Daily Life of the Aztecs
Page 37
Officials, 37 - 42, 45, 48 - 50 ; landed wealth of, 81 ; and election of emperor, 89 ; work of, 141 - 143
Old age, 198 - 200
Ololiuhqui (holy plant), 194
Omeciuatl ( Lady of the Duality), 96, 116
Ometecuhtli ( Lord of the Duality), 96, 116
Ometochtzin ('venerable two-rabbit' priest), 54
Opochtli (god), 3
Oratory, 164 - 165, 187 - 188, 226 - 227, 235
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Ornaments, 46, 60, 67, 68- 69, 138, 230 - 232
Otomi people, xxiii, 2, 153, 217, 220, 221 ; religion of, 116 ; fashion and toilet of, 130, 131, 135, 136
Otomi (rank), 47
Otomitl (military rank), 43, 47
Otumba, 60
Oviedo, Gonzalo de, 178
Oxitipan, xxiii
Oztoman xxi, 48
Painting, 299
Palaces, 8, 11, 14 - 15, 20, 22, 23 - 25, 49, 84 -85, 121, 124 -126
Panquetzaliztli (fifteenth month), 68, 129, 145-146; rites of, 247
Paradise, 107, 191
Parish priests, 37, 52
Patecatl (god of drink), 111
Patolli (dice game), 76, 159, 160
Paynal (god), 145 - 146, 247
Peasants, 71 ; religion of, 53 ; landless, 72 - 73 ; god of, 117; huts of, 121
Penance, 22, 170, 200
Petlacalco (public treasury), 24
Petlacalcatl (granary-keeper), 92
Petlatl (mat), 122
Peyotl (narcotic), 155, 218
Physicians, 56, 192, 194, 195-198
Pictographs, xviii, 229, 233
Pilli (son of a tecuhtli), 48, 49, 51
Plants: food-, 148, 152 - 153, 155 ; medicinal, 196- 198
Pleasure-houses, 126 - 128
Plebeians - see Maceualli
Pochteca (traders), 59, 60- 65, 85 - 86, 147
Pochtlan, traders of, 60, 68
Pochtlan teohua yiacatecuhtli (priest), 54
Poetry, 158, 236 - 242
Points, cardinal, 111 - 112, 117
Police force, 50
Politeness, 222 - 223
Polygamy, 88, 178 - 183
Pomar, Juan Bautista, 179
Population, 8 - 9
Portents, 108-115, 175, 208
Porters, caravans of, 59, 60
Prayer, 22, 195 - 196
Predestination, 12 - 115, 192
Pregnancy, 187 - 189
Priestesses, 54- 56, 170, 184
Priests, 51 - 54, 130 ; fasting by, 22 ; as ruling class, 37; hierarchy of, 38 ; parish, 37, 52 ; district, 41 ; military, 42 ; poverty of, 58 ; and election of emperor, 89 ; and sacrifice, 97, 99, 101 -102; after-life for, 108 ; meditations of, 117, 118 ; ritual bath, 129; dress, 133, 134 ; punishment of, 143; religious duties, 143, 144 ; and ritual, 143 - 147 ; education by, 169 - 170, 171, 172
Prisoners, sacrifice of, 129
Prisoners of war: taking of, 43, 64; sacrifice of, 64, 68, 99 - 102 ; as slaves, 75
Prisons, 24
Property: private, 79, 80, 81; communal, 80, 81
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Pulque (alcoholic drink), 156-157
Punishment, 57, 142, 143, 156- 157, 185 - 186, 193 ; slavery as, 75
Quachic (warrior's rank), 43, 46
Quachtli (length of cloth), 76, 81, 83
Quacuilla (priestly rank), 52
Quahuacan, xxiii
Quaquachictin (rank), 47
Quauhchimecatl (military rank), 43
Quauhcoatl (priest), 2 - 3. 4
Quauhteca (military rank), 44
Quauhtlatoa, King of Tlatelolco, 60
Quauhtochco province, 60
Quecholli (fourteenth month), 55, 158 ; rites of, 247
