57 Eytan to Sharett, February 7, 1949, in Documents on the Foreign Policy of Israel, vol. 3, 216.
58 Documents on the Foreign Policy of Israel, vol. 3: Armistice Negotiations with the Arab States December 1948-July 1949 Companion Volume, 136.
59 Urquhart, Ralph Bunche, 207.
60 Bunche’s notes, 21-22, UCLA Archives.
61 Eytan, First Ten Years, 35.
62 Bunche to Secretary General, February 10, 1949, UN Archives.
63 Eytan to Sharett, February 10, 1949, in Documents on the Foreign Policy of Israel, vol. 3, 234.
64 Eytan, First Ten Years, 33.
65 Bunche to Secretary General, February 13, 1949, UN Archives.
66 Caplan, A Tale of Two Cities, 10.
67 Eytan to Sharett, February 16, 1949, in Documents on the Foreign Policy of Israel, vol. 3, 252.
68 Eytan to Sharett, February 17, 1949, in Documents on the Foreign Policy of Israel, vol. 3, 254.
69 Bunche to Secretary General, February 19, 1949, UN Archives.
70 Bunche to Secretary General, February 20, 1949, UN Archives.
71 Ibid.
72 Ibid.
73 Bunche’s notes, 34, UCLA Archives.
74 Mann, Ralph Bunche, 255.
75 Eytan, First Ten Years, 31.
76 Documents on the Foreign Policy of Israel, vol. 3, Armistice Negotiations with the Arab States December 1948-July 1949. Companion Volume, 133.
77 Caplan, A Tale of Two Cities, 11.
78 Nuchhi R. Currier, “‘Nation shall not rise up against nation . . .,’” UN Chronicle 40, no. 3 (2003), http://www.un.org/Pubs/chronicle/2003/issue3/0303p37.asp; Harry Kreisler, “A Life in Peace and War: Conversation With Sir Brian Urquhart,” Conversations with History series, Institute of International Studies, University of California, Berkeley (March 19, 1996), http://globetrotter.berkeley.edu/UN/Urquhart/urquhart5.html.
79 Mann, Ralph Bunche, 257.
80 Nobel Peace Prize Presentation Speech by Gunnar Jahn, chairman of the Nobel Committee, 1950.
CHAPTER SEVEN: THE CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS
1 John Lewis Gaddis, The Cold War: A New History (New York: Penguin, 2005), 75.
2 Nikita Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers, trans. and ed. Strobe Talbott (Boston: Little, Brown, 1970), 494.
3 Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House (New York: Mariner Books, 2002), 802-803.
4 McGeorge Bundy, Danger and Survival: Choices About the Bomb in the First Fifty Years (New York: Vintage Books, 1990), 398.
5 This and the following quotations from President John F. Kennedy “Radio-TV Address of the President to the Nation from the White House,” October 22, 1962, National Security Archive.
6 Theodore C. Sorensen, Counselor: A Life at the Edge of History (New York: HarperCollins, 2008), 298.
7 Aleksandr Fursenko and Timothy Naftali, Khrushchev’s Cold War: The Inside Story of an American Adversary (New York: Norton, 2006), 470.
8 Khrushchev to Kennedy, October 23, 1962, National Security Archive.
9 Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers, 497.
10 Kennedy to Khrushchev, October 23, 1962, National Security Archive.
11 David L. Larson, ed., The “Cuban Crisis” of 1962: Selected Documents and Chronology (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1963), 108-109; also Elie Abel, Missile Crisis (Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1966), 125.
12 Sheldon M. Stern, Averting “The Final Failure”: John F. Kennedy and the Secret Cuban Missile Crisis Meetings (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2003), 176.
13 Mark J. White, Missiles in Cuba: Kennedy, Khrushchev, Castro and the 1962 Crisis (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1997), 115; also Robert F. Kennedy, Days: A Memoir of the Cuban Missile Crisis (New York: Norton, 1999), 49.
