Commander in Chief
Page 48
4. Ibid. See also Brian Lavery, Churchill Goes to War: Winston’s Wartime Journeys (London: Conway, 2007), 160–64.
5. Jacob, unpublished Casablanca account.
6. Gilbert, Road to Victory: 1941–1945, 294.
7. Jacob, unpublished Casablanca account.
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid.
11. A WONDERFUL PICTURE
1. McCrea, “Handwritten Memoirs/Recollections,” McCrea Papers, FDR Library.
2. Jacob, unpublished Casablanca account.
3. McCrea, “Handwritten Memoirs/Recollections.”
4. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 673.
5. Elliott Roosevelt, As He Saw It, 66.
6. Entry of January 14, 1943, John W. Huston, American Airpower Comes of Age: General Henry H. ‘Hap’ Arnold’s World War II Diaries (Maxwell AFB, AL: Air University Press, 2002), vol. 1, 464.
7. Entry of January 14, 1943, Arthur Bryant, The Turn of the Tide: A History of the War Years, Based on the Diaries of Field Marshal Lord Alanbrooke, Chief of the Imperial General Staff (New York: Doubleday, 1957), 446.
8. Elliott Roosevelt, As He Saw It, 67.
9. Entry of January 14, 1943, Huston, ed., American Airpower Comes of Age, 464.
10. Ibid.
11. Entry of January 14, 1943, Bryant, The Turn of the Tide, 446.
12. Elliott Roosevelt, As He Saw It, 71.
13. Ibid., 73.
14. Ibid., 74.
15. Ibid., 76.
16. Ibid..
17. Ibid., 77.
12. IN THE PRESIDENT’S BOUDOIR
1. Albert Wedemeyer, Wedemeyer Reports! (New York: Henry Holt, 1958), 192.
2. Andrew Roberts, Masters and Commanders: How Four Titans Won the War in the West, 1941–1945 (New York: Harper, 2009), 337.
3. Wedemeyer, Wedemeyer Reports!, 337, quoting Brigadier General J. E. Hull of the War Department’s Operations Division.
4. Wedemeyer, Wedemeyer Reports!, 191–92.
5. Joint Strategic Survey Committee, January 8, 1943, Map Room Files, FDR Library.
6. “Meeting of Roosevelt with the Joint Chiefs of Staff, January 15, 1943, 10 a.m., President’s Villa,” Foreign Relations of the United States: The Conferences at Washington, 1941–1942, and Casablanca, 1943 (hereinafter FRUS I) (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1968), 559.
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid.
10. McCrea, “Handwritten Memoirs/Recollections.”
11. Harry C. Butcher, My Three Years with Eisenhower: The Personal Diary of Captain Harry C. Butcher, USNR, Naval Aide to General Eisenhower, 1942 to 1945 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1946), 237.
12. Entry of January 15, 1943, Brooke, War Diaries, 351. Also “Meeting of the Combined Chiefs of Staff, January 15, 1943, 2:30 pm., Anfa Camp,” FRUS I, 567.
13. Entry of December 28, 1942, Brooke, War Diaries, 351.
14. Jacob, Casablanca Diary, Churchill Archives.
15. Butcher, My Three Years with Eisenhower, 243.
16. Entry of January 14, 1943, Martin Blumenson, ed, The Patton Papers, 1940–1945 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1974), 154.
17. “Meeting of the Combined Chiefs of Staff, January 15, 1943, 2:30 pm., Anfa Camp,” FRUS I, 568–69.
18. Elliott Roosevelt, As He Saw It, 79.
19. Ibid.
20. Ibid.
21. “Meeting of the Combined Chiefs of Staff with Roosevelt and Churchill, January 15, 1943, 5:30 p.m., President’s Villa,” FRUS I, 573.
