Miss Anne in Harlem
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321 “Notice how many”: Cunard, “Harlem Reviewed,” in Negro, ed. Cunard, 69–70.
321 “the spirit of vulgarity”: Cunard, “Harlem Reviewed,” in Negro, ed. Cunard, 73.
322 “They regarded her”: Chisholm, Nancy Cunard, 203.
322 “Can’t you get yourself a white man? ”: Cunard, “Harlem Reviewed,” in Negro, ed. Cunard, 67.
322 “the atmosphere” . . . “gorgeous roughness”: Cunard, “Harlem Reviewed,” in Negro, ed. Cunard, 67, 69, 70, 73.
322 “She was white, they were black”: Crowder, As Wonderful as All That?, 138.
323 “She pursued her own path”: Mortimer, “Nancy Cunard,” in BPIR, 49.
323 “Her Negrophilism”: Plomer, “In the Early Thirties,” in BPIR, 126.
323 “Nancy attacked her mother”: Chisholm, Nancy Cunard, 184.
323 “an explosion”: Brian Howard to his mother, quoted in Chisholm, Nancy Cunard, 187.
323 “I trust”: Quoted in Gordon, Nancy Cunard, 160.
324 never spoke to or saw each other again: Chisholm, Nancy Cunard, 188.
324 “taking a Negro stick”: McKay, A Long Way from Home, 244.
324 “there can seldom if ever”: Chisholm, Nancy Cunard, 184.
324 oedipal struggle with her mother: See Douglas, Terrible Honesty, 274.
325 “most girls would sell their souls”: Pickens, “African Art in Cunard Home,” 5.
325 “dreary and decadent”: Cunard, “Black Man and White Ladyship,” in Cunard, Essays on Race and Empire, ed. Moynagh, 196.
325 “very great courage” . . . “inside out”: Cunard, “Scottsboro and Other Scottsboros,” in Negro, ed. Cunard, 265.
326 “The girls were not individuals”: Cunard, “Scottsboro and Other Scottsboros,” in Negro, ed. Cunard, 252.
327 “There is one precious superiority”: http://asp6new.alexanderstreet.com/wam2/wam2.object.details.aspx?dorpID=1001113023.
328 “Some books are undeservedly forgotten”: Auden, The Dyer’s Hand, 10.
328 retreat to the country: “Lady Cunard’s Search for Color.”
328 “entirely documentary” . . . “as inclusive as possible”: Nancy’s original solicitation for Negro, then called Color, HRC.
329 “The vast subject”: Cunard, Grand Man, 98.
329 “I am terrified by the size”: Cunard to unknown correspondent, letter fragment, September 20, 1932, HRC.
329 “The publishing company”: Cunard to Schomburg, April 30 [1934], Schomburg.
330 “Did I tell you”: Cunard to Schomburg, April 30 [1934], Schomburg.
330 “getting the book through”: Cunard to Schomburg, April 30 [1934], Schomburg.
330 “It is my grief”: Cunard to Schomburg, April 30 [1934], Schomburg.
330 “The collapse of everything”: Cunard, These Were the Hours, 201–5. A slightly different account of this devastation also appears in Cunard, Grand Man, 206–7.
331 “I feel very excited”: McKay to Cunard, December 1, 1931, HRC.
333 “finest anthology”: Alain Locke to Nancy Cunard, April 14, 1934, Negro scrapbook, HRC. Marcus also cites this letter in Hearts of Darkness, 144.
333 “What a spectacle of tireless energy”: Crowder to Cunard, March 3, 1934, pasted into her copy of Negro, HRC.
333 Schuyler loved the book: Her letters are in Nancy’s Negro scrapbook, HRC.
334 man’s coat, aviator’s helmet: Chisholm, Nancy Cunard, 213.
334 “Reputations are simply hell”: Nancy Cunard, unpublished manuscript, quoted in Benkovitz, “The Back Like a Weasel’s,” 27.
335 “self-loathing . . . vamp”: Gubar, Racechanges, 150, 152.
335 “she struck at her mother”: Douglas, Terrible Honesty, 276.
335 “identification with those”: Gordon, Nancy Cunard, 7.
335 “erotic boa constrictor”: Chisholm, Nancy Cunard, 189.
335 “best mind”: quoted in Wineapple, Genet, 79.
336 “She had to extract”: Chisholm’s translation, Nancy Cunard, 173.
336 “passionate inconstancy”: Williams, “Nancy Cunard,” BPIR, 56.
336 “Baffling contradictions”: Duff, “Nancy Cunard,” in BPIR, 190.
336 “some invention, ghastly or not”: Arlen, The Green Hat, 27–28.
