ending of the insurrection in, 303
Jefferson Davis as president of, 4, 141, 143, 159–61, 163, 190, 202, 216, 223–26, 229, 244–45, 250, 274, 280, 287, 288, 292, 299, 308
laws of war in, 223–24, 273–74
legislation of, 196
Lincoln’s Code condemned by, 4, 245–46
postwar trials of leaders in, 298–303, 308
preparation for war in, 138
as “quasi government,” 145
secession of states leading to, 136–37, 142–43, 263, 275
Union blockade of ports in, 143–69, 275, 306, 366, 368, 370
Union seizure of ships of, 147, 149–50
Confederate War Department, 256, 273
Congress, U.S., 45, 54, 57, 65–66, 99–100, 118, 123, 142, 202–3, 301, 312–17
anti-imperialist faction of, 361
debates on Reconstruction in, 304–7, 316–17
declarations of war in, 70–71, 117
Joint Committee of Reconstruction in, 307, 313–14
Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War in, 289
laws on war enacted in, 67, 86, 87, 187, 270
1970s and 1980s legislation in, 5
Republican majorities in, 304–6, 312
Supreme Court legislation in, 150
Thirtieth, 206
Thirty-seventh, 266
Thirty-ninth, 304–7, 313–17
Conkling, James C., 139
Connecticut, 39, 89
Conover, Sanford, 295, 320
Constitution, 56
Constitution, U.S., 53, 71, 139, 206, 264, 270, 272, 288, 293, 308, 309–10, 312
Article IV of, 306
Fourteenth Amendment to, 265, 307, 313–15
Second Amendment to, 94–95
Thirteenth Amendment to, 304–5
constitutional nullification, 132
Continental Army, 41, 54
courts-martial in, 22
death rates in, 21
reorganization of, 81
Washington as commander in chief of, 13, 15, 20–23, 25–27, 35–37, 39–40, 43, 47–48, 100, 114, 126, 208
Washington’s resignation from, 47–48
Continental Congress, 15–16, 22–23, 26–27, 30–31, 37–40, 44, 72, 122
continuous voyage, doctrine of, 61–62, 154–56
contraband, 44, 46, 58–60, 87, 133
in the Civil War, 152–55, 166–67
slaves as, 202–3, 207, 227, 244, 268
Convention Against Torture, 372
Coquille River, 332
Cornell University, 350
Cornwallis, Charles, Lord, 31–32, 38–39, 42–43, 72, 208, 286
Coshocton, 38
Cowen, Esek, 114, 116
Crawford, William H., 90, 100, 104–6
Creek Indians, 72n–73n, 95–99, 102, 104
Crimean War, 133, 135, 191, 339, 340
Crittenden, John, 115
Crockett, Davy, 95
Cross, Truman, 119
Croton Dam, 295
Crozier, William R., 350–51
Cuba, 353, 354
Culloden, Battle of, 42
Cumberland River, 169–71, 173, 186
Currier, Nathaniel, 131
Curtis, Benjamin, 217, 313
Curtis, Samuel, 253
Cushing, Jacob, 41
Daily Intelligencer, 246–47
Dakota Sioux Indians, military commission trials of, 330–34, 331, 336
Dallas, Alexander, 81, 82, 200
Dallas, George Mifflin, 135, 136
Dana, Francis, 27
Dana, Richard Henry, Jr., 150, 306–7
Dan River, 38
Dante Alighieri, 52
Dartmouth, Lord, 33
David Hunter’s emancipation order, 207–8
Brussels Declaration and, 344
Confederacy and, 245
Helmuth von Moltke on, 342
Philippines and, 357
slavery and, 211, 218–19, 238–39
torture and, 184, 236, 357–61, 363–64
Davis, David, 312–13
Davis, Garret, 304
Davis, George B., 327, 360–61, 364
Davis, Jefferson, 249
efforts to build treason case against, 317–23
military training and experience of, 141, 253
as president of Confederacy, 4, 141, 143, 159–61, 163, 190, 202, 216, 223–26, 229, 244–45, 250, 274, 280, 287, 288, 292, 299, 308
prison sentence and pardon of, 287, 288, 321–22, 321
retaliation urged by, 159–60, 161, 163
Davis, Jefferson C., 329–30, 334, 337
De Bow’s Review, 189
decentralization, 281–83