22. Entry of January 15, 1943, Brooke, War Diaries, 359.
23. Elliott Roosevelt, As He Saw It, 83.
24. Ibid.
25. Ibid., 84.
13. STIMSON IS AGHAST
1. Entry of January 19, 1943, Stimson Diary, Henry L. Stimson Papers, Yale University Library, New Haven, CT.
2. Ibid., entry of January 21, 1943.
3. “Meeting of Roosevelt with the Joint Chiefs of Staff, January 16, 1943,” Foreign Relations of the United States: The Conferences at Washington, 1941–1942, and Casablanca, 1943 (hereinafter FRUS I) (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1968), 594.
4. Entry of 16 January 1943 and annotation, War Diaries, 1939–1945: Field Marshal Lord Alanbrooke, War Diaries, 1939–1945, ed. Alex Danchev and Daniel Todman (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001), 360.
5. “Meeting of the Combined Chiefs of Staff, January 16, 1943,” FRUS I, 591.
6. Brooke: “We should definitely count on reentering the Continent on a large scale”—“Meeting of the Combined Chiefs of Staff, January 16, 1943,” FRUS I, 591.
7. “Meeting of Roosevelt with the Joint Chiefs of Staff, January 16, 1943,” FRUS I, 597.
8. Ibid.
9. Martin Gilbert, Road to Victory: Winston S. Churchill, 1941–1945 (London: Heinemann, 1986), 299–300.
10. See, for example, Mark Stoler and Melanie Gustafson, “Creating a Global Allied Strategy,” in their Major Problems in the History of World War II: Documents and Essays (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2003), 74–108.
11. John McCrea, “Handwritten Memoirs/Recollections,” McCrea Papers, FDR Library.
12. Mark Clark, Calculated Risk (London: Harrap, 1951), 148–49.
13. Letter of Thursday, January 21, 1943, to Daisy Suckley, in Ward, ed., Closest Companion: The Unknown Story of the Intimate Friendship Between Franklin Roosevelt and Margaret Suckley (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1995), 199.
14. Unpublished autobiography, chapters 12 through 22, Private Papers of Brigadier G.M.O. Davy, PP/MCR/143, courtesy of Documents Department, Imperial War Museum, London.
15. Elliott Roosevelt, As He Saw It (New York: Duell, Sloan, and Pearce, 1946), 106.
16. Ibid., 106–7. General Mark Clark, later recalling the episode, confessed that by the time the President had asked for the mess kit, it had already been washed and mixed with others. Clark had demanded “any mess kit” from the kitchen staff, “And make it fast.” The President had been delighted, and had said, “I’ll have them put it in the Smithsonian Institution”: Mark Clark, Calculated Risk, 149.
17. Harold Macmillan, War Diaries: Politics and War in the Mediterranean, January 1943–May 1945 (London: Macmillan, 1984), 8.
14. DE GAULLE
1. McCrea, “Handwritten Memoirs/Recollections,” McCrea Papers, FDR Library.
2. Ibid.
3. Letter to Daisy Suckley, January 20, 1943, in Ward, Closest Companion, 199.
4. Ibid., January 21, 1943.
5. Kenneth Pendar, Adventure in Diplomacy (New York: Dodd, Mead & Co, 1945), 161.
6. Robert Murphy, Diplomat Among Warriors (New York: Doubleday, 1964), 168.
7. Ibid.
8. McCrea, “Handwritten Memoirs/Recollections.”
9. Friday, January 22, 1943, “The President’s Log, January 14–25, 1943,” FRUS I, 531.
10. Elliott Roosevelt, As He Saw It, 111.
11. Murphy, Diplomat Among Warriors, 173.
12. Elliott Roosevelt, As He Saw It, 112.
13. Pendar, Adventure in Diplomacy, 145.
14. McCrea, “Handwritten Memoirs/Recollections.”
15. Elliott Roosevelt, As He Saw It, 112.
16. Entry of January 14, 1943, The Patton Diaries II, ed. Martin Blumenson (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1974), 154.