Epilogue: “Love and Consequences”
339 “Being black for a while”: Roediger, “Guineas, Wiggers, and the Dramas,” 661.
339 “You never dream of asking”: Arlen, The Green Hat, 284. The character speaking is Iris March.
340 “penalty she had to pay”: McKay, A Long Way from Home, 343.
340 In 2008, for example: Jones, Love and Consequences.
341 “humane and deeply affecting”: Kakutani, “However Mean the Streets, Have an Exit Strategy.”
341 “must-read”: Walker, back cover blurb, Jones, Love and Consequences.
341 She “fabricated” the entire story: Rich, “Gang Memoir.”
341 “a voice to people”: Rich, “Gang Memoir.”
341 “tremendous attraction”: Roediger, “Guineas, Wiggers and the Dramas,” 659.
342 “wavelength”: Fisher, “The Caucasian Storms Harlem,” 398.
342 In 1927, white poet Lucia Trent: United States Passport Applications, 1795–1925; New York Passenger Lists, 1820–1957; 1910 Federal Census; 1920 Federal Census. Trent published two volumes of poetry in her lifetime, Children of Fire and Shadow and Thank You, America. She was for many years the book reviewer for The Nation, praised highly as a poet by Robert Frost and others and known as “the best woman reader of poetry today.” “Reception Wednesday Will Honor Two Famous Poets,” 6. An excellent sampling of Trent’s poetry and essays and criticism of her writing, though oddly no biography of her life, is available on Cary Nelson’s Modern American Poetry Website, www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/s_z/trent/trent.htm.
342 “A White Woman Speaks”: Trent, “A White Woman Speaks.”
343 That shame is the flip side: On the social meanings of shame, see especially Sedgwick and Frank, eds., Shame and Its Sisters.
343 “political edges”: Roediger, Colored White, 231. Not all critics see as much positive “political edge” in this “crossover.” A range of views on such contemporary crossover is represented in Tate, ed., Everything But the Burden.
Bibliography
Archival materials such as letters, notes, diaries, journals, newspaper clippings; unpublished manuscripts; interviews; and census, birth, death, and marriage records appear in the endnotes and are not repeated here. An overview of manuscript sources follows. To aid readers interested in further research on the women in this book or on such historical and thematic issues as passing, primitivism, spiritualism, and intermarriage, selected texts which are not directly cited in the notes but which proved instrumental to an understanding of the women and their era are included here and marked with the symbol +.
Manuscript Sources
Jacob Rader Marcus Center of the American Jewish Archives: Annie Nathan Meyer Papers
Barnard College Archives: Annie Nathan Meyer Papers
Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University: Countée Cullen Collection, Claude McKay Collection, James Weldon Johnson Collection, Dorothy Peterson Collection, Spingarn Collection, Wallace Thurman Collection, clippings file of the James Weldon Johnson Collection, Zora Neale Hurston Papers, Langston Hughes Papers, James Weldon Johnson and Grace Nail Johnson Papers, Mabel Dodge Luhan Papers, Claude McKay Papers, Richard Bruce Nugent Papers, Dorothy Peterson Papers, Aileen Pringle Papers, Carl Van Vechten Papers, Walter White Papers
Robert D. Farber University Archives and Special Collections Department, Brandeis University: Annie Nathan Meyer Papers
Howard Gotlieb Archival Research Center, Boston University: Libby Holman Papers
Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Butler Library, Oral History Collection, Columbia University: George S. Schuyler Oral History
Special Collections Research Center, George
town University Library: Biddle Family Papers, Biddle Family Letters, Francis B. Biddle Papers, Katherine Biddle Papers
Harry Ransom Center, University of Texas, Austin: Nancy Cunard Collection, Fannie Hurst Papers, Eugene O’Neill Collection, Alfred A. Knopf Inc. Records
Morristown College Archives, Knoxville College Library: Morristown College catalogs
Manuscript Division, Library of Congress: George Biddle Papers, Janet Flanner and Solita Solano Papers, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Records
Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, Howard University: Alain Locke Papers
Manuscripts and Archives, New York Public Library: Carl Van Vechten Papers; Berg Collection of English and American Literature, New York Public Library: Fannie Hurst Papers; Irma and Paul Milstein Division of United States History, Local History, and Genealogy, New York Public Library
Collection of Mrs. Edmund Randolph Biddle and Stephen G. Biddle, Quakertown, Pa.: Cornelia Van Auken Chapin Papers, Katherine Garrison Chapin Biddle Papers, Charlotte Osgood Mason Papers
Walter P. Reuther Library, Wayne State University: Mary White Ovington Papers
Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture: Mary McLeod Bethune Papers, Claude McKay Papers, William Pickens Papers, Arthur A. Schomburg Papers, Schuyler Family Papers, Philippa Schuyler Papers (unprocessed), subject and proper name clipping files
Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America, Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.: Cornelia Chapin Papers
Special Collections Research Center, Syracuse University Library: Philippa Schuyler Papers, George S. Schuyler Papers
University Archives, Washington University: Fannie Hurst Papers
Abbott, Traci B. “Every Woman’s Share: Female Sexuality in Fannie Hurst’s Imitation of Life.” Women’s Studies 37 (2008): 634–60.