Declaration of Independence, 16
Jefferson’s authorship of, 15, 28, 31, 32, 36, 89
Declaration of Paris, 133–36, 137, 160, 200, 223, 366, 368, 372
Defense Department, U.S., 370
de Grasse, François-Joseph Paul, 42–43
Deism, 41
Delaware Bay, 73
Delaware Indians, 90, 92
Delaware River, Washington’s crossing of, 20
Democratic Party, 263, 271, 307, 371
Desha, Joseph, 103, 106
Dessalines, Jean-Jacques, 200
Detroit, Mich., 33, 35, 36
Deuteronomy, Book of, 17
Dewey, George, 354
Dexter, Samuel, 82
Dickerson, Mahlon, 87
Dickinson, John, 44
Digest of the Law of Maritime Captures and Prizes, A (Wheaton), 82
Dix, John A., 254–55, 271, 295, 297
Dixie, 157
Dodge, David Low, 111
Dodge, Grenville, 298
Donald, David, 212n
Douglass, Frederick, 202, 261
Drake, Joseph, 171
Dred Scott decision, 150–51, 313
Drew, Andrew, 112
Droit des Gens, Le (Vattel), 16–17, 44, 101, 128n
Dumas, Charles, 44
Dunant, Henri, 338–42, 345
Duncan, James, 299, 303
Dunham, Charles, 295
Dunmore, John Murray, 4th Earl of, 29, 31, 72, 74, 169, 199
Dunn, William McKee, 265
Du Ponceau, Peter Stephen, 81–82, 83, 269
Du Pont, Samuel F., 164
Durfee, Amos, 113
Dutch Gap, Va., 255
Ealdama, Tobeniamo, 361
Early, Jubal, 253, 255
Eaton, Lucien, 265
Eggleston, Nathaniel, 205–6
Elba, 174
elections, U.S.:
of 1824, 105
of 1828, 105
of 1848, 119
of 1856, 198
of 1860, 148, 180, 263
of 1864, 210
Electoral College, 105
Elements of International Law (Wheaton), 82–83, 93, 199
Elkhorn Independent, 142
Elmira prison camp, 300
El Mocho, 121
Elsa (slave), 226
Ely, Alfred, 163
Emancipation Proclamation, 3, 139, 196, 243, 288, 310, 311, 313, 323
justification of, 234
Lincoln’s Code endorsement of, 2, 4, 8, 338
Lincoln’s declaration of, 211–19, 222
Lincoln’s evolved thinking on, 197–99, 204–8, 211–19, 310, 367–68, 373
opposition to, 216–19, 224–25, 247, 264
slaves behind Confederate lines declared free by, 2
Emmet, Thomas, 82
Encyclopaedia Americana, 176
Encyclopaedia Britannica, 176
Enghien, Duc d’, 127
English Civil War, 286
Enlightenment, 41–42, 51, 182, 186, 219
way of war inspired by, 6, 16, 19–20, 23–24, 28–29, 37, 39, 43, 53, 65, 94, 96, 129, 212–13, 278–79, 323
Episcopalianism, 346
Essex case, 61–62, 64, 154
Evans, Robert K., 337
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br /> Evarts, William, 150, 161–62
Ewing, Thomas, Jr., 274–75, 293, 296
executions, 27
authorization of, 4, 25
hanging, 19–20, 25–26
prohibition of, 2, 30, 31
see also prisoners of war, execution of
Exposition of the Causes of the Late War with Great Britain, An (Dallas), 82
Fehrenbacher, Don E., 73n
Fenton, Roger, 340
Ferguson, Adam, 28
Ferguson, Champ, 297, 298
Field, David Dudley, 309
Field, Stephen, 309
Fiery Trial (Foner), 212n
Finck, William, 305
Fish, Hamilton, 241
Fitch, Graham N., 192
Florida, 77, 78, 97–98, 104–6, 116, 127, 141, 153, 207, 220–22, 301, 335, 366
secession of, 136–37
Floyd, John B., 107, 170, 263
Foner, Eric, 207, 212n
Foote, Andrew H., 170
Foreign Ministry, British, 63
Forrest, Nathan Bedford, 171, 248–49, 257–58
Fort Donelson, Battle of, 170–73, 171, 186, 187, 196, 280
Fort Hamilton, 158
Fort Henry, Battle of, 173, 186
Fort Klamath, 335
Fort Lafayette, 162, 296
Fort Mims, 95
Fort Monroe, 202, 203, 207, 227, 310
Davis imprisoned at, 287, 321, 321
Fort Necessity, Battle of, 14
Fort Pickens, 335
Fort Pillow, Battle of, 248, 275
race massacre at, 257–58, 258
Fort Sumter, 263