Quetzalcoatl, king-god, xv, 66, 88, 106, 112 ; temple of, 21, 22; god of the priests, 51, 52, 108, 117, 171; craftsmen of, 66; refuses to sacrifice humans, 97; attributes of, 118 ; and education, 171-172; pyre of, 201 ; symbol of civilisation, 220 ; song of, 240
Quetzalcoatl Tlaloc tlamacazqui (high priest), 52-53
Quetzalcoatl totec tlamacazqui (high priest), 52-53
Quexquemitl (mantle), 136
Quiauhteopan, xxiii
Quiauiztlan, 49
Quilitl (wild plants), 153
Quimichtin (secret agents), 209
Quinatzin, King of Texcoco, 219
Rabbits, Four Hundred, 104, 116, 156
Rain, 105, 247
Rain-god, 103 ; sacrifice to, 98
Rank: military, 43 -47; priestly, 51-53; among merchants, 61, 64- 65 ; of craftsmen, 69 ; and dress, 138- 139
Rebirth, 105-108, 240
Religion, 93- 94, 95 - 119, 144-147
Reputation, importance of, 58
Rewards, 44, 45, 81, 91
Rincόn, Father Antonio del, 1
Ritual, 46- 47, 135, 172 ; priests and, 53, 54, 105, 143 -147; priestesses and, 55 ; of bathing, 129; of sacrifice, 144- 147 ; of baptism, 163 - 167 ; of months, 246-247
Rivers, Nine, 108
Round towers, 21
Ruling and upper classes: categories of, 37 -58, 61; renewal of, from general public, 45 -46, 58, 93; duties of, 48- 58, 90 - 91 ; their life of service, 51, 63, 141-144; rivalry of merchants, 63, 64, 86; growth of, 86 - 93 ; care of estates, 140 - 141 ; worship and ceremonies, 144 ; good breeding and cult of moderation, 221 - 224
Sacrifice, 18, 22, 246, 247 ; slaves as, 61, 64, 68, 75, 77; prisoners of war as, 64, 68, 75, 99-102; ritual of, 97 - 102, 129, 145 - 146
Sage, 148, 152, 154
Sahagún, Father Bernardino, xix, 20, 46, 52, 62, 66, 68, 77, 89, 99, 133, 152, 153, 155, 161, 169, 171, 196, 198, 218, 237
Salters, 66, 246 ; deities for, 116
Sandals, 138
Sanitation, 138
Sanitation, 32 - 33
Schools, 22, 42, 48, 53, 64, 169 - 173
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Science, 192, 196, 197
Screens, 122 - 123
Sculpture, 25, 69, 104, 229
Secret agents, 209
Self-control, 170, 172, 221, 222, 227
Senators, 38
Serpents, 124, 125
Shield, 209
Sickness, 191-197
Signs and portents, 108 - 115, 175, 208
Sign, day, 165, 167
Silver, 230, 231, 232
Skirts, 134 - 135, 136
Slavery, voluntary, 76
Slaves, 73- 78 ; sacrifice of, 61, 64, 68, 75, 77 ; marriage of, 74, 183
Smallpox, 33
Smoking, 154
Soap, 129
Soldiers, 42 -47. See also Warriors
Song, 170, 171, 172, 234, 236, 237 - 241
Soothsayers, 56, 165, 175
Sorcery, 191- 192, 194-196
Sovereign - see Emperor
Spaniards, 9, 39, 45, 84, 152 ; siege of Mexico, xvi, 213 - 215, 231 ; historical documents of, xviii -xix; and slavery, 73 ; and torture, 99 ; religion of, 116
Spear-throwers, 210
Speeches, 164 - 165, 187 - 188, 266 - 227, 235
Spengler, Oswald, 33
Sports, 22- 23, 158 - 159
Springs, 22, 29
Steam-baths, 129-130, 189, 193, 194
Stones: precious, 59, 66, 67, 68 - 69, 138, 230 - 232 ; healing virtues of, 196 - 197
Streets, 10, 12 - 13 ; unkeep of, 32 - 33
Sun: birth of, 96; sacrifice to, 96- 97, 101; and last day of 'century', 101 ; personified by Uitzilopochtli, 102 ; rebirth of, 106, 107 ; years of, 109 ; myth-cycle of, 116, 117 ; and women dead in childbed, 191
Suns, Four, 95 - 96
Surrender, 92, 211 - 212
