by Carla Kaplan
Rachel, 186–87
Grimké, Sarah, 61
Gubar, Susan, xix, 335
Guggenheim, Peggy, 294
Guggenheim Fellowship, 40, 222
Guggenheim Foundation, 31
Guillaume, Paul, 297
Guillén, Nicolás, 328
Guinness, Bryan, 312
Gullah society, 20
Haldeman-Julius, Emanuel, 108–9
Hall Johnson Choir, 113
Halsell, Grace, xix
Hampton Institute, 69, 185, 213, 317
Hanford, Mrs., 64
Harlem:
as black “Mecca,” xxxi, 30, 31, 60, 112–13
blacks living and working in, 29, 31, 31
bohemians in, xxix, 111–12
branch library in, 21, 31, 38, 114, 218, 258, 389n142
churches in, 33, 221, 322
and Communist Party, 161, 316–17
cultural contradictions in, 13, 258
discretion promoted in, 299
diversity in, 16, 30
and erotics of race, 13, 29–56, 282
and Great Depression, 146–47, 176, 316–17
and Great Migration, 16, 73
as “hot,” xxiv, 322
idea of, 19, 114
intellectual circles in, 13, 263
Jewish activists in, 178
Miss Anne in, see Miss Anne
nightlife in, 30, 32–37, 42, 44, 47, 112–13, 322
parties in, 32, 33–35, 38–40, 112
and racial identity, 8–12, 14, 115, 231, 259, 273, 297, 314
as racial laboratory, 29–40
street scene, 3
Sugar Hill, 143–44
tourist map, 1
tourists in, xx, xxi, 29–30, 32–36, 112, 113, 195, 218, 281, 321–22, 334
“vogue” of, xxix, 24, 30–31, 33–40, 51, 60, 86, 124, 195
“Harlem Hellfighters,” xxi, 179
Harlem Museum of African Art, 193, 217–19, 230, 233, 235
Harlem Renaissance:
antilynching focus of, 73, 79
duration of, xxix, 34
histories of, xxiii, 191, 253
interracial aspects of, xxviii-xxix, 32, 299
literary salons, 31–32
literature and arts as central to, 18, 33, 34, 38, 47, 48, 60, 112–14, 181, 263, 271, 300, 322, 389n142
and Miss Anne, see Miss Anne
and New Negro, xvii, 36–37
patronage in, 216–17, 221–22
race spirit of, xxi, 259
white men associated with, xviii
and whites writing black, 18–27, 60–61, 179–83, 275–76, 333
Harlem Renaissance, The (Watson), xvii
Harlem Suitcase Theatre, 272
Harmon Award, 31, 39
Harris, Joel Chandler, 80
Harvey, Fred, 210
Harvey House, 210
Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 23
Hayden, Tom, xxviii
Hayes, Roland, 113, 221
Hearst, William Randolph, 279, 282
Hedgeman, Anna Arnold, 147
Hemingway, Ernest, 294
Henderson, Wyn, 306
Hepler, Eugenie, 70
Herbst, Josephine, 332
Herndon, Angelo, 160
Herskovits, Melville, xviii, 229
Heyward, DuBose and Dorothy, 19, 22, 276
Porgy, 21, 114
Hiler, Hilaire, 296
Hill, Judson, 69, 70
Hill, Laura Yard, 70
Himes, Chester, 89
Holman, Libby, 24, 30, 34, 40–45, 41, 258
and “Moanin’ Low,” 41–42, 43–44, 273
Holt, Nora, 35
Hope, John, 185–86
Hope, Lugenia, 185
Hot Chocolates (revue), 150
Hot Rhythm (Broadway play), 150
The Hours press, 303, 304, 305, 306, 313, 426n303
Howard University, 70, 218–19
Howe, Julia Ward, 200
Hubbard, Freeman, 110, 138
Huggins, Nathan Irvin, 3, 29, 32
Hughes, Langston, xviii, 14, 18, 20, 24, 25–26, 89, 161, 193–94
“Afro-American Fragment,” 232–33
as “Alamari,” 223, 233
autobiography of, 235–36
“The Blues I’m Playing,” 239
and Communist Party, 317
and Cunard, 300, 301, 322, 329, 331
early years of, 300
and Hurst, 259, 272
and Hurston, 23, 232, 233, 234–35, 245, 247
“I, Too,” 332
Limitations of Life (parody), 272–73
