Howe, William, 15, 27
Huddy, Joshua, 23
Hudson River, 23, 25–26, 89
Hudson Valley, 20, 43
humanitarianism, 3, 4, 24, 51, 106, 184, 196
gains in, 16–17
justice vs., 7–9, 22
humanity, 23, 26, 44, 48
concepts of, 18
divergence from aspirations of, 27
rights of, 20, 28
human rights organizations, 370
Humphreys, Salusbury Pryce, 62
Hunter, David, 207–8, 224, 235, 240, 244, 247, 259, 274, 289–90
Hunter, Robert, 287
Hurlbut, Stephen A., 298
hypocrisy, 6–7, 155, 162, 252, 278, 302, 363–64
Illinois, 180
Illinois militia, 141–42
Independence Day, 109
India, 56
Indiana, 309, 312
Indians, 32–36, 88–98, 100, 253, 354, 366, 367
in American Revolution, 14–16, 33–36, 38, 89, 91
body parts taken as trophies by, 88–90
British alliance with, 14–16, 33–36, 38, 66, 66, 69, 89, 91, 121
captives taken by, 90
Christianizing of, 92
conflicts of settlers and, 88–93, 95–99, 97, 107–8, 332
execution and extermination of, 6, 32, 34–36, 72n–73n, 92, 95, 97–98, 332–37, 366
Jefferson on warfare of, 15, 32, 36
mourning wars of, 90
portrait sketches of, 33
ritual cannibalism of, 89
scalping by, 33, 34, 36, 88–89, 90, 97–98, 203
schools for, 336
Spanish treaty with, 77
torture and butchery by, 89–92
U.S. treaties with, 72n–73n, 96, 286, 330
war gods of, 88–89
war laws of, 88–92
Western, 328–38, 345
see also specific Indian tribes
Indian Wars, 91, 141–42, 332
post-Civil War, 328–38, 345
see also Seminole Wars
Inferno, The (Dante), 52
Influence of Sea Power Upon History, The (Mahan), 346
Influence of Sea Power Upon the French Revolution and Empire, The (Mahan), 346
Ingersoll, Charles Jared, 81, 82, 269
Institute of International Law, 343
Instructions for the Government of Armies of the United States in the Field, see Lincoln’s Code of War
International Criminal Court, 5
international law, 86, 146, 148, 151, 155, 368
criticism of, 5
fundamental changes in, 5
pretenses of neutrality in, 6
U.S. policy and, 5–7, 144, 249
International Law; Or, Rules Regulating the Intercourse of States in Peace and War (Halleck), 188, 192
interrogation tactics, enhanced, 5
Irish Sea, 135
ironclad ships, 4, 135, 170
Iroquois Indians, 89
alliance of Virginia militia and, 13–14
Six Nations of, 33
Islam, 177
Israel, 6
Italy, 127, 242, 338–39
Ivanhoe (Scott), 109
Jackson, Andrew, 7, 93–108, 301, 337, 372
adolescence of, 79–80
in Civil War, 78
execution of British prisoners by, 98–101, 103–5, 127
frontier outlook of, 80
Indian conflict and extermination by, 72n, 93, 95–99, 97, 332, 366
militia tradition and, 78, 94–99, 137
political enemies of, 99–106
presidency of, 79, 87, 105–7, 115, 253, 265, 368
Revolutionary War experience of, 79–80
Jackson, Elizabeth, 80
Jackson, Robert, 79–80
Jackson, Thomas J. “Stonewall,” 201
Jacksonville, Fla., 220, 222–23, 235
Jahn, Friedrich Ludwig, 174, 175–76
James River, 202, 208–9, 245
Jay, John, 35, 53, 72, 131
Jay, William, 131–32
Jay Treaty of 1794, 72
Jefferson, Thomas, 28–36, 39–40, 45, 47, 60, 84, 127, 134, 199, 354
contradictory slave policy of, 31–32, 70, 224, 369
Declaration of Independence written by, 15, 28, 31, 32, 36, 89
Deist beliefs of, 41
as governor of Virginia, 34–37, 39–40
humane military policy of, 7, 28–29, 44, 70
on Indian warfare, 15, 32, 36
presidency of, 87, 99
as secretary of state, 29, 53–55, 72
slaves held by, 29, 30–32, 70
Jefferson Davis, 161
Jena, 175
Jena, Battle of, 173, 177
Jesup, Thomas Sidney, 107–8
Jesus Christ, teachings of, 111, 289
