by Carla Kaplan
and race pride, 11
Mead, Margaret, 17
media:
and race crossing, 9–10, 53, 85–86, 286, 297, 299–300
racial norms upheld in, 7, 9, 273
sensationalism of, 6, 13, 49, 51–52, 183, 282, 285
in the twenties, 4, 21
Mencken, H. L., xviii, 21, 22, 89, 139, 188
Messenger, The, xxi, 37, 104
discontinued, 142
and George Schuyler, 86, 114, 116, 152
Josephine Schuyler’s work published in, 105, 124, 152
meeting of George and Josephine Schuyler at, 114–18
Metropolitan Museum of Art, 407–8n216
Metropolitan Opera, 42
Meyer, Albert, 184
Meyer, Annie Nathan, 80, 142, 153, 169–92, 171
The Advertising of Kate, 185
autobiography of, 177
Barnard College founded by, 170, 177–78, 191
birth and childhood of, 176–77
Black Souls, xxx, 21, 89, 114, 169, 170–76, 174, 178–84, 185–90, 191–92, 313, 321
comparisons to, 207, 277, 313, 329
contrarian nature of, 177
death of, 191
and Hurston, 172–73, 178, 181, 182, 184, 186, 187, 192, 246, 265, 267, 393–94n173
influence of, xxx, 258
low profile of, 176, 177, 191
networks of, 190–92
patronage of, 43, 172, 190
and Scottsboro case, 318
self-education of, 185–86
on women’s work, 200
as writer, 170–71, 177, 185
Michelet, Raymond, 305, 321, 328, 329, 336
Milbank, Tweed, Hope & Webb, 252
Miley, Bubber, 151
Millay, Edna St. Vincent, 24
Miller, Flournoy, 188
Mills, Florence, 21
Mills, Isaac, 6
minstrelsy, 21, 22, 42, 232, 275
miscegenation:
antimiscegenation laws, 52, 132, 185
taboo against, 84–86
see also interracial couples
Miss Anne:
consequences for, 339–43
descendents of, 340–41
financial support from, xix, 31
and intersectionality, xxvi–xxvii, 27
legacy of, xxviii, 340–43
literature for, 60–61
low profiles maintained by, xx, xxi-xxii, xxiii, 61, 191, 299
media treatment of, xviii-xix, xix, xxv-xxvi, 13, 24–27, 25, 191
motivations of, xxii, xxv-xxvi, xxviii, 12–13, 191, 192
ostracism of, xxi, xxvi, 277
and performativity, xxvii
politeness toward, 24
questions asked about, xx, xxviii
and racial violence, 73
and voluntary Negroes, 12–13, 49
see also Cunard, Holman, Hurst, Marinoff, Mason, Meyer, Ovington, Rose, Schuyler, Wood
missionaries, 63, 66, 70
Mitchell, Carolyn, 392n163
Mitchell, Clifford C., 192
modernists, 216, 294–95, 332, 336
Modern Quarterly, 88
Modigliani, Amedeo, 216
Montparnasse, Kiki de, 294
Moon, Henry Lee, 299–300
Moore, George, 290, 291, 304, 335
Morand, Paul, 38
Morehouse College, 185
Morristown College, 59, 63
African students in, 70–71
curriculum of, 69
former students of, 76–77, 77
founding of, 69
in later years, 80–82, 82
sold, 80–82
and Stearns, 64–66, 70, 71, 80, 81
and Wood, 59, 69–72, 76, 78–82, 81
Mortimer, Raymond, 323
Moryck, Brenda Ray, xxv
Mosley, Diana Mitford, 291, 312
Mosley, Oswald, 312
mulatto:
as census category, 11
and race identity, 5, 7, 156
theatrical performers, 42
Mumford, Kevin, xix
Murat, Princess, 33
Muray, Nickolas, 38
Murray, Pauli, 332
Music School Settlement for Colored People, 213
NAACP, 263
and antilynching bills, 73–74, 187, 190
and Communist Party, 317–18
competitions sponsored by, 31
and “The Crisis,” xvi
Nancy Cunard on, 315, 369n44
founding of, 79, 258
and interracial extravaganza, 40–45, 45, 369n42
and interracial marriage, 54, 361n12
opponents of, 11
and Mary White Ovington, xx, xxvi–xxvii, 42, 49
and Scottsboro case, 55–56, 315–16
Nail, Grace, 42–43
Nathan, Augusta Anne Florance, 177