and Mason, 198, 219, 221, 222–23, 224, 226, 232–36, 237–40, 242, 251, 252, 409–10n224
and Mule Bone, 233, 234–35, 238, 241
and Negro anthology, 329, 332
“The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain,” 115
on “Negro vogue,” 30–31, 33, 195
Not Without Laughter, 222, 234
and parties, 38, 39
“Poet to Patron,” 239–40
and race loyalty, 11
racist postcards collected by, 227
“Rejuvenation Through Joy,” 239
“Slave on the Block,” 26
on white visitors to Harlem, 32, 36
writings of, 238–39
Hurst, Fannie, 34, 80, 89, 257–77, 257, 264, 269
Back Street, 262
birth and childhood of, 259–60
diaries of, 260, 262
and feminism, 262–63
and Hurston, 194, 232, 246, 258, 264–72, 274–76
Imitation of Life, xxx, 18, 19, 257–59, 267–75
influence of, 265
marriage of, 262
and Meyer, 172, 179, 190, 191
and passing, 268, 271, 273-74, 277
patronage of, 43, 265
personal traits of, 260, 274
as public speaker, 262, 263
and race, attitudes toward, 258, 263, 266, 275–77
reading, 260
reputation of, 262, 263, 265, 274, 332
and social issues, 262–64
willpower of, 260, 261, 300
as writer, 181, 260–62, 265, 267, 274
Hurston, Zora Neale, 36, 89, 147
anthropological research of, 228–29, 241
at Barnard College, 172, 265
Barracoon/Kossula, 240–42, 247, 248–49, 249, 250, 268, 413–14n240
biography of, xvii-xviii
Color Struck, 265
and Cunard, 246, 329, 332
and feather-bed resistance, 226
and financial matters, 194
and folklore, 101, 173, 242–43, 247, 268
The Great Day, 176, 184, 189, 242–47, 321
and Hughes, 23, 232, 233, 234–35, 245, 247
and Hurst, 194, 232, 246, 258, 264–72, 274–76
Jonah’s Gourd Vine, 393n173
and Mason, 23, 173, 176, 198, 219, 223–24, 225–29, 232, 233, 234–36, 238, 240–47, 251, 252, 254, 267, 268, 410–11n227
and Meyer, 172–73, 178, 181, 182, 184, 186, 187, 192, 232, 246, 267, 393–94n173
and Mule Bone, 233, 234–35, 238, 241
Mules and Men, 242, 393n173
and Negro anthology, 332
Negro Folk-Tales from the Gulf States, 247
The Pet Negro System, 276
and publication, 195
reputation of, 12, 89, 226, 264
Their Eyes Were Watching God, 254, 276
on whites writing black, 23, 275–76
“You Don’t Know Us Negroes,” 275–76
Hutchinson, George, xxviii
Huxley, Aldous, 281, 294
hypodescent see also “one drop rule,” 10
identification with others, 115, 140, 277, 287, 309–11, 335, 341, 343
identity politics, xx, xxvi, xxvii, 3–27, 287
and affect studies, 359–60nxxxi
and ancestral heritage, 14–18
and Communist Party,
318
and gender, 298, 299
and race, xx, xxvii, 12, 318
taxonomic fever, 3–13
whites writing black, 18–27, 60–61, 275–76
identity theory, xxviii
Imitation of Life (film), 272, 274
Indians’ Book, The: Songs and Legends of the American Indians, 210–11, 214
interracial couples:
and antimiscegenation laws, 52, 132, 185, 361n12, 379n84
communist party and, 317
as ending racism, xxviii, 135, 142
first kiss on television, 88
media judgments on, 7, 9, 53, 85–86, 273, 282
mixed marriage clubs, 141
opponents of, 54, 85
police harassment of, 8
public ostracism of, 8, 53, 84–85, 86, 183, 298
and sex, 56, 122, 171, 183
supporters of, 54
see also Schuyler, George; Schuyler, Josephine Cogdell; Rogers, Joel A.