14 Aleksandr Fursenko and Timothy Naftali, One Hell of a Gamble: Khrushchev, Castro, and Kennedy 1958-1964 (New York: Norton, 1997), 251.
15 White, Missiles in Cuba, 118.
16 Fursenko, One Hell of a Gamble, 253.
17 Khrushchev to Kennedy, October 24, 1962, National Security Archive.
18 Nikita Khrushchev, Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev, vol. 3, Statesman (1953-1964), ed. Sergei Khrushchev (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2007), 350.
19 Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., Robert Kennedy and His Times (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1978), 514.
20 White, Missiles in Cuba, 120.
21 Kennedy, Thirteen Days, 55.
22 Internal State Department Correspondence. Roger Hilsman to Secretary Rusk, October 26, 1962, National Security Archive.
23 Fursenko, One Hell of a Gamble, 256.
24 George W. Ball, The Past Has Another Pattern: Memoirs (New York: Norton, 1982), 300.
25 Fursenko, One Hell of a Gamble, 279; also Stern, Averting the Final Failure, 303.
26 Theodore C. Sorensen, Kennedy (New York: Konecky & Konecky, 1965), 710.
27 “Kennedy talked Khrushchev triumphed,” New York Times, May 22, 2008.
28 Stern, Averting the Final Failure, 225.
29 Ibid, 241.
30 Kennedy, Thirteen Days, 59.
31 Theodore C. Sorensen, Decision-Making in the White House: The Olive Branch or the Arrows (New York: Columbia University Press, 2005), 31.
32 Kennedy to Khrushchev, October 25, 1962, National Security Archive.
33 U.S. Ambassador Adlai Stevenson United Nations Security Council Address Exchange with Soviet Ambassador Valerian Zorin delivered October 25, 1962, United Nations Archives.
34 Fursenko, One Hell of a Gamble, 259.
35 Stern, Averting the Final Failure, 236.
36 Fursenko, One Hell of a Gamble, 259.
37 Ibid, 260.
38 Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers, 497.
39 Ibid.
40 Ball, Past Has Another Pattern, 302.
41 Schlesinger, Thousand Days, 826.
42 Michael Tatu, Power in the Kremlin: From Khrushchev to Kosygin (New York: Viking Press, 1970), 266-267.
43 Kennedy, Thirteen Days, 69.
44 Fursenko, One Hell of a Gamble, 270.
45 Ibid.
46 Ball, Past Has Another Pattern, 302.
47 Ibid.
48 Ibid.
49 Sorensen, Counselor, 288.
50 Ball, Past Has Another Pattern, 306.
51 Stern, Averting the Final Failure, 84.
52 Khrushchev, Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev, vol. 3, 341.
53 Khrushchev to Kennedy, October 26, 1962, National Security Archive.
54 Dean Rusk, As I Saw It (New York: Penguin Books, 1991), 239.
55 Ball, Past Has Another Pattern, 304.
56 Sorensen, Kennedy, 712.
57 Stern, Averting the Final Failure, 266.
58 Khrushchev to Kennedy, October 27, 1962, National Security Archive.
59 Bundy, Danger and Survival, 445.
60 Stern, Averting the Final Failure, 319.
61 Ball, Past Has Another Pattern, 306.
62 Stern, Averting the Final Failure, 300.
63 Ibid.
64 Ibid, 303.
65 Ibid, 304.
66 Ibid.
67 Ibid.
68 Ibid, 305.
69 Ibid, 306.
70 Kennedy, Thirteen Days, 73.
71 Bundy, Danger and Survival, 405.
72 Stern, Averting the Final Failure, 371.
73 Schlesinger, Robert Kennedy and His Times, 520.
74 This and the following quotations from the Scali-Fomin meeting are from Bundy, Danger and Survival, 438-439.
75 Kurt Wiersma and Ben Larson. Fourteen Days in October: The Cuban Missile Crisis (http://library.thinkquest.org/11046/media/fourteen_days_in_october.pdf), 16.