Sword, 210
Tamoanchan, 105, 191
Tapia, Andrés de, 127, 129
Tarasca people, xxi
Taxation, 39, 40, 41, 71, 82 - 84
Teachers, 142, 169 - 172
Tealtianime (traders), 61
Techotlatzin, King of Texcoco, 219
Tecpantlalli (palace land), 80
Tecuhnenque ('travelling lords'), 61
Tecuhtlamacazqui (priestly representative), 92
Tecuhtlatoque (supreme dignitaries), 89
Tecuhtli (dignitary), 47, 48 ; application of term, 38; election and functions of, 38 - 40 ; importance of reputation, 58 ; land transmitted to heirs, 81
Tecuilhuitontli (seventh month), rites of, 246
Teeth, 130, 131
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Techuantepec, 62 - 63, 204
Telpochcalli (college), 10, 42, 169- 173
Telpochtlatoque ('masters of the young men'), 169, 174
Temalacatl (sacrificial stone), 97
Temazcalli (steam-bath), 129 - 130, 177, 189
Temples, 2-3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 15-22, 51 - 55, 67, 118; subsidiary buildings, 22 ; wealth of, 53-54; education in, 169 -172; capture of, 211
Tenant farming, 72 - 73
Tenayuca, pyramid of, 14
Tenochli (cactus), myth of, 1- 3
Tenochitlan (see also Mexico), xiii, xvii, 70, 116, 205 ; luxury of, xxii ; meaning of name, 1 ; foundation of, 2 -5; situation, 5; localities in, 7, 20; population, 9; causeway, 12; temple of, 13; central square of, 14 -15, 25 ; sanitation, 32; as a young capital, 33 -35; traders of, 60; cost of living, 76 ; weather, 121 ; and war, 206 -207, 212, 213
Teocalli (temple), 4, 8, 11, 15
Teonanacatl (narcotic), 155
Teopan section, 8
Teotleco (twelfth month), rites of, 247
Teotihuacán, pyramids of, xv
Teotitlán, 118
Tepan teohuatzin (priest), 53
Tepeilhuitl (thirteenth month), rites of, 247
Tepequacuilco, xxiii
Tepetitlan ('beside the hill'), 6
Tepeyacac, 5, 6, 12, 13; causeway of, 10, 20
Tepoztecatl (god), xxiv
Tepoztlán, xxiv
Tequanime (traders), 61
Tequitl (collective labour), 148
Tequiua (warrior's title), 43, 46
Tequiuaque (military rank), 47
Territorial divisions, 7 - 9
Teteoinnan (goddess), song to, 238
Tetzauhpiltzintli, Prince, 180 - 181
Tetzcotzinco, gardens of, 124-126
Texcoco, xvi, xx, 13, 50 ; lake of, 5, 6, 32 ; temple of, 19, 54 ; merchant guilds in, 60 ; privileged maceualtin of, 71 ; share of tax, 83, 84 ; appointment of rulers, 88 ; palace at, 124 - 126 ; court of appeal at, 143 ; claim to suzerainty, 204 ; ambassadors of, 207 ; attack on, 212- 213 ; dynasty of, 219 - 220 ; council of music and sciences, 236
Teyaualouanime (traders), 61
Tezcacoacatl ('he of the mirror-serpent'), 48
Tezcatlipoca (god of night sky), xv, 35, 97, 102 - 103, 199 ; temple of, 20 - 21 ; as god of young men, 42 - 43, 171; protector of slaves, 78 ; multiplicity of, 117 - 118 ; and education, 171 - 172 ; feast of, 246
Tezozomoc, 212, 224
Tezozomoc, Alvaro, 30, 31, 46
Theft, 57
Ticitl (physicians), 192, 194 - 198
'Tiger-knights', 134
Tilmatli (cloak), 132 - 133
Time: reckoning and division of, 109 - 112, 161 - 162
Tititl (seventeenth month), 146 ; rites of, 247
Tizoc, Emperor, 17, 45, 92, 134, 229 ; stone of, 15
Tlacacleltzin, 91