John Adams, 220
Johnson, Andrew, 240, 291
cabinet of, 318, 321
impeachment of, 316, 322, 334
presidency of, 286, 287, 290, 294, 300, 303, 304, 306–8, 310, 313–23, 334
Reconstruction and, 304, 306–8, 313
Johnson, Bradley T., 274, 303, 322–23
Johnson, Reverdy, 292–93
Johnson, Richard Mentor, 100, 101–2
Johnson’s Island, 309
Johnston, Albert Sidney, 173
Johnston, Joseph E., 208–9, 250, 253, 286
Jomini, Baron Antoine Henri de, 84–85, 122, 185
Jones, Francis, 102, 103
Jones, John Paul, 88
Jones, Walter, 81
Judge Advocate General, office of, 126, 263–71, 294, 314, 362
Confederate analogue to, 273
Francis Lieber and, 230, 318
Norman Lieber and, 328, 336, 356–58
torture and, 360–61
Judiciary Act of 1789, 316
Jumonville, Joseph Coulon de, 19
Washington implicated in murder of, 13–14
Jumonville Glen, 14
Just and Unjust Wars (Walzer), 7
justice, 16, 20, 25, 178
humanitarianism vs., 7–9, 22
Lincoln’s Code as sword of, 4
Justice Department, U.S., Office of Legal Counsel in, 112n
just wars, theory of, 17–18, 41–42, 90–94
Emancipation and, 219
Lincoln and, 212–13
Mahan and, 347
Obama and, 373
Sherman and, 279
Kames, Lord, 31, 45
Kansas, 188–89, 275
antislavery violence in, 200
Kansas jayhawkers, 188–89, 190–91, 221
Kant, Immanuel, 4, 19, 182, 236, 253
Kautz, August, 291
Kearny, Philip, 209
Kearsarge, 308
Kelley, William D., 314–15
Kendall, George W., 119
Kennedy, David M., 95n
Kennedy, John F., 52n
Kennedy, Robert, 297, 302
Kent, James, 71, 83, 85, 87, 93, 94, 165
Kentucky, 34, 198, 263, 290
Kentucky militia, 95
Key, Francis Scott, 69, 81
Key, Philip Barton, 81
Keys, William Farrand, 261
Key West, Fla., 152
kidnappings, 5, 120, 291, 359
King, Rufus, 103
King Philip’s War of 1675, 91
King’s College, 21
Kintpuash, “Captain Jack,” 329–30, 334–35
Knifewing, 88–89
Knox, John, 265
Kremlin, 50
Krupp, 129
Ku Klux Klan, 258
Labuan, 152–53
Lacock, Abner, 104
Lafayette, Marquis de, 25, 100
Lake Erie, 309
Lake Tule, 328
Landsturm, 174
Lane, Joseph, 125, 126
Lane, Walter, 125
Latin America, wars of independence in, 88
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br /> Latin language, 16
Laurens, Henry, 21, 25, 72
law of nations, 16–19, 24, 93, 117, 151, 166, 169
first rule of, 17–18
Lincoln on, 141, 145, 146
publicists of, 19, 28, 29, 30, 32, 41
Lawrence, Kans., 189, 275
“Laws and Usages of War” (Lieber), 181–83
laws of war, 366–73
alternately troubled and triumphant history of, 8, 48
ambivalence and skepticism about, 16, 27
authority of powerful states advanced in, 6
categories of people exempted from violence in, 2, 18, 20, 29
chivalric codes of combat in, 18, 123–24
constraints and prohibitions in, 2, 4, 5, 18, 20, 22, 26, 183–84, 186, 279, 280
contempt for, 4, 7, 185–86
conventions of honor and equity in, 14–15, 18–19, 22, 26–27, 203
disregard and contradiction of, 6–8, 27, 28, 32
early attempts at, 3, 16–19
eighteenth-century European interpretation of, 16–20, 22–24, 28–29, 30, 32, 44, 130
humanitarianism vs. justice in., 7–9, 22, 26–27, 51, 137
international participation in, 3, 5
Jefferson on, 28–29
Lincoln on, 146–47, 151
maritime, 56–66, 81, 86–88, 133–36, 148–69
moderation and generosity urged in, 17–18, 20, 22
moral issues in, 237, 252, 275, 280
mythical and hypocritical views of, 5–8
neutrality issue in, 6, 17–19, 41–42, 44, 51–59, 111, 133–35, 152–56, 368–70
partisan uses of, 99–106
private property issue in, 70–72, 139, 211, 233–34, 379–81