interracial pioneers, 217
interracial socialization, 258, 362n12
and Communist Party “black-white unity” program, 316, 317
in Harlem nightlife, 30, 32–37, 42
Mary White Ovington and, 27, 49-51
media attacks on, 51
NAACP entertainment, 40–45
Paris and Harlem as centers of, 301
at parties, 33, 35, 38–40
social stigma attached to, 196, 217
by white teachers in the South, 66, 71
intersectionality, xxvi-xxvii, 27
inverts, xviii
Issel, Helna, 390–91n151 see Schuyler, Josephine Cogdell
Jackman, Harold, 21, 33, 43, 193
Jackson, Yolande, 281
James, Henry, 208
James, Jesse, 91
Jannath, Heba; see Schuyler, Josephine Cogdell, 88, 108, 152, 183, 329, 390–91n151
“America’s Changing Color Line,” 141, 149–50, 333
“Deep Dixie,” 151, 313
“The Penalty of Love,” 150–51
jazz, 29, 295
Jazz Age:
bohemians in, xviii
race in, 3–4, 8, 86
Jelliffe, Rowena, 234–35
Jenney, Louisa, 34
Jerome, Julia; see Schuyler, Josephine Cogdell , 153–54
Jews
as not fully white in 1920s, 178, 277
compared with others, 179
identity and, 191
in Harlem, 25, 178, 195, 258, 265
in New York, 176–77
Jewish/black relations, 105, 178, 184, 190, 395n178
Jim Crow, 43
John Birch Society, 160
Johns, Vere, 182
Johnson, Charles S., xviii, 10, 141, 219
Johnson, Edna Margaret, “A White Girl’s Prayer,” xv, xvi, xviii, 13, 17, 45, 49, 54, 105, 140, 150, 312, 324, 341, 343
Johnson, Georgia Douglas, 31, 39, 159
Johnson, Grace Nail, 186
Johnson, Hall, 221, 252
Johnson, Jack, 8–9, 9, 85, 86, 87
Johnson, James C., 203
Johnson, James Weldon, xxvii, 111, 191, 219
on Aframericans, 43
Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man, 26, 42, 46–48, 151, 159, 271, 273
and Harlem Renaissance, 18
and Harlem social life, 30, 32, 38, 42
and Meyer, 171–72, 182
and Van Vechten, 19, 89, 90
Johnson, J. Rosamond, 213
Jones, George and Elizabeth, 5
Jones, Grace, 5
Jones, Margaret B., Love and Consequences, 340–41
Jones, Mary Jane, 125
Jones, Robert E., 79
Joplin, Janis, 339
Joyce, James, 101, 291
Jubilee Singers, 41
Kakutani, Michiko, 341
Kelley, Florence, 101
Kelley-Hawkins, Emma Dunham, 372–73n61
Ker-Seymer, Barbara, photo series of, 308–9, 309
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 160
Knopf, Alfred A., 22, 42, 89, 195–96
Knopf, Blanche, 38, 39, 39, 40, 42, 89, 195
Knoxville College, 80
Kossula (Cudjo Lewis), 240–42, 247, 248–49, 249, 250, 413–14n240
Kroeger, Brooke, 261
Ku Klux Klan:
postwar growth of, 8
and race purity, 7, 11, 141
and racial violence, 8
and Rhinelander case, 7
and Schuyler, 98
and UNIA, 11, 12, 119
white women threatened by, 62, 314
Lafayette, Harlem, 113, 120
L’Age d’Or (film), 312
Larsen, Nella, xviii, 18
and Harlem “vogue,” 36, 38
networking at parties, 38–40, 42, 195
Passing, 39–40, 47, 195–96, 271, 273, 274
Quicksand, 38–39, 47
and Van Vechten, 19, 38, 40, 90, 195–96, 271
Lasky, Jesse, 265
Lazarus, Emma, “The New Colossus,” 176
Lenin, V. I., 291
lesbians; lesbianism, xviii, 237
Leslie, Lew, Blackbirds, 21
Lewis, Cudjo (Kossula), 240–42, 247, 248–49, 249, 250, 413–14n240
Lewis, David Levering, 253
Lewis, Jack, 99–100
Lewis, Robert, 73
Lewis, Sinclair, 23, 89
Babbitt, 4
Lewis, Theophilus, 22
Lewis, Wyndham, 294
Liberator, The, 104
“Lift Every Voice and Sing,” 213
Lillie, Beatrice, 34
Lincoln, Abraham, 332
Lindbergh, Charles, 87
Lindsay, Vachel, 22, 216
Lipsitz, George, 277
literature:
antilynching, 74, 75, 78, 174, 180
black writers, 38–40
depictions of Miss Anne in, 24–27
false-memoir phenomenon, 341
novels of passing, 10, 47, 273-74
“racial,” 159–60
as social currency of public debate, 18
whites writing black, 18–27, 60–61, 179–83, 186–90, 275–76, 321, 331, 333, 341–43, 364n19