76 Sorensen, Kennedy, 714.
77 Ibid.
78 Kennedy, Thirteen Days, 81.
79 Ibid, 97.
80 Kennedy to Khrushchev, October 27, 1962, National Security Archive.
81 Kennedy, Thirteen Days, 83.
82 White, Mi
ssiles in Cuba, 140.
83 Stern, Averting the Final Failure, 369.
84 Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers, 551-552.
85 Memorandum for the Secretary of State from the Attorney General October 30, 1962, National Security Archive.
86 Dobrynin Cable to the USSR Foreign Ministry, 27 October 1962, National Security Archive.
87 Ibid.
88 Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers, 497.
89 Dobrynin Cable to the USSR Foreign Ministry, 27 October 1962, National Security Archive.
90 Memorandum for the Secretary of State from the Attorney General. October 30, 1962, National Security Archive.
91 Dobrynin Cable to the USSR Foreign Ministry, 27 October 1962, National Security Archive.
92 Ibid.
93 Memorandum for the Secretary of State from the Attorney General. October 30, 1962, National Security Archive.
94 Schlesinger, Robert Kennedy and His Times, 522.
95 Kennedy, Thousand Days, 829.
96 Khrushchev, Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev, vol. 3, 340.
97 Fursenko, One Hell of a Gamble, 284.
98 Ibid, 285.
99 Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers, 498.
100 Ibid.
101 Stern, Averting the Final Failure, 384.
102 Ibid.
103 Bundy, Danger and Survival, 444; also Schlesinger, Robert Kennedy and His Times, n529 (originally from Norman Cousins, “The Cuban Missile Crisis: An Anniversary,” Saturday Review, October 15, 1977).
104 Stern, Averting the Final Failure, 384.
105 Khrushchev communiqué to Kennedy, October 28, 1962, National Security Archive.
106 Statement by President Kennedy, October 28, 1962, National Security Archive.
107 Kennedy, Thirteen Days, 98.
108 Schlesinger, Robert Kennedy and His Times, 530.
109 Ibid, 530.
110 Kennedy, Thirteen Days, 95.
111 Sorensen, Counselor, 296.
112 Bundy, Danger and Survival, 462.
CHAPTER EIGHT: THE REYKJAVIK SUMMIT
1 Eduard Shevardnadze, The Future Belongs to Freedom (London: Sinclair-Stevenson, 1991), 81.
2 Mikhail Gorbachev, On My Country and the World (New York: Columbia University Press, 2000), 171.
3 Shevardnadze, Future Belongs to Freedom, 81.
4 Jack Matlock Jr., Reagan and Gorbachev: How the Cold War Ended York: Random House, 2005), 106.
5 Mikhail Gorbachev, Memoirs (New York: Doubleday, 1995), 165.
6 Gorbachev, On My Country and the World, 172.
7 Gorbachev, Memoirs, 411.
8 Don Oberdorfer, From the Cold War to a New Era: The United States and the Soviet Union, 1983-1991 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998), 154.
9 Gorbachev to Reagan, September 15, 1986, National Security Archive.
10 George Shultz, Turmoil and Triumph: Diplomacy, Power and the Victory of the American Ideal (New York: MacMillan, 1993), 743.
11 Edmund Morris, Dutch: A Memoir of Ronald Reagan (New York: Random House, 1999), 591.
12 Anatoly Chernyaev Meeting Notes, October 4, 1986, National Security Archive.
13 Ibid.
14 Chernyaev Notes from the Politburo Session, October 8, 1986, National Security Archive.
15 Ronald Reagan, An American Life (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990), 637.
16 Gorbachev, Memoirs, 417.
17 Shultz, Turmoil and Triumph, 758.
18 Gorbachev, Memoirs, 444.
19 Ibid.
20 U.S. Meeting Notes, October 11, 1986 (White House Memorandum of Conversation: Reagan-Gorbachev Meetings in Reykjavik.), National Security Archive.