professional literature of, 82–83
progress of civilization and, 3, 19, 27, 71, 80
respect for, 5, 15, 26–27
as “satire,” 13, 27
as source of moral engagement, 6, 7–8, 20, 41–42
teaching of, 109–11
tensions and contradictions of, 48
treaties and, 44–48
U.S. history and leadership in, 2–3, 5–9, 15–16, 24, 26–29, 43–48, 56–59, 66, 70–71
usual timing and patterns of, 3
violation of, 13–15, 34, 40–41, 47, 49–51, 107, 118–19, 267–73, 286, 289–90, 297–98
Laws of War or of Soldiers, 231
lawyers, 80–83
judge advocates as, 264–66, 269–70
The Prize Cases and, 150
Leavitt, Humphrey, 272–73
Lee, Charles, 81
Lee, Henry “Light-Horse Harry,” 38–39, 81
Lee, John Fitzgerald, 264, 266, 271, 292
Lee, Robert E., 190, 215, 253, 299
Army of Northern Virginia commanded by, 255, 261, 264, 285
surrender of, 285–87, 303, 322
legal profession, see lawyers
LeGrand, Julia Ellen, 216
Leipzig, Battle of, 177
Leopard, HMS, 62–63
Leslie, Alexander, 38
Letcher, John, 192
levée en masse, 232, 243
Lewis, William, 81
Lexington and Concord, Battles of, 9, 16, 29
Leyte, 359
Lieber, Francis, 9, 173–88, 193–96, 226–48, 286, 287, 317–24
childhood and adolescence of, 173–74
code of modern warfare by, 1–4, 5, 8, 193–95, 231–49, 255, 260, 262, 270–71, 279, 294, 327–28, 337–38, 362
death of, 327–28
diary of, 226
efforts to indict Jefferson Davis by, 317–23
Halleck and, 229–30, 232–33, 236–37, 240, 242, 248, 271–72, 317–21, 340
intellectual background of, 175–77
Lincoln and, 180–81, 193, 196, 205, 226, 229
military service of, 174–75
physical appearance of, 1
political and philosophical beliefs of, 3–4, 177–79
slavery views of, 226–28
slaves owned by, 226–27
Sumner and, 178–79, 187–88, 205, 227–29, 289, 317–18, 340
teaching and lecturing of, 176–77, 179, 180–83, 185, 218, 227–28, 231–32, 234–36, 318
on war, 177–84, 185–86, 193–95, 231–39
Lieber, Frederick, 174
Lieber, Hamilton, 170, 172–73, 176, 186, 196, 280
Francis Lieber’s search for, 169, 187–88
Lieber, Matilda Oppenheim, 173, 175, 180, 186
Lieber, Norman, 180, 232, 270, 319
as Judge Advocate General, 328, 336, 356–58, 360, 362
Lieber, Oscar, 176, 180, 193
Life magazine, 360
Ligny, Battle of, 174–75, 177
Lincoln, Abraham, 138, 365, 366–68
aggressive vs. “rosewater” approach to war adopted by, 2, 3, 5, 196, 239, 265, 358
amnesty tradition embraced by, 288
cabinet of, 2, 145–49, 180–81, 214–15, 288, 312–13, 366
Confederacy viewed as criminal by, 138, 142–43, 143, 146
1860 nomination and election of, 148, 263
eulogies of, 307
evolution of slavery policy of, 197–99, 204–8, 211–19, 310, 367–68, 373
front line visits of, 317
inaugurations of, 142, 143, 201, 263, 285, 287–88
kidnapping plot against, 291
law career of, 141, 146, 148
meager wartime experience of, 138, 141–42, 145–46
military advisers of, 1, 142, 145–50, 226, 253, 333, 366
military leadership and strategy of, 2, 3, 4, 8, 9, 142–50, 196, 198–99, 209–13, 248–49, 367
presidency of, 1–5, 8–9, 78, 139, 141–51, 155–60, 162–64, 167–69, 180, 197–99, 204–8, 290, 306, 310, 312–13
Second Inaugural Address of, 285, 287–88, 373
self-deprecating wit of, 146
writ of habeus corpus suspended by, 150, 193, 266, 294
see also Emancipation Proclamation
Lincoln (Donald), 212n
Lincoln assassination, 244, 286–97, 317
arrest and trial of conspirators in, 287, 289–97, 298, 299, 301, 309, 310, 311, 314, 318, 319, 320, 334
military commissions convened for, 289–96, 310
see also Booth, John Wilkes