Nathan, Maud, 176, 177, 263
Nation, The, 115, 159, 177
National Health Circle for Colored People (NHCCP), 263
Native Americans:
and Harvey House, 406n210
Society for the Preservation of American Indian, 213
Southwestern cultures of, 208–10
and The Indians’ Book: Songs and Legends of the American Indians, 210–11
nativism, 8
Negro: An Anthology (Cunard, ed.), 149, 184, 255, 258, 281, 284, 303, 320, 322, 327, 328–34
Negro Digest, The, 132
Negro drama, see theater
Negroes:
civil rights for, 160, 314, 316, 317
education of, 63, 68, 185
legal classification of, 4, 6
lynching of, see lynchings
“pet Negro” syndrome, 227, 268, 276
stereotypes of, 44, 69, 75, 179, 185, 189, 259, 275, 321
voluntary, xx, 12–13, 18, 45, 48–49, 297–98, 310–11, 327
white “friends” of, 17, 75, 263, 363n17
see also blackness
Negrophilia, xxvii, 52, 184, 318, 323
Negrophobia, xxvii, 13, 52
Negrotarians, xxi, 172, 181, 258, 263, 274, 317
neighborhoods, racial violence in, 8
Nelson, Doctor, 52–53, 52
Nevill Holt estate, 288–90, 289, 291, 314, 335
New Art Circle gallery, 215–16, 217
New Negro movement, xxvi, 40, 44, 307
antilynching focus of, 73, 79
and education, 72
and Julia Jerome, 154
and Locke, 219
and McKay, 324, 331
media stories about, 197, 282
and race spirit, xxi
and Robeson, 280
New Review, 323
New Woman, xviii
and bohemians, 101–2, 104
Bryant, 38
Cunard, 282, 286, 299, 309, 336
and feminism, 50, 101
Mason, 209
and transracial future, 135, 142
New York Age, 36, 182
New York Daily Mirror, 279–80, 281
New Yorker, The, 191
New York Evening Graphic, 6
New-York Evening Post, 147, 182
New York Herald Tribune, xxiv, 182
New York Hospital, 250–51
New York News, 142
New York Public Library, 217, 218
New York Times, The, 6, 51
New York World, 9
“Nigger lover,” 53–54, 55, 60, 70, 327
Nigger Phoebe, 92
Norris, Clarence, 394n175
Nugent, Richard Bruce, xviii, 39
ofay [white person], 32, 321
O’Keeffe, Georgia, 109
“one-drop rule” see also hypodescent, 6, 10–11, 19, 49
O’Neill, Eugene, xviii, 19, 20, 179, 181, 186, 188
All God’s Chillun Got Wings, 21, 86, 133, 183
The Emperor Jones, 21, 22, 189, 420n272
Opinion, 190
Opportunity, xvii, 10, 14, 8
7, 197, 275, 342
African art depicted in, xxiv, 167
awards dinners (1924–1926), xxiii, 31, 172, 264
and Black Souls, 189, 190
Ovington, Mary White, 50, 75, 80, 101, 152–53, 159, 191, 246
The Awakening, 187
comparisons to, 176, 185, 299
intersectionality of, xxvi–xxvii, 27
low profile maintained by, xx, 50–51, 299, 316
and Meyer, 171–72, 189, 190
motives questioned, xxii, 51
and NAACP, 42, 49, 50, 51, 79, 258
as public speaker, xxvii, 22
and Scottsboro case, 55, 315–16
The Shadow, xxvii
social norms rejected by, 49–50, 51
threatening and obscene letters to, 51, 53
Owen, Chandler, 37, 105, 270
“The Black and Tan Cabaret,” 18
Oxford, Margot Asquith, Countess of, 311
Paris, “black craze” in, 301–2
Parker, Dorothy, 24
Parsons, Elsie Clews, 209
passing:
black-to-white, 9–10, 11, 45, 46–48, 149–50, 271, 273
and gender, 297–98
in Imitation of Life, 268–74
and Ku Klux Klan, 7, 11
and “moment of regret,” 159, 274
as moral victory, 273
novels of, 10, 47, 273
and Schuylers, 88, 140, 149, 153
social consequences of, 10, 286, 310
and “strange longing,” 46–56, 274, 420n274
and “treason,” 12
white-to-black, xix-xx, xxiii, xxvi, 12–13, 45, 61, 68, 89, 132, 150, 258, 277, 297, 341, 362n12
wishful thinking, 66
