  ‘multiracial’ strategy 556

  Tangier 66, 153

  Tanzania 22, 602, 613, 618, 654

  oilfelds 668

  ‘villagisation’ programme 619

  Tariq ibn Ziyad 66, 67

  Taruga 22

  Taudeni 154

  Tawfiq Pasha 313, 314, 323, 324–5, 326–7, 328, 329, 334, 335

  taxation, Egypt 4, 36, 42, 64, 148, 199, 204

  Taylor, Charles 642, 643

  Tecla Haimanout II, emperor of Abyssinia 177, 178

  Tegbesu, king of Dahomey 126

  Tekle Giorgis II, emperor of Abyssinia 299, 305

  terracotta sculpture 22

  Tertullian 54

  Tete 264, 270

  Tewodros (Kassa Hailu), emperor of Abyssinia 299–303, 304–5, 690–1

  Thaba Bosiu 257, 258

  Thebes 8, 10, 12, 15, 16, 17, 30

  Thomson, Joseph 289, 399

  Thutmose I, pharaoh 10, 11, 12, 30

  Thutmose III, pharaoh 11

  Tigray 170, 171, 304, 305, 306, 429, 430, 505, 621–2

  Tijaniyya brotherhood 168

  Timbuktu 71, 75, 154–5, 156, 157, 168, 187, 195–6, 196–7, 664, 665

  tin 108–9, 493

  Tippu Tip 284–6, 287–8, 448

  Tjeni xxii

  Tlemcen 66, 75, 149

  Tlhaping 261, 356, 374

  Tlokwa 239

  Tobruk 442

  Tofa 391

  Togo 392, 494, 495, 568, 601, 637

  coup 601

  independence 568

  Tom, King, Temne sub-chief 185

  Tondibi 156

  Tonga 466

  Toro 403

  torodbe 162–4, 168

  tortoiseshell 44, 45

  Touré, Ahmed Sékou 567, 568

  Towerson, William 116

  trade

  Aksum 59, 60

  east coast/Indian Ocean 81, 82, 83

  Muslim 70, 74, 82, 86, 111, 272–3, 292

  Niger River 219–20

  Nile xxi

  Roman 43, 44

  trans-Sahara highways 26, 70, 75–6, 77

  with China 666

  see also slavery, and specifc goods and products

  trance dances 21

  Transkei 349

  Transorangia 243

  Transvaal 251, 258–9, 262–3, 349, 350–2, 362–3, 363, 364–70, 374, 474, 476–7, 514