17. Ibid., entry of January 17, 155.
18. Ibid., entry of January 19, 157.
19. Ibid., entry of January 21, 158–59.
20. Ibid., 158.
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid., entry of January 22, 158.
23. Elliott Roosevelt, As He Saw It, 112.
15. AN ACERBIC INTERVIEW
1. Robert Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins: An Intimate History (New York: Harper, 1948), 678–79.
2. McCrea, “Handwritten Memoirs/Recollections.”
3. McCrea Notes: “Roosevelt–De Gaulle Conversation, January 22, 1943,” FRUS I, 694.
4. Ibid., 695.
5. Immediately following the Allied Torch invasion, Hitler had ordered Operation Anton, the German and Italian occupation of all Vichy-administered France and Corsica.
6. “Roosevelt De-Gaulle Conversation, January 22, 1943,” FRUS I, 696.
7. Charles de Gaulle, The Complete War Memoirs of Charles de Gaulle, vol. 2, Unity (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1964), 388–89.
8. Henri Giraud, Un seul but, la victoire: Alger, 1942–1944 (Paris: R. Julliard, 1949).
9. De Gaulle, The Complete War Memoirs, vol. 2, 392–93.
10. Ibid., 384.
11. Elliott Roosevelt, As He Saw It, 113.
12. Ibid., 113–14.
13. De Gaulle, The Complete War Memoirs, vol. 2, 384.
14. Elliott Roosevelt, As He Saw It, 114.
15. Ibid., 114–15.
16. Ibid., 115.
17. Ibid.
18. Ibid., 115–16.
19. Ibid., 121.
20. Ibid., 122.
21. François Kersaudy, Churchill and De Gaulle (London: Collins, 1981), 252.
22. Ibid., 253.
23. Ibid., 254.
24. Ibid., 255.
25. Sherwood, Roosevelt & Hopkins, 693.
26. Kersaudy, Churchill and De Gaulle, 255.
16. THE UNCONDITIONAL SURRENDER MEETING
1. “Historic Meeting Informal in Tone: Reporters Sit on Garden Grass at Leaders’ Feet to Hear of Momentous Talks,” New York Times, January 27, 1943.
2. Ibid.
3. De Gaulle, The Complete War Memoirs, vol. 2, 399.
4. Giraud, Un seul but, 96.
5. “Historic Meeting Informal in Tone,” New York Times.
6. Ibid.
7. “875th Press Conference. Joint Conference by the President and Prime Minister Churchill at Casablanca, January 24, 1943,” in Franklin D. Roosevelt, The Public Papers of Franklin D. Roosevelt, comp. Samuel Rosenman, 1943 vol., The Tide Turns (New York: Russell and Russell, 1969), 37–44.
8. McCrea, “Handwritten Memoirs/Recollections.”
9. Ibid.
10. Roosevelt Presidential Press Conferences, No. 875, 90–91.
11. Entry of Wednesday, January 27, 1943, in Alan Lascelles, King’s Counsellor: Abdication and War: The Diaries of Sir Alan Lascelles, ed. Duff Hart-Davis (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2006), 93.
12. Entry of 27.1.1943, Joseph Goebbels, Die Tagebücher von Joseph Goebbels [The diaries of Joseph Goebbels], ed. Elke Froehlich (Munich: K. G. Saur, 1993), Teil II, Band 7 (hereinafter Die Tagebücher 7), 203. Quotes from this source have been translated by the author.
13. Ibid., entry of 26.1.1943, 197.
14. Ibid., entry of 27.2.1943, 203.
15. Ibid., entry of 28.1.1943, 208.
16. Ibid., entry of 26.11943, 197.
17. Ibid., entry of 28.1.1943, 209.
18. Max Domarus, ed., Hitler, Speeches and Proclamations 1932–1945: The Chronicle of a Dictatorship, vol. 4, The Years 1941 to 1945 (Wauconda, IL: Bolchazy-Carducci, 1997), 2671–85.