firing on, 142, 223, 254
Fort Vincennes, 332
Fort Wagner, Battle of, 223
Fort Warren, 287
Founding Fathers, 8, 9, 28–36, 89, 310
military history of, 5, 7, 15–16, 366
Fox, Henry, 112–16
France, 14, 19, 36, 122
Austrian wars with, 3, 52
British wars with, 23, 52, 53–54
military theorists of, 84–85
Prussian wars with, 52, 173–74, 177–78, 184, 194, 231, 340, 343
Russian wars with, 50, 52, 122, 133
U.S. relations with, 45, 46, 53–58, 82, 133, 143, 146, 150, 156
Francis the Prophet (Seminole), 98, 101, 105, 332
Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71, 3
Franc-tireurs, 340, 344
Franklin, Benjamin, 41, 59, 134
diplomatic service of, 45–48
program for laws of war by, 43–48, 70, 352
treaties promoted by, 44–48, 51
on war, 11, 16, 43–48
wit and humor of, 43–44, 46
Fredericksburg, Battle of, 254
casualties of, 2
Frederick the Great, King of Prussia, 46, 134, 184
Fredericktown, Md., 73
Freedmen’s Bureau Act, 304–5
veto of, 308
Fremont, Jessie Benton, 197
Frémont, John C., 191, 197–99, 204–5, 207–8, 270
French Army, 52, 95, 338
George Washington’s attack on, 13–15
French language, 2, 16, 174
French Navy, 42–43, 55–58, 60, 64
French Revolution, 53–54, 56, 60, 127, 243
Frenchtown, N.J., 66, 73
French West Indies, 55, 60, 61
Funston, Frederick, 355–56, 358
Gabriel (slave), 74
Gadsden, James, 105
Gage, Thomas, 15, 20, 22, 27, 33, 159
Gallatin, Albert, 76
gangrene, 298
Gardner, Alexander, 340
Garfield, James, 303
Civil War service of, 309
Garrison, William Lloyd, 111
Gates, Horatio, 23
Gee, John H., 303–4
General Orders No. 100, see Lincoln’s Code of War
General Parkhill, 147
General Regulation for the Army (Calhoun), 86
General Regulations (U.S. Army), 122
Genesis, Book of, 52
Genet, Edmond Charles, 53–54
Geneva Conventions, 339–42, 349, 371
asphyxiating gases and biological weapons prohibited by, 3
of 1864, 3, 327, 339, 341, 357, 362, 372
1925 Protocol of, 3
of 1949, 3, 5, 195, 372
1977 Protocol of, 372
George II, King of England, 42
George III, King of England, 15, 31, 42, 73n
Georgia, 31, 77, 96, 207, 250–52, 276–77, 280–81, 298
secession of, 137
Germain, Lord George, 33
Germantown, Battle of, 22, 24, 54
Germany, Nazi, 112
Germany, occupied, 363
Geronimo (Apache), 335, 356, 359
Gettysburg, Battle of, 255–56
Pickett’s Charge at, 302, 340
Glass, Maeve Herbert, 332n
Glazier, David, 125
Glenn, Edwin F., 359–61, 362–65, 371
“Glenn’s Brigade,” 359–61
Gnadenhutten, Ohio, 38, 92
gold, 197–98
Gospels, 111, 288
Göttingen, University of, 19
Grant, Ulysses S., 270, 302–3, 317
Lee’s surrender accepted by, 285–87, 303, 322
presidency of, 241, 329–30, 334–35
Union Army leadership of, 170, 173, 186, 259, 261, 276–77
Gray, John Chipman, 265
Great Britain, 133, 354, 366
continuous voyage doctrine of, 154–56
French wars with, 23, 52, 53–54
hostages taken by, 15
Indian alliances with, 14–16, 33–36, 38, 66, 66, 69, 89, 91, 121
laws of, 21
in Seven Years’ War, 13–14, 60–61
U.S. relations with, 47, 60–70, 76–77, 111–17, 135–36, 142–50, 155–56, 164–69
see also American Revolution; War of 1812
Great Lakes, 69, 89, 297, 302
Greece, Turkish occupation of, 174–75
Greek Civil War, 194
Greeks, ancient, 30, 88, 177
Greeley, Horace, 143, 238
Greene, Nathanael, 25, 38–39
Green Mountain Boys, 21
Grenfell, George St. Leger, 296, 302
Grenville, Lord, 61
Grey, Sir Edward, 352
Grier, Robert, 150–51, 161
Griffin, Cyrus, 37
Grotius, Hugo, 18–19, 28, 30, 92