Acton, Harold. “Nancy Cunard: Romantic Rebel.” In Ford, ed., Brave Poet, 73–75.
+ “Actress Quits Play with Negroes in Cast.” The New York Times, September 12, 1925: 9.
“Actress Returns to California Doctor,” New York Amsterdam News, December 25, 1929: 2.
Adams, Bruce Payton. “The White Negro: The Image of the Passable Mulatto Character in Black Novels, 1853–1954.” Dissertation, University of Kansas, 1975.
Adams, Don, and Arlene Goldbard. New Deal Cultural Programs: Experiments in Cultural Democracy. Online, December 22, 2009. http://wwcd.org/policy/US/newdeal.html.
Ahmed, Sara. The Cultural Politics of Emotion. New York: Routledge, 2004.
“Ain’t Misbehavin’.” Philadelphia Tribune, May 5, 1932: 1.
+ Alcoff, Linda Martin. “Who’s Afraid of Identity Politics?” In Reclaiming Identity: Realist Theory and the Predicament of Postmodernism. Ed. Paula Moya and Michael Hames-Garcia. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2000, 312–44.
Alcoff, Linda. “The Unbearable Whiteness of Being: How Changing U.S. Demographics Will Upend White People’s Sense of Identity, History, and What It Means for the Rest of Us.” The Indypendent, May 1, 2011. Online. www.indypendent.org/2011/05/01/unbearable-whiteness-being-how-changing-us-demographics-will-upend-white-peoples-sense-identity-history-what-it-means-rest-us.
+ Allen, Frederick Lewis. Only Yesterday: An Informal History of the 1920s. New York: Harper, 1931.
Als, Hilton. “Queen Jane, Approximately.” The New Yorker, May 9, 2011: 54–63.
American Trials: ‘The Scottsboro Boys’ Trials, 1931–1937, August 19, 2010. www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/trials/scottsboro/scottsbororeport.pdf.
Ammons, Elizabeth. Conflicting Stories: American Women Writers at the Turn into the Twentieth Century. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.
Anderson, Benedict. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London, UK: Verso, 1991.
Anderson, James D. The Education of Blacks in the South, 1860–1935. Charlotte: University of North Carolina Press, 1988.
Anderson, Jervis. This Was Harlem: A Cultural Portrait, 1900–1950. New York: Farrar, 1982.
+ Anderson, Sarah A. “The Place to Go: The 135th Street Branch Library and the Harlem Renaissance.” The Library Quarterly 73.4 (2003): 383–421.
Anonymous (Josephine Cogdell Schuyler). “The Fall of a Fair Confederate.” Modern Quarterly: A Journal of Radical Opinion (Winter 1930–1931): 528–36.
———. “Two Poems by a Young Nordic Southerner.” The Messenger, November 1927: 324.
Ansón, Luis María. La Negritud. Madrid: Revista de Occidente, 1971.
“An Anti-Lynching Crusade in America Begun.” Literary Digest, August 11, 1894: 41–42.
Antler, Joyce. The Journey Home: How Jewish Women Shaped Modern America. New York: Schocken, 1998.
Apel, Dora. Imagery of Lynching: Black Men, White Women, and the Mob. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 2004.
Appiah, Kwame Anthony. The Ethics of Identity. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2005.
Arlen, Michael. The Green Hat: A Romance for a Few People. New York: Doran, 1924.
Asbury, Herbert. “Who Is a Negro? The Inside Story of Two Million Negroes Who Passed for White.” Negro Digest 4.12 (October 1946): 3–11.
Ascoli, Peter M. Julius Rosenwald: The Man Who Built Sears, Roebuck and Advanced the Cause of Black Education in the American South. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2006.
+ Askowith, Dora. Three Outstanding Women: Mary Fels, Rebekah Kohut, Annie Nathan Meyer. New York: Bloch, 1941.
“Author George S. Schuyler Dies at 82 in New York.” Jet, September 29, 1977: 56.
Babcock, Barbara A., and Nancy J. Parezo, eds. Daughters of the Desert: Women Anthropologists and the Native American Southwest, 1880–1980: An Illustrated Catalogue. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1998.