“Little Blue Book” series, 108
Liveright, Horce, 195
Locke, Alain, xviii, 72
and African cultural legacy, 14, 70, 196, 214, 215–16
birth and early years of, 218
and Cunard, 322, 333
and Harlem Museum of African Art, 193, 217–19, 230, 233
and Harlem Renaissance, 219
and Hurston, 241–47, 268
and Mason, 198, 214–21, 223–24, 227–28, 230–32, 233, 235–36, 241, 243–45, 247, 248, 250–54
on Negro theater, 22, 189
networks of, 221
The New Negro, 16, 197, 215–16
and New Negro movement, 219
on race pride, xxi, 11
Rhodes scholarship awarded to, 218
and whites writing black, 21
Lodge, Henry Cabot, 162
Lomax, John, xviii
London Daily Mail, 319
Lowell, Charles Russell, 208
Lowenfels, Walter, 301, 306
Lucy Stone League, 263
Luhan, Mabel Dodge, 24, 89, 110
lynching, 8, 10, 46, 72–75
antilynching activists, xxi, 56, 73, 75, 78, 79, 80
antilynching legislation, 73–74, 187, 190
antilynching theater tradition, 186–87
“An Art Commentary on Lynching,” 80, 377–78n80
and Black Souls, 174, 180, 181
and Let My People Go, 60, 72, 73, 75, 78, 181
national indifference to, 74–75
and white women, 74–75, 78, 105, 181, 187, 314, 323, 326, 396n181
Without Sanctuary (Allen), 377–78n80
MacArthur fellowships, 222
Malcolm X, 160
Malone, Annie Pope, 265
&nbs
p; “Mammy” figure, 23, 270, 272
Manchester Union Leader, 161, 162
Manners, Violet, 291
Mapplethorpe, Robert, photographs by, 370n48
Marbury, Elisabeth, 185, 267
Marinoff, Fania, xvii, 25, 25
friendships of, 89, 138, 152
and parties, 31, 38, 39, 40, 42
Markham, Dewey “Pigmeat,” 150
Marx, Karl, 101
Marxism, 104
Mason, Charlotte Osgood, 80, 193–254, 194, 199
African art collection of, 214–15, 295
anti-Semitism of, 214, 229
birth and early years of, 199, 200–202
caricatures of, 24, 253, 253
comparisons to, 105, 185, 277
on creative process, 238
and Curtis, 202, 208–14, 222, 224, 237
death of, 251–53
dreams of Africa, 218
ego and, 238
erroneous writings about, xviii, xxix, 199, 253
essentialism of, 220, 230–31
female networks of, 202–3
and folklore, 173
and “The Friends,” 236–40
and The Great Day (Hurston), 242–47
and Harlem, 113, 214–21, 230
and Harlem Museum of African Art, 217–19, 233, 235
hiding in plain sight, 199, 299
home of, 197–98, 221
hospital stay of, 250–51
and Hughes, 198, 219, 221, 222–23, 224, 226, 232–36, 237–40, 242, 251, 252, 409–10n224
and Hurston, 23, 173, 176, 198, 219, 223–24, 225–29, 232, 233, 234–36, 238, 240–47, 251, 252, 254, 267, 268, 410–11n227
and The Indians’ Book: Songs and Legends of the American Indians, 210–11, 214, 240
influence of, xxx, 212–13, 214, 220, 221, 250, 252, 258, 277, 410n210
last will and testament of, 242, 252–53
legacy of, 253
and Lewis, 248–49, 250
and Locke, 198, 214–21, 223–24, 227–28, 230–32, 233, 235–36, 241, 243–45, 247, 248, 250–54
marriage of, 203–4, 206
as mentor, 202–3, 212–13, 214, 219–21, 227, 234, 258
networks of, 221
patronage of, 43, 173, 176, 196–98, 213, 217, 221–24, 230, 231–32
and primitivism, 16, 49, 207–11, 214–15, 222–23
psychological techniques of, 224–26
secrecy sought by, 224–26, 239
and spiritualism, 204, 206–7, 237
and triangulation, 224, 225, 232
views on race, 220
writings of, 206
Mason, Rufus Osgood, 203–6, 236, 237, 239, 402–3n204
Matisse, Henri, 216
Matthias, Rita, 188
Maugham, W. Somerset, 290
McAlmon, Robert, 294
McCarthy, Joseph, 160
McClendon, Rose, xviii, 21, 173
McKay, Claude, xviii, 21, 54, 89, 195
“The Barrier,” 366n26
and Communist Party, 317
and Nancy Cunard, 307, 331
“If We Must Die,” xxi, 181, 307
and Mason, 221, 230, 252
and New Negro movement, 324, 331