Lincoln’s Code of War, 252, 324, 337–38
bad faith and revenge enjoined in, 2, 4
basic rules of conduct included in, 2, 4
complete text of, 375–94
Confederate condemnation of, 4, 245
destiny of the nation vindicated in, 4
distinction made between men in arms and noncombatants in, 2
1863 approval of, 4
Emancipation policy endorsed in, 2, 4, 8
European adoption of, 2–3
field manuals and treaties influenced by, 2–3
flaws in, 254–56
hard provisions authorized by, 4, 5, 6
international law inspired by, 3, 324, 327–28, 342–45, 347–53
Lieber’s drafting of, 1–4, 5, 8, 193–95, 231–49, 255, 260, 262, 270–71, 279
modern laws of war founded on, 3
157 articles of, 2
original opening page of, 374
preserving the Union as paramount in, 4
prisoners of war protected in, 2
prohibitions included in, 2, 4
publication and distribution of, 2, 245, 270, 283, 286, 294
rationales and general principles set out in, 2, 3
as seminal document of civilization, 3
slavery passages in, 240–47
translations of, 2, 327–28
uniqueness of, 2, 3
violation of, 267–73
as working document for soldiers, 2, 4, 353
Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation (Guelzo), 212n
Liverpool, Lord, 76
Lloyd, John, 292
Locke, Jo
hn, 30, 253
Lockport, N.Y., 113
London, 43, 44, 60, 73, 83, 115, 136, 150, 166, 175, 185
London Bridge, 89
Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 176
Lords Commissioners of Appeals, British, 61–62, 154
Louisiana, 77, 189, 201, 270
secession of, 137
Louisiana Military Seminary, 275
Louisville Journal, 119, 216
Lowry, Tom, 267n
Loyalist militias, 43
Loyalists, British, 43, 72
Ludlow, William, 245, 259
Lyons, Lord, 143–45, 148, 153, 160, 166
Mabini, Apolinario, 354–55
McAfee, Ward M., 73n
MacArthur, Arthur, 357–58
Macaulay, Thomas Babington, 253
McCardle, William, 316
McCausland, John, 274
McClellan, Ellen, 216
McClellan, George B., 228, 264, 275–76
Army of the Potomac commanded by, 208–11, 210, 214–16, 230, 235, 237
Lincoln’s dismissal of, 2
McClure, George, 67
Machiavelli, Niccolò, 184
McKean, William, 152
Mackenzie, William Lyon, 111–14, 178
McKinley, William, 354
McLean, Wilmer, 285
McLeod, Alexander, 113–17, 129, 138, 148, 178
McNeil, John, 274
McPherson, James M., 301n
Macutté Mong, 36
Madison, Dolley, 49
Madison, James, 39–41, 60
frail health of, 40
presidency of, 49–51, 74, 83, 99, 105
retaliation urged by, 39–41, 42–43, 63
as secretary of state, 61
Magoffin, Ebenezer, 264
Magruder, John B., 208, 253
Mahan, Alfred Thayer, 345–48, 350–52, 364
Mahan, Dennis Hart, 85, 346
Maine, Henry Sumner, 343
Mallory, Shepard, 202
Mallory, Stephen, 287
Malone, Patrick, 91
Manila, 354
Manning, William Oke, 191
Mansfield, Lord, 242
Manual of Political Ethics (Lieber), 177
Marathon, Battle of, 177
Marcy, William, 118, 123, 124–25, 176, 224
party patronage defended by, 130
as secretary of state, 133–36
Marin, 119, 120
Marshall, John, 54–59
as chief justice, 54, 55–59, 70–71, 81, 96, 100, 301, 366, 370
military career of, 54
neutrality promoted by, 55–59, 61
personable style of, 55
as secretary of state, 54
Martens, Fedor Fedorovich, 343–45, 364
Martens, Georg Friedrich von, 19, 70, 129, 191, 362
martial law, 198, 206, 207–8, 308, 311, 375–79
Martindale, John Henry, 230
Martinique, 61
Mary Alice, 157
Maryland, 49, 69, 74, 81–82, 150, 187, 202, 293
Maryland, University of, Law School of, 82
Maryland militia, 49, 150n
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