  annexation of Goshen 377

  Boer freebooters 374–5

  British colony 351, 352–3, 355, 358, 365, 479, 507

  Dutch immigrants 368–9

  gold 367, 369–70, 459–62, 474

  independence 365–7

  Jameson Raid 475

  monopoly concessions 462–3

  self-government 479

  uitlanders 461, 463, 474–5, 476, 477

  Trarza Moors 222

  trekboers 134–7, 138, 141, 228, 232, 234, 244, 260

  Trézel, General Camille 209

  tribal identification system 518–20

  Tripoli 149, 150, 151, 160, 442, 659

  Tripolitania 25, 65, 67, 71, 75, 538

  Trollope, Anthony 348

  Trotha, General Luther von 484–5

  Tsate 350, 363

  Tsavo River 405

  Tshombe, Moïse 572, 575, 576

  Tsonga 345

  Tswana 239, 240, 245, 260, 261, 262, 374, 376, 466

  Tuareg 78, 154, 156, 165, 441, 664, 665

  Tugela River 238, 255

  Tukolor 162, 163, 164, 168, 222, 223, 416

  Tumanbay, sultan 148

  Tunis 67, 68, 75, 149, 150–1

  Tunisia 27, 390–1, 493, 565, 566, 657–8, 659–60

  Arab Spring 658

  French protectorate 391, 565

  independence 566

  Islam in 659–60

  nationalism 565

  Turco-Circassians 323, 325, 326, 327

  Ture, Muhammad 154

  Turkey see Ottoman Turks

  Tutankhamun, pharaoh 13

  Tutsi 290, 519, 577, 578, 579, 639, 640, 641

  Uaso Nairobi 405

  Ubaydalla Said 68

  Uganda 403, 492, 520, 530, 562, 603, 611–13, 614, 641–2

  anti-AIDS programmes 646

  Asian exodus 613

  coup 612

  independence 562

  ‘multiracial’ strategy 556

  oilfelds 668

  Ujiji 273, 274, 275, 279, 280

  Ukami 398

  Ulundi 362

  Umar Tal 168–9, 222, 416

  uMgungundlovu 245, 246

  Umkhonto we Sizwe 586, 587

  Umzimkulu River 255

  Unas, pharaoh 6, 7

  unemployment, mass 669, 671

  Ungulu 398

  Union of South Africa 479–80, 527

  see also South Africa

  United African Company 220

  United Nations (UN) 538, 539, 546, 568, 575, 576–7, 578, 638, 656, 659

  United States

  American Colonization Society 194

  anti-colonialism 522

  anti-slavery measures 193

  interventionism 638

  role in Africa 545, 546, 575, 626, 642, 659

  September 11 2001 terrorist attacks 655

  see also Cold War

  Universities Mission to Central Africa 264–5

  Unyamwezi 271, 273

  Upper Niger 75, 222, 416

  Upper Volta 568, 620r />
  coup 601

  independence 568

  see also Burkina Faso

  Uqba ibn Nafi 65, 66

  Urabi, Ahmad 325–6, 327, 328, 329, 691–2

  Urambo 278

  urban populations 674–5

  Urewe earthenware 22

  Urundi (Burundi) 495

  Usagara 398

  Usuman dan Fodio 164–5, 166, 168, 415

  Uzigua 398

  Vaal River 341, 343

  Valley of the Kings 12

  van Jaarsveld, Adriaan 138

  van Rooy, J.C. 514

  Vandals 56–7

  Vegkop 244

  Venda 260

  Verdi, Giuseppe 310

  Verwoerd, Hendrik 585, 586

  Victoria, Queen 301, 469, 474

  Victoria Falls 263

  Victoria Nyanza 276, 277, 283, 399, 400, 404

  Voortrekkers see Great Trek

  voting rights 513, 529, 535, 583

  Vryburg 375

  Wadai 439

  Wadi Halfa 435, 436

  Wagadu 71, 72–3, 75

  Wagshum Gobeze 304

  Wahhabi 203

  Walfisch Bay 392, 393

  Wallata 77

  Wallo 303

  Walo 96

  Walwal 503, 504

  Wangara 72

  War of the Golden Stool 419

  Ward, John 151, 685

  Warden, Major Henry 250

  Wargla 71

  Wassoulou 416

  Waterberg 484–5

  Waterboer, Andries 250, 343

  Waterboer, Nicholas 343, 344

  Wattasid sultanate 152–3

  Waugh, Evelyn 502

  Wawat 9

  weaving 31, 167

  Wernher, Julius 347, 459

  White Fathers 295–6

  White Highlands 529, 558, 561

  Wichale Treaty (1889) 429

  Wilberforce, William 191

  Wilhelm, Kaiser 481, 486

  ‘wind of change’ speech (Macmillan) 562

  Windhoek 481, 482, 483, 486

  wine production 252

  Witbooi, Hendrik 482, 483, 484, 486