Tlacahuepan, 99 - 100
Tlacateccatl ('he who commands the warriors'), 44 - 45, 46, 48, 92
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Tlacaxipeualiztli (second month), rites of, 146, 246
Tlacatecuhtli (' lord of the warriors'), 44,48
Tlacateotl, King of Tlatelolco, 60
Tlachco, xxiii
Tlachquiauco, xxiii, 59
Tlachtli (ball-game court), 22, 159 - 160
Tlacochcalli (arsenals), 11, 23, 45
Tlacochcalcatl ('man of the javelin-house'), 44 - 45, 46, 92
Tlacochtecuhtli (' lord of the spears'), 48
Tlacopan, xx -xxi, 5, 13 ; causeway of, 10, 12, 15, 20; share of tribute, 83; claim to suzerainty, 204, 213 ; ambassadors of, 208
Tlacotzin, 91
Tlacuilo (painter-scribe), 229
Tlailotlac (title), 92
Tlalmaitl (landless peasants), 72 -73
Tlaloc (rain-god), 51, 98, 103, 108, 201, 202 ; temple of, 19- 20 ; ideology of, 52-53; paradise of, 107; god of the peasants, 117 ; diseases caused by, 192-193; feast of, 246
Tlalocan, 11, 107
Tlaloque (mountain gods), 192, 194
Tlamacazqui (priest), 51
Tlamacaztequiuaque (warrior-priests), 42
Tlapacoyan, xxiii
Tlapizque (musicians), 23
Tlappanec people, xxiii
Tlaquimiloltecuhtli (temple treasurer), 53
Tlatelolco, 5 - 9 ; temple of, 10, 18, 28; causeway from, 12; market-place of, 25 - 28 ; merchants of, 60 ; privileged maceualtin of, 71 ; war on, 205, 212
Tlatlacotin (slaves), 73 - 78
Tlatocamilli ('military fields'), 80
Tlatocan (supreme council), 92 - 93, 142
Tlatocayotl ('high command'), 141
Tlatuani (speaker), 87
Tlaxcala, xiv, xxi, 161 ; national god of, 103 ; and war of flowers, 214 - 215
Tlaxochimaco (ninth month), 47, 68 ; rites of, 147, 246
Tlazolteoltl (goddess of carnal love), 104, 193, 199
Tlenamacac (priestly rank), 52
Tlenamacazque (priests), 89
Tlilapan spring, 22
Tlillancalque ('keeper of the dark house'), 48
Tloque Nahuaque (supreme god), 118
Tobacco, 154, 194, 195
Tochpan, xxiii, 83
Tochtepec, xxiii, 83
Toci (goddess), feast of, 55
Tolocan, xxiii
Tolteca (craftsmen), 66- 69, 230
Toltec people, xv, xvi ; architecture, 19 ; ball-games, 23 ; craftsmen, 66, 67 ; dynasty of, 87 - 88, 204 ; god of, 118 ; and cremation, 201 ; cultural influence, 217, 219 - 221
Toltenco ('at the edge of the rushes'), 6
Toluca valley, 80 - 81
Tonalli (soul), 192, 194, 195
Tonalpoualli (divinatory calendar), 109 - 112
Tonalpouhque (diviner-priests), 56, 165
Tonantzin, sactuary of, 12
Torquemada, Juan de, 55, 91
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Totocalli (house of birds), 24
Totonac people, xxiii, 49- 50, 84, 132, 135- 136
Toxcatl (fifth month), rites of, 246
Toxpalatl spring, 22
Tozoztontli (third month), rites of, 246
Trade, 25 - 28
Traders, 147, 169 ; influence of, 37; as warriors, 42; wealth of, 58, 63 - 64 ; rising power of, 59- 65 ; distinction between craftsmen and, 69 ; and slave sacrifice, 77; unable to become tecuhtli, 93 ; attacks on, as cause of war, 204-205
Traffic, 10, 12
Treasury, 24, 53-54
Tribal organisation, 36 - 37
Tribunals, special, 24
Tribute, 39, 53, 59, 82 -85
Tula, xv, xvi, 7, 51, 66, 67, 118, 134, 183, 219, 220
Tunics, 134
Turkeys, 128, 152