Baker, Houston A., Jr. Turning South Again: Re-thinking Modernism/Re-Reading Booker T. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2001.
Bald, Wambly. “Montparnasse Today.” Vanity Fair, July 1932.
+ Baldwin, Kate A. Beyond the Color Line and the Iron Curtain: Reading Encounters Between Black and Red, 1922–1963. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2002.
Baldwin, Louis Fremont. From Negro to Caucasian, or How the Ethiopian Is Changing His Skin. San Francisco, Calif.: Pilot, 1929.
Ballard, Walter. Interview. Wessels Living History Farm, York Nebraska. www. livinghistoryfarm.org/farminginthe30s/water_07.html.
Banting, John. “Nancy Cunard.” In Ford, ed., Brave Poet, 179–85.
Barnes, Howard. New York Herald Tribune, March 31, 1932.
Barnet, Andrea. All-Night Party: The Women of Bohemian Greenwich Village and Harlem, 1913–1930. Chapel Hill, N.C.: Algonquin, 2004.
+ Barnet, Anthony. Listening for Henry Crowder: A Monograph on His Almost Lost Music with the Poems & Music of Henry-Music. East Sussex, Eng.: Allardyce, 2007.
Barrett, Michèle, ed. Virginia Woolf: Women and Writing. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1979.
Bass, George Houston, and Henry Louis Gates, Jr., eds. Mule Bone: A Comedy of Negro Life. New York: Harper, 1991.
Basu, Biman. “Hybrid Embodiment and an Ethics of Masochism: Nella Larsen’s Passing and Sherley Anne Williams’s Dessa Rose.” African American Review 36.3 (2002): 383–401.
+ Bauer, Dale M. Sex Expression and American Women Writers, 1860–1940. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009.
+ Beam, Lura. He Called Them by the Lightning: A Teacher’s Odyssey in the Negro South, 1908–1919. Indianapolis, Ind.: Bobbs-Merrill, 1967.
+ Bederman, Gail. Manliness and Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880–1917. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995.
Bedford, Sybille. Aldous Huxley: A Biography. New York: Knopf, 1974.
Benkovitz, Miriam. “The Back Like a Weasel’s.” Columbia Literary Column 28.1 (1978): 27.
Bennett, Gwendolyn. “Heritage.” Opportunity: Th
e Journal of Negro Life, December 1923: 371.
Bennett, Lincoln. “Negro Girl, 2½, Recites Omar and Spells 5-Syllable Words.” New York Herald Tribune, February 8, 1934: 18.
+ Benston, Kimberly W. Performing Blackness: Enactments of African-American Modernism. London, UK: Routledge, 2000.
Berlant, Lauren. The Female Complaint: The Unfinished Business of Sentimentality in American Culture. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2008.
Berliner, Brett A. Ambivalent Desire: The Exotic Black Other in Jazz-Age France. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2002.
Bernard, Emily. Carl Van Vechten and the Harlem Renaissance: A Portrait in Black and White. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2012.
———, ed. Remember Me to Harlem: The Letters of Langston Hughes and Carl Van Vechten, 1925–1964. New York: Knopf, 2001.
+ ———, ed. Some of My Best Friends: Writings on Interracial Friendships. New York: Harper, 2004.
Berry, Faith. “Black Poets, White Patrons: The Harlem Renaissance Years of Langston Hughes.” The Crisis 88.6 (1981): 278–306.
———. Langston Hughes: Before and Beyond Harlem. New York: Random House, 1995.
Birmingham, Stephen. The Grandees: America’s Sephardic Elite. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1997.
“Black Belt’s Night Life.” Variety, October 16, 1929: 1, 12.
+ Black, Cheryl. The Women of Provincetown, 1915–1922. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2002.
“Blonde Girl Was ‘Passing.’” Boston Chronicle, January 23, 1932.
Blum, Edward J. “‘The Contact of Living Souls’: Interracial Friendship, Faith, and African-American Memories of Slavery and Freedom.” Journal for the Study of Radicalism 3.1 (2008): 89–110.
———. “Of Saints and Sinners: Religion and the Civil War and Reconstruction Novel.” Journal of Religion and Society 4 (2002): 1–9.
+ Boas, Franz. The Mind of Primitive Man. Rev. ed. New York: Free Press, 1963.
Bogle, Donald. Bright Boulevards, Bold Dreams: The Story of Black Hollywood. New York: One World/Ballantine, 2006.
Bonilla-Silva, Eduardo. Racism Without Racists: Color-Blind Racism and Racial Inequality in Contemporary America. London, UK: Rowman and Littlefield, 2010.