  Witwatersrand 265, 370, 459, 465, 475, 509, 580, 635

  Wollo 306, 608, 622

  Wolo 163

  Wolof 96, 163, 222, 567

  Wolseley, Sir Garnet 362–3, 422

  World Bank xvii, 622, 623, 636

  Wuli 188

  Wyndham, John 116

  Xhosa 138, 228, 229–30, 234, 254–5, 356, 359

  Yao 264, 271, 278

  yellow fever 520

  Yemen 114

  Yohannes IV (Kassa Mercha), emperor of Abyssinia 304, 305–6, 320, 427, 428

  Yoruba 20, 216, 217, 219, 519, 553, 554

  Yorubaland 166, 196, 216, 411, 494

  Youlou, Fulbert 602

  Young Egypt 499–500

  Za Dengel, emperor of Abyssinia 172

  Zaghawa 71

  Zaghlul, Saad 497–8, 499

  Zagwe dynasty 86

  Zaire 609–10, 640–1

  see also Congo (Kinshasa); Democratic Republic of Congo (Kinshasa)

  Zama, battle of (202) 28

  Zambesia 261, 375, 465–6, 467, 469, 474

  Zambezi River 109, 263, 264, 627

  Zambia xvi, 562, 618–19, 637

  Zamfara 164, 657

  Zande 316

  Zanj 81–3

  Zanu-PF 588, 589, 627, 628, 629, 643

  Zanzibar 110, 269, 271–3, 274, 277, 278, 281, 283, 287, 289, 321, 397, 398

  British protectorate 401

  coup 602–3

  independence 562

  ivory trade 289

  slave trade 281

  Zapu 588, 589, 627, 628, 629

  Zaria 164, 165

  Zawditu, empress of Abyssinia 501, 502

  Zawila 78

  Zeila 111, 321, 431

  Zerzura 676, 677

  Zhai Jun 667

  Zimbabwe 84–5, 629, 630, 641, 642, 643–5, 667

  corruption 643, 673–4

  economic collapse 644–5

  farm seizures 644

  Zirids 68–9

  Zubayr Rahma Mansur 320

  Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek see Transvaal

  Zulu, Zululand 237–42, 245–8, 249, 255, 345, 356–61, 635

  Anglo-Zulu War (1879) 361–2

  Boer encroachment 357, 358

  Zürn, Lieutenant Ralph 483

  Zuurveld 136, 138, 228, 229, 230

  Zwangendaba, Ndwandwe general 240–1

  Zwide, Ndwandwe king 237, 240

  PublicAffairs is a publishing house founded in 1997. It is a tribute to the standards, values, and flair of three persons who have served as mentors to countless reporters, writers, editors, and book people of all kinds, including me.

  I. F. STONE, proprietor of I. F. Stone’s Weekly, combined a commitment to the First Amendment with entrepreneurial zeal and reporting skill and became one of the great independent journalists in American history. At the age of eighty, Izzy published The Trial of Socrates, which was a national bestseller. He wrote the book after he taught himself ancient Greek.

  BENJAMIN C. BRADLEE was for nearly thirty years the charismatic editorial leader of The Washington Post. It was Ben who gave the Post the range and courage to pursue such historic issues as Watergate. He supported his reporters with a tenacity that made them fearless and it is no accident that so many became authors of influential, best-selling books.

  ROBERT L. BERNSTEIN, the chief executive of Random House for more than a quarter century, guided one of the nation’s premier publishing houses. Bob was personally responsible for many books of political dissent and argument that challenged tyranny around the globe. He is also the founder and longtime chair of Human Rights Watch, one of the most respected human rights organizations in the world.

  •••

  For fifty years, the banner of Public Affairs Press was carried by its owner Morris B. Schnapper, who published Gandhi, Nasser, Toynbee, Truman, and about 1,500 other authors. In 1983, Schnapper was described by The Washington Post as “a redoubtable gadfly.” His legacy will endure in the books to come.

  Peter Osnos, Founder and Editor-at-Large

  The pyramids of Giza stand as symbols of the wealth of the rulers of ancient Egypt who commissioned them 4,500 years ago as stepping stones to the afterlife.