Tutotepec, 46
'Two-Rabbit, Venerable', 54
Tzapotlan, 18
Tzapotlatenan (goddess), 194
Tzinacantlan, xxiii
Tzitzimime (monsters of twilight), 96
Uaxyacac, 49
Ueueteotl, 246
Ueuetlacolli ('old servitude'), 76 - 77
Ueuetlatolli (precepts of the elders), 223 - 224
Ueuetque (council of elders), 40
Uexotzinco, 13
Uextola, 60
Uey calpixque (chief dignitary), 41, 42, 92
Uey tecuilhuitl (eighth month), 46, 85, 135, 153 ; rites of, 246
Uey Tozoztli (fourth month), 184 ; rites of, 246
Uitziliuitl, Emperor, 16, 29, 88, 137
Uitzilopochco, 9, 60
Uitzilopochtli (war god), xvi, 1, 19, 118; temple of, 2 - 3, 4, 5, 6, 15 - 20, 146, 202, 214, 246; and division of city, 8 ; dance and song in honour of, 47, 238 ; ide
ology of, 52 -53; miraculous birth of, 102, 106; guarantor of warriors' rebirth, 106, 108; feast of, 145 - 146, 247 ; his will in war, 211, 212
Uitznauac tehuatzin (priest), 53
Uixtociuati (goddess), 103, 116, 246
Underworld, 106, 107 - 108, 202
Upper classes--see Ruling classes
'Venerable two-rabbit', 54
Venus, 105 - 106, 109, 111, 118
War, 141 ; council of, 24 ; boy-children dedicated to, 42, 163 - 164, 166 ; as religious rite, 100 - 101 ; portents of, 113 - 114 ; education for, 171 - 172 ; attitude to, 203-205, 212-214; as a duty, 203, 213; legal basis of, 204-205; causes of, 204 - 205 ; negotiations leading to, 206 - 208 ; conduct of, 209 -211; peace negotiations, 211 - 212 ; conventions of, 213 - 214
Warehouses, 11
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Warrior-priests, xvi, 37, 42
Warriors, 42 - 47, 130, 190-191; women companions of, 46, 131, 135, 171, 184 ; merchants as, 62 -63; estates as rewards, 81; and election of emperor, 87 ; as his counsellors, 92 ; as sacrificial victims, 97 -98, 102 ; and sun myth-cycle, 117; dress, 134, 138 ; in ceremonies, 144, 146 ; chivalry of, 208 ; armament of, 209 -210
Water-food, 26, 151
Water problems, 10, 12, 22, 28 - 32, 148
Water rites, 166
Wealth, 45 ; of temples, 53 -54; of traders, 58, 63 - 64, 65, 82, 85 -86; land basis of, 79; acquisition of, 81 - 86
Weapons, 210
Weaving, 132, 137
Weaving-women, 113, 132, 136
Weddings, 175 - 177
Widows, 74, 182, 185
Wildfowl, 25, 116
Women: in priesthood, 54 - 56 ; inheritance through, 88 ; death in childU_00AD bed, 107 ; fashions and toilet, 130 - 131, 134- 137 ; position of, 183 - 187, 190 - 191
Works, public, 148, 170 - 171
Writing, xviii229 233 - 234
Xaltocan, 220
Xicolanco province, xxi, 220
Xicolli (tunic), 134
Xihuitonco ('the meadow'), 6
Xilonen (corn goddess), 145, 246
Xilotopec, xxiii, 83
Xipe Totec (god of goldsmiths), 67, 98, 116, 117 - 118 ; cult of, 105 ; disease from, 193; feast of, 246
Xiuhcoac, 18
Xiuhtecuhtli (god of fire), 38, 103, 246
Xiuitl (solar year), 109
Xochimilco, 16, 128, 220, 228; lake of, 5 ; lapidaries, 67
Xochipilli (god of pleasure), 104, 193, 194 ; statue, 22
Xochitlacotzin, 72
Xochiyaoyotl (flowery war), xiv, 101, 214
Xoconocho, xxi, xxii, xxiii
Xocotitlán, xxiii
Xocotl uetzi (tenth month), rites of, 246
Xolotl, 106, 219
Yacatecutli (god of merchants), 116