19. Entry of 28.1.1943, Goebbels, Die Tagebücher 7, 209.
20. Albert Speer, Inside the Third Reich (New York: Macmillan, 1970), 258.
21. Ian Kershaw, Hitler, 1936–1945: Nemesis (London: Allen Lane, 2000), 552.
22. Entry of 29.1.1943, Goebbels, Die Tagebücher 7, 216.
23. Domarus, ed., Hitler, Speeches and Proclamations 1932–1945, 2749.
24. David Irving, Goebbels: Mastermind of the Third Reich (London: Focal Point, 1996), 421.
25. “Nun, Volk steh auf, und Sturm brich los! Rede im Berliner Sportpalast,” Der steile Aufstieg (Munich: Zentralverlag der NSDAP, 1944), 167–204. Translated by the author.
26. Irving, Goebbels, 422–23.
27. Ralf Georg Reuth, Goebbels (Munich: Piper Verlag, 1990), 563.
17. KASSERINE
1. Ian Kershaw, Hitler, 1936–1945: Nemesis (London: Allen Lane, 2000), 550.
2. Ibid., 548.
3. Entry of January 19, 1943, Robert Ferrell, ed., The Eisenhower Diaries (New York: Norton, 1981), 86.
4. Ibid.
5. Rick Atkinson, An Army at Dawn (New York: Henry Holt, 2002), 308.
6. Ibid., 317.
7. Ibid., 322.
8. Entry of 18.2.1943, Joseph Goebbels, Die Tagebücher von Joseph Goebbels [The diaries of Joseph Goebbels], ed. Elke Froehlich (Munich: K. G. Saur, 1993), Teil II, Band 7 (hereinafter Die Tagebücher 7), 366.
9. Ibid., entry of 19.2.1943, 370.
10. Ibid., entry of 21.2.1943, 389.
18. ARCH-ADMIRALS AND ARCH-GENERALS
1. Atkinson, An Army at Dawn, 390–91.
2. Nigel Hamilton, Master of the Battlefield: Monty’s War Years, 1942–1944 (New York: McGraw Hill, 1984), 142.
3. Letter of February 23, 1943, in Martin Blumenson, ed, The Patton Papers II, 1940–1945 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1974), 175.
4. Entry of February 15, 1943, Stimson Diary, Henry L. Stimson Papers, Yale University Library, New Haven, CT.
5. Ibid., entry of February 17, 1943.
6. Entry of 20.2.1943, Die Tagebücher 7, 377.
7. Entry of February 18, 1943, Stimson Diary.
8. Ibid.
9. Entry of 20.2.1943, Die Tagebücher 7, 377.
10. Ibid., entry of 23.2.1943, 398–99.
11. Ibid., 398.
12. Blumenson, The Patton Papers, vol. 2, 183.
13. “‘Memorandum’ to Admiral Leahy and General Marshall, Copy to the Secretary of the Navy,” November 17, 1942, King Papers, Naval Historical Archives.
14. Letter of November 19, 1943, in Alfred Chandler, ed., The Papers of Dwight David Eisenhower, vol. 2, The War Years (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 1970), 964–65.
15. Ibid., 965.
19. BETWEEN TWO FORCES OF EVIL
1. Report to the President, January 10, 1943, Bullitt File, Safe and Confidential Files, FDR Library.
2. Ibid.
3. Henri Giraud, Un seul but la Victoire: Alger 1942–1944 (Paris: R. Julliard, 1949), 93–94.
4. Report to the President, January 10, 1943, Bullitt File, Safe and Confidential Files, FDR Library. See also Michael Cassella-Blackburn, The Donkey, The Carrot, and the Club: William C. Bullitt and Soviet-American Relations, 1917–1948 (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2004), 213–14.
5. Report to the President, January 10, 1943, Bullitt File, Safe and Confidential Files, FDR Library.
6. Ibid.
7. C-259-A/1, From the Prime Minister to the President, February 2, 1943, in Warren Kimball, ed., Churchill & Roosevelt: The Complete Correspondence, vol. 2, Alliance Forged (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984), 129–30.