  The temple of Abu Simbel, commissioned by Ramesses II, was carved out of the sheer rock face of a sacred mountain towering above the Nile. Its inner sanctuary was designed so that twice a year, in the spring and autumn equinoxes, the rays of the rising sun flooded through the entrance to the temple illuminating the statues of four gods, one of whom was Ramesses.

  The golden funerary mask of Tutankhamun has come to symbolise the opulence and mystery of ancient Egypt.

  Discovered in 1799, the Rosetta Stone, a government edict written in the second century BCE in three scripts– hieroglyphics, cursive Egyptian and ancient Greek – became the key to unlocking the secrets of ancient Egyptian history.

  The Alexandrian geographer Claudius Ptolemy compiled a map of the world in the second century CE, naming the source of the Nile as Lunae Montes, the Mountains of the Moon. For the next 1,700 years, Ptolemy’s map remained the only guide to the mystery of the Nile’s sources.

  The kingdom of Aksum in the Ethiopian highlands produced more than a hundred granite stele, representing many-storied mansions of the spirit soaring skyward. The largest still standing is 71 feet high.

  A twelfth-century fresco in Bet Maryam Church, Lalibela.

  The church of St. George, one of eleven monolithic churches in Lalibela, was carved from solid rock in the shape of a cross.

  A bronze sculpture from the kingdom of Ife which flourished in west Africa in the twelfth century.

  The brass head of a queen mother from the kingdom of Benin, renowned for an artistic tradition dating from the sixteenth century.

  The Catalan Map, drawn by Abraham Cresques i
n 1375, depicts Mansa Musa, ruler of the Mali empire, receiving a Saharan merchant. A caption describes him as ‘the richest and most noble king in all the land’.

  The Great Mosque at Jenne is the largest mud-brick building in the world. The first mosque on the site was built in the thirteenth century. The current structure dates from 1907.

  Timbuktu was once renowned as a centre of learning. The Great Mosque there was founded by Mansa Musa, ruler of the Mali empire, in the fourteenth century.

  The Dutch cartographer, Willem Blaeu, filled the spaces of the African interior in his 1644 map by populating them with elephants and other wildlife species. The dearth of information about the interior led the satirist Jonathan Swift to mock European geographers for their efforts to ‘place elephants for want of towns’.

  A nineteenth-century sketch of Mutesa’s capital at Rubaga in the kingdom of Buganda.

  The Citadel of Cairo, the seat of government of Egypt for 700 years, was built on a promontory beneath the Muqattam hills, a site originally chosen in 1171 by the Ayyubid ruler Salah al-Din. The Muhammad Ali Mosque was built there in the nineteenth century.

  A wealthy Swahili trader, Hamed bin Muhammed, otherwise known as Tippu Tip, constructed an empire of ivory and slaves in the forests of Manyema in the Congo Basin, purportedly acting as agent for the sultan of Zanzibar.

  A Yoruba youth, Samuel Ajayi Crowther, was captured as a slave at the age of twelve by Muslim raiders, sold to the Portuguese, rescued by a patrol ship from Britain’s Royal Navy, and educated by missionaries in Sierra Leone. He eventually became the first African Anglican bishop in west Africa.

  The beginnings of the Big Hole of Kimberley, site of the richest diamond mine ever discovered, pictured in 1872.

  Celebrations to mark the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 lasted for three weeks, drawing in guests and spectators from around the world.

  The diamond magnate, Cecil Rhodes, used his fortune ruthlessly to extend the realms of the British empire in Africa. ‘I would annex the planets if I could,’ he once said. A Punch cartoon in 1892 depicts him as a colossus bestriding Africa from Cape Town to Cairo.

  Paul Kruger, leader of the Boer republic of Transvaal where the world’s richest goldfield had been discovered, became the target of a British conspiracy to overthrow him and seize control.

  A greedy and devious monarch, Leopold II of Belgium carved out a private domain of a million square miles of the Congo Basin and then sought to make a fortune for himself there, first from ivory, then from rubber.

 

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