21 Shultz, Turmoil and Triumph, 760.
22 Ibid., 761.
23 U.S. and Soviet Meeting Notes, October 11, 1986, National Security Archive.
24 Reagan, An American Life, 707.
25 U.S. and Soviet Meeting Notes, October 11, 1986, National Security Archive.
26 Shultz, Turmoil and Triumph, 762.
27 Paul Nitze, From Hiroshima to Glasnost: At the Center of Decision York: Grove Weiden feld, 1989), 430.
28 Kenneth L. Adelman, The Great Universal Embrace: Arms Summitry–A Skeptic’s Account (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1989), 53.
29 Shultz, Turmoil and Triumph, 765.
30 U.S. and Soviet Meeting Notes, October 12, 1986, National Security Archive.
31 Ibid.
32 Shultz, Turmoil and Triumph, 766.
33 Reagan, An American Life, 677.
34 U.S. and Soviet Meeting Notes, October 12, 1986, National Security Archive.
35 Soviet Meeting Notes, October 12, 1986, National Security Archive.
36 Ibid.
37 Matlock, Reagan and Gorbachev, 224.
38 Oberdorfer, From the Cold War to a New Era, 196.
39 Ibid., 197.
40 Shultz, Turmoil and Triumph, 768.
41 Oberdorfer, From the Cold War to a New Era, 199.
42 Matlock, Reagan and Gorbachev, 228.
43 William C. Wohlforth, Witnesses to the End of the Cold War (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), 179.
44 Gorbachev, Memoirs, 418.
45 Soviet Meeting Notes, October 12, 1986, National Security Archive.
46 U.S. and Soviet Meeting Notes, October 12, 1986, National Security Archive.
47 Ibid.
48 Shultz, Turmoil and Triumph, 772.
49 U.S. and Soviet Meeting Notes, October 12, 1986, National Security Archive.
50 Oberdorfer, From the Cold War to a New Era, 201.
51 Matlock, Reagan and Gorbachev, 232.
52 Donald T. Regan, For the Record: From Wall Street to Washington (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1988), 349-350.
53 Peter Schweizer, Victory: The Reagan Administration’s Secret Strategy That Hastened the Collapse of the Soviet Union (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1994), 276.
54 Soviet Meeting Notes, October 12, 1986, National Security Archive.
55 U.S. and Soviet Meeting Notes, October 12, 1986, National Security Archive.
56 Ibid.
57 Oberdorfer, From the Cold War to a New Era, 203.
58 Shultz, Turmoil and Triumph, 768.
59 Soviet Meeting Notes, October 12, 1986, National Security Archive.
60 Ibid.
61 Reagan, An American Life, 678.
62 Ibid., 677.
63 Shultz, Turmoil and Triumph, 770.
64 Regan, For the Record, 348.
65 U.S. and Soviet Meeting Notes, October 12, 1986, National Security Archive.
66 Shultz, Turmoil and Triumph, 765.
67 Reagan, An American Life, 677.
68 Shultz, Turmoil and Triumph, 771.
69 U.S. and Soviet Meeting Notes, October 12, 1986, National Security Archive.
70 Oberdorfer, From the Cold War to a New Era, 203.
71 Oberdorfer, From the Cold War to a New Era, 203-204; also U.S. and Soviet Meeting Notes, October 12, 1986, National Security Archive.
72 U.S. and Soviet Meeting Notes, October 12, 1986, National Security Archive.
73 Matlock, Reagan and Gorbachev, 234.
74 Shultz, Turmoil and Triumph, 772.
75 Matlock, Reagan and Gorbachev, 235.
76 U.S. and Soviet Meeting Notes, October 12, 1986, National Security Archive.
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