8. S. E. Morison, The Two-Ocean War (Boston: Little Brown, 1963), 272.
9. Entry of January 8, 1943, in “Secret Diary” of Lord Halifax, Papers of Lord Halifax, Hickleton Papers, Borthwick Institute of Historical Research, University of York, Yorkshire, England.
10. Ibid., entry of January 11, 1943.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid., entry of January 18, 1943.
13. Ibid., entry of January 26, 1943.
14. Ibid., entry of January 28, 1943.
15. Ibid., entry of February 2, 1943.
16. Ibid., entry of February 15, 1943.
20. HEALTH ISSUES
1. Elie Abel and Averell Harriman, Special Envoy to Churchill and Stalin, 1941–1946 (New York: Random House, 1975), 183.
2. R. H. Ferrell, The Dying President (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1998), 10.
3. Entry of December 4, 1943, Diaries of William Lyon Mackenzie King, Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa, ON (hereinafter Mackenzie King Diary).
4. Entry of February 3, 1943, Stimson Diary.
5. Entry of February 1, 1943, Stimson Diary.
6. Diary entry of February 7, 1943, in Geoffrey Ward, ed., Closest Companion: The Unknown Story of the Intimate Friendship Between Franklin Roosevelt and Margaret Suckley (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1995), 201.
7. James A. Farley, Jim Farley
’s Story (New York: Whittlesey House, 1948), 108–9.
8. Jean Edward Smith, FDR (New York: Random House, 2007), 442, quoting Orville Bullitt, ed., For the President, Personal and Secret: The Correspondence Between Franklin D. Roosevelt and William C. Bullitt (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1988), 398. Also Will Brownell and Richard Billings, So Close to Greatness: A Biography of William C. Bullitt (New York: Macmillan, 1987).
9. Diary entry of February 7, 1943, in Ward, Closest Companion, 201.
10. Ibid.
11. Ross McIntire, White House Physician (New York: Putnam’s Sons, 1946), 159.
12. Ferrell, The Dying President, 29.
13. Diary entry of February 14, 1943. Ward, Closest Companion, 201.
14. Ibid.
15. R-262/1, letter of March 17, 1943, in Kimball, ed., Churchill & Roosevelt, vol. 2, 156.
16. Diary entry of February 27, 1943. Ward, Closest Companion, 203.
17. Entry of April 8, 1943 (relating March 26, 1943, visit to White House), Butcher Diary, A-292–3, Eisenhower Library; also Harry Butcher, My Three Years with Eisenhower, 278–79.
18. Ibid., A-293.
19. Ibid., A-294.
20. Michael Burleigh, The Third Reich: A New History (New York: Hill & Wang, 2000), 740.
21. INSPECTION TOUR TWO
1. Entry of April 16, 1943 (regarding Fort Benning), in Ward, Closest Companion, 210.
2. Ibid., entry of April 24, 1943, 219.
3. Ibid., entry of April 16, 1943, 211.
4. Ibid., entry of April 17, 1943, 211.
5. Ibid., entry of April 18, 1943, 214.
6. Ibid., entry of April 24, 1943, 219.
7. Ibid., entry of April 25, 1943, 220–21.
8. Ibid., entry of April 19, 1943, 214.
9. Entry of February 24, 1943, Stimson Diary.
10. Ibid., entry of March 30, 1943.
22. GET YAMAMOTO!
1. George Kenney, George C. Kenney Reports (New York: Duell, Sloan, and Pearce, 1949), 52–53.
2. Entry of April 8, 1943 (relating March 26 visit to War office), Butcher Diary, A-287, Eisenhower Library.
3. Samuel Morison, The Two Ocean War: A Short History of the United States Navy in the Second World War (Boston: Little, Brown, 1963), 272–73.