Patterson, Haywood, 313, 319, 394n175
Patterson, Louise Thompson, 221, 237, 317, 357–58nxviii
Patterson, William L., 317
Peabody, George Foster, 209
Pelia (Apache chief), 213
Pennington, Anne, 24
performativity, xxvii
Peterkin, Julia, 18, 60, 181, 276
and race pride, 23
Scarlet Sister Mary, 20–21, 33, 420n272
Peterson, Dorothy, 39, 89, 301
Peterson, Jerome, 85
Pettyjohn, Wallace Hogarth (Garth), 106
Picasso, Pablo, 17, 20–21, 216
Pickens, William, 141, 151, 315, 322, 325, 332
Pitts, Helen, 61
Pittsburgh Courier, The, 20, 114, 142, 147, 153–54, 161, 189
Plomer, William, 323
Porter, Edna, 392n157
Port Jervis, New York, lynching in, 73
Poston, Ted, 144
Pound, Ezra, 294, 304, 313
Powell, Adam Clayton, Sr., 31
Price, Victoria, 55, 56, 316, 326
primitivism; primitivist, xxi, xxv, xxvi, xxix, xxx, 16–17, 19, 21, 23-24, 29, 111, 114, 152, 167, 193, 205, 207, 208, 211, 214, 220, 222, 230, 242–43, 245, 265, 297, 331
African art, 215–16, 295, 298, 306, 335, 407–8n216
competition in field of, 213
and erotics of race, 44, 48
and gender, 297
and Mason, 16, 49, 207–11, 214–15, 222–23
and racism, 44, 211
and tourism, 295
Princeton, and Civil War, 201, 202
Progressive Business Association, 81–82
Provincetown Playhouse, Black Souls staged in, 169, 173–75, 174, 178–79
Provost, Theodoric, 203
Pueblo cultures, 208
Quick, Charlotte, see Mason, Charlotte Osgood
Quick, Marianne, 252
Quick, Peter and Phoebe, 200, 201
race:
and ancestral heritage, 14–18
authenticity of, 15, 150
biological determination of, 11, 12, 309–10
crossovers, 9–10, 53, 85–86, 90, 118, 140, 160, 285–86, 287, 297, 298, 299–300, 341–43
divisions of, 88, 121, 160, 182, 230, 276–77, 297, 322
erotics of, see erotics of race
ethics of, 18, 47
in Jazz Age, 3–4
as myth, 230
politics of, 44–45, 284, 299
“pure,” 7, 11–12, 84, 141
sex linked with, 286
as social construction, xxvi xxvii, 10, 18, 88, 123, 150, 158, 160, 220, 297
“telltales” of, 6, 10, 11, 271, 273
race-building, 32
race categories:
blood myths of, 11, 12, 309–10
end of, xxviii
race loyalty, 11, 12, 89, 115, 121, 230, 317
race pride, xxi, 11, 23, 49, 115, 119–20, 121, 317
race riots, 8
race spirit, xxi
race theory, xxviii
race traitors, 4, 53–54, 65
racial identity:
and affect studies, 359–60nxxxi
and ancestral African heritage, 14, 17–18
and Harlem, 8–12, 14, 115, 231, 259, 273, 297, 314
Harlem’s debates of, 231, 273
Miss Anne’s challenges to, xxi, xxvi
“readymade” identities of, 44
recognition of, 287
rejection of difference, 14, 115, 121
and taxonomic fever, 8–12
value as story material, 274
and voluntary Negroes, 12–13, 45, 48–49, 297–98, 310–11
see also blackness; whiteness
racialism, romantic, 211
racialist, 115, 119
racial norms, 4, 7–8, 12
racial solidarity, 11
racism; racist, 45, 56, 63, 118, 140, 190, 227, 312, 326, 343
antiracism; antiracist, xvi, xxviii, 29, 105, 142, 152
Jim Crow, 43
in northern states, 73
as ordinary occurrence, xxviii, 140, 304
and Rhinelander case, 5–8, 87
and Scottsboro case, 55–56, 327
Rampersad, Arnold, 234
Randolph, A. Philip, 105, 141
Ransdell, Hollace, 315, 318
rape; rapist:
Cunard poem on, 313–14
fear of, 54
myth of, and lynching, 313–15
and Scottsboro case, 55, 313, 315
Rawlings, Marjorie Kinnan, 18, 24
Ray, Man, 294, 306, 308
Razaf, Andy, 35
realism, 332–33
Reconstruction, 68
Reed, John, 38
Reichard, Gladys, 209
Reiss, Winold, xviii, xxiv, 167