Groton, Conn., 40
Grover, LaFayette, 334
Guam, 353
Guantánamo Bay, 372
Guelzo, Allen, 212n
Guerrilla Parties Considered with Reference to the Laws and Usages of War (Lieber), 193
guerrilla warfare, 120–26, 132, 134, 188–96, 198, 229, 274–76
in Brussels Declaration, 344–45
Leiber’s code and, 232, 242–43, 257, 268, 298
in military commission prosecutions, 302
in Napoleonic Europe, 286
in Philippines, 354–55
summary execution and, 332
Gulf of Mexico, 88, 152
Hague Conventions, 3, 5, 347–50
of 1899, 6, 362, 364, 372
of 1907, 3, 6, 350, 352–53
Haiti, 203, 206
slave rebellion in, 74, 200, 367
Haitian Revolution, 200
Hale, Nathan, 25
Hall, Willis, 114
Halleck, Henry, 2, 190–96, 199, 251, 255–56, 276–78, 356
Lieber and, 229–30, 232–33, 236–37, 240, 242, 248, 271–72, 317–21, 340
Union forces in the West commanded by, 188, 264, 332, 334
Haller, Granville O., 332
Hamburg, 56, 57
Hamilton, Alexander, 13, 24, 25, 27, 78, 269, 305
extramarital affair of, 52
on neutrality, 52
on private p
roperty, 72
as secretary of the Treasury, 53
Hamilton, Henry, 33–37, 40, 107
capture of, 33, 34–37, 127
as royal governor of Detroit, 33, 36
Hammond, James Henry, 115
Hampton, Wade, 180, 278
Harlan, James, 318
Harleston, John, 162
Harney, William S., 332
Harper, Robert Goodloe, 81, 82
Harper’s Ferry, Va., 230, 232, 254
Brown’s attack on, 200
Harper’s Weekly, 143, 189, 205, 257
Harrison, Benjamin, 311n
Harrison, William Henry, 115, 116
Harrison’s Landing, Va., 210–11, 237
Hart, Gideon, 267n
Hartford, Conn., 149
Hartley, David, 43–44
Hartstuff, George L., 230
Harvard College, 176
Harvard Law School, 83, 109–10, 201, 205, 265, 270, 303
Havana, 165
Havre de Grace, Md., 73
Hay, John, 347, 349–50, 352
Hayne, Isaac, 38
Heart of the Sky God, 88
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 253
Heidelberg, University of, 327
Heintzelman, Samuel, 253
Henry, Patrick, 29
Herold, David, 289, 291–92, 294
Hessian mercenaries, 20
Hiawatha, 147
Hicks, Thomas Holliday, 202, 203
Higginson, Thomas Wentworth, 220–22, 221, 228–29
Hill, Benjamin Harvey, 287
Hill, Daniel Harvey, 254–55
Hilliard, Francis, 176
Hindman, Thomas C., 192, 195
Hiroshima, U.S. bombing of, 6
History of England (Macaulay), 253
History of the War in the Peninsula (Napier), 122
Hitchcock, Ethan Allen, 124, 230, 248, 253–55, 273, 280, 332, 347–48
as commissioner for exchange of prisoners, 254–55, 258–60
military teaching by, 253
Hitchcock, Henry, 280
Hoar, George Frisbie, 361
Hobbes, Thomas, 253
Hodgkins, Theodore, 261
Hoffman, David, 82
Hofstadter, Richard, 218–19
Holland, Thomas Erskine, 349
Holmes, Elias B., 142
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 187
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Jr., 187, 369
Holt, Joseph, 198, 230, 263–67
as Judge Advocate General, 264–67, 269–71, 274, 289–96, 301–4, 307–10, 314, 318, 323–24, 328, 356
Lincoln assassination trial and, 289–96, 301, 314
Homathlemico (Seminole), 98, 101, 105, 332
Hood, John Bell, 250–51
Hooker, Joseph, 253
Hopi Indians, 88–89
House of Representatives, U.S., 105, 106, 108, 117, 204, 266, 304–5, 313
Johnson impeachment in, 316
Military Affairs Committee of, 100–104
Ways and Means Committee of, 146
House of the Wood, 348
Hovey, Alvin P., 309, 311n
Howard, Jacob, 305
Howard, Oliver Otis, 251, 282, 335, 336–37
Howe, Timothy, 289
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