Reynolds Printing, 188, 189
Rhinelander, Alice Beatrice Jones, 4–8, 6, 10, 87
Rhinelander, Leonard Kip, 4–8
Rhinelander, Philip, 5
Rhinelander case, 54, 85, 86, 271
Riding, Laura, 304
Robeson, Eslanda, 113, 196
Robeson, Paul, xviii, 39, 144, 221
biography of, 196
in concerts, 113
and Cunard story, 279–80, 281, 282, 284, 285
as New Negro, 282
and theater, 21, 43, 183
Robinson, Bill “Bojangles,” 21
Roediger, David, 341
Rogers, Joel A., 54, 159, 180
romantic racialism, 211
Romilly, Rita, 38
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 101, 339
Roosevelt, Theodore, 210, 213
Rose, Ernestine, 142, 143
and African art, 217
and Harlem branch library, 21, 38, 114, 258, 389n142
low profile maintained by, xx Rosenwald Foundation, 31
Rossi, William, 188
Royal Flush Orchestra, 112
Rubenstein, Helena, 34
Rukeyser, Muriel, 318
Rutland, Duchess of, 291
Sacco, Nicola, 175
St. Denis, Ruth, 101
St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 51
Sand, George, 101
San Francisco, bohemia in, 100–102, 111
<
br /> San Francisco Bohemian Club, 101
Santa Fe Railway, 210
Savoy Ballroom, Harlem, 112, 113, 116, 120
Schomburg, Arthur A., 31, 215, 265, 330, 331, 334
Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, 31
schoolma’am/schoolmarm, 62–66
caricatures of, 65–66
mission of, 59, 63, 66, 68, 75
Stearns, 64–66
violence against, 64–65
Wood, 68–72, 78–82
Schuyler, George, xviii, 14, 19, 54, 83, 145, 246, 321
on Aframericans, 86, 114
“At the Darktown Charity Ball,” 370n48
autobiography of, 141, 142
birth and early years of, 118–19
Black No More, 158–60, 271
and Black Souls (Meyer), 175, 184, 189, 191–92
on erotics of race, 112, 142, 180
fame of, 87, 114, 138–39, 141, 159
and fatherhood, 157, 161
and Harlem, 119, 161
honors and awards to, 141
infidelities of, 146, 147
and Josephine’s death, 163–65
in Liberia, 147, 148
love letters from, 122, 146
as the man of Josephine’s dreams, 116–18
marriage to Josephine, 84, 87–89, 91, 129–38, 142, 144–46, 160
meeting and dating Josephine, 112–24
and The Messenger, 86, 114, 116, 152
and NAACP, 190
and Negro anthology, 332, 334
“The Negro-Art Hokum,” 115, 159
“Our Greatest Gift to America,” 130
“Our White Folks,” 139–41
pseudonyms, pen names of, 148, 150
personal traits of, 118, 137
and Pittsburgh Courier, 114, 142, 147, 161, 189
and politics, 119, 160–61, 319
as public speaker, 141, 145
and race-crossing, 118, 129
on racial identity, 14, 115, 119–20, 121, 220, 370n48
reputation of, 12, 148–49, 152
Schuyler, Josephine Cogdell see also Issel, Helna; Jannath, Heba; Jerome, Julia; Tanne, Laura, 54, 80, 83–165, 83, 123, 128, 145, 164, 246
allowance from her father, 102, 104, 107, 110
alter egos of, 101–2, 104, 150, 154
“America’s Changing Color Line” (as Jannath), 141, 149–50, 333
as artist’s model, 102–3, 103, 107, 107, 110, 125
birth and background of, 91, 134–35
and black men, 52
childhood of, 92–97
comparisons to, 177, 182, 185, 218, 220, 277, 299, 313, 319
death of, 163–65
“Deep Dixie” (as Jannath), 151, 313
depression of, 161, 163
domestic duties of, 142–44, 146
and dreams, 116–18, 218
dreams of black men, 117
“The Fall of a Fair Confederate,” 121
and family servants, 95–97, 97 friendships of, 138, 142, 152, 192
“From Texas to Harlem with Love,” 99
and Garth, 106–8, 125–26, 130–31
and George’s writings, 136, 140–41, 146, 148–49, 158, 160
