11 Roy Jenkins, Gladstone (London: Pan, 2002), p. 102.
12 See Gladstone’s Diaries, 4–5/6/57; 4–6/7/57; 4–6/6/59; 13–14/8/59.
13 Gladstone’s Diaries: 4/6/59; 13/8/59.
14 B. Coleman, ‘1841–46’, in How Tory Governments Fall: the Tory party in power since 1783 (London: Fontana, 1996), pp. 135–6.
15 Jenkins, Gladstone, p. 204.
16 Quoted in Jenkins, Gladstone, p. 228.
17 Sutherland to Gladstone, BL Add MS 44325, fols. 33–4.
18 Sutherland to Gladstone, BL Add MS 44325, fol. 66.
19 Journals of Queen Victoria, Wednesday 27 February 1861 [Princess Beatrice’s copies, vol. 50, p. 45].
20 Sutherland to Gladstone, BL Add MS 44325, fols. 84–8.
21 Sutherland to Gladstone, BL Add MS 44325, fols. 237–8.
22 Ronald Gower, quoted in Crathorne, Cliveden, p. 97.
23 Journals of Queen Victoria, Monday 6 May 1861 [Princess Beatrice’s copies, vol. 50, pp. 118–19].
11. AN INDEPENDENT WIDOW
1 Sutherland to Gladstone, 16 April 1861, BL Add MS 44325, fol. 105.
2 Cliveden Guest Books, BR D158/3.
3 Sutherland to Gladstone, 5 May 1861, BL Add MS 44325, fol. 119.
4 Sutherland to Gladstone, 25 May 1861, BL Add MS 44325, fol. 137.
5 Sutherland to Gladstone, 8 July 1861, BL Add MS 44325, fol. 172.
6 Sutherland to Gladstone, 11 July 1861, BL Add MS 44325, fol. 177.
7 Sutherland to Gladstone, 20 July 1861, BL Add MS 44325, fol. 179.
8 Sutherland to Gladstone, BL Add MS 44325, fol. 221.
9 Quoted in Christopher Hibbert, ed., Queen Victoria in her Letters and Journals (London: Murray, 1984), p. 156.
10 Sutherland to Gladstone, 17 December 1861, BL Add MS 44325, fols. 266–73.
11 Sutherland to Gladstone, BL Add MS 44325, fol. 24.
12 Sutherland to Gladstone, 3 March 1862, BL Add MS 44326, fols. 68–9.
13 Gladstone, Diary, Monday 5 May 1862.
14 Ibid., 2–5 May 1862.
15 See, for instance, Gladstone, Diary, 14 January 1862 and 20 January 1862.
16 Sutherland to Gladstone, 3 April [1862], BL Add MS 44326, fols. 90–91.
17 Sutherland to Gladstone, BL Add MS 44326, fols. 88–9; 90–1; 109–10.
18 Sutherland to Gladstone, BL Add MS 44326, fols. 44–5.
19 Aldous, The Lion and the Unicorn, pp. 137–8.
12. GARIBALDI-MANIA
1 Sutherland to Gladstone, 13 March 1864, BL Add MS 44328, fol. 15.
2 Sutherland to Gladstone, BL Add MS 44325, fols. 33–4.
3 D. M. Schreuder, ‘Gladstone and Italian Unification, 1848–70: the Making of a Liberal?’ English Historical Review, 85/366(1970), p. 478.
4 Sutherland to Gladstone, BL Add MS 44324, fol. 91.
5 Sutherland to Gladstone, BL Add MS 44324, fol. 96.
6 Lucy Riall, Garibaldi: Invention of a Hero (Yale University Press, 2007), pp. 330–442.
7 Quoted in Riall, Garibaldi, pp. 330–1.
8 Maura O’Connor, The Romance of Italy and the English Political Imagination (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1988), p. 172.
9 Earl of Malmesbury, Memoirs of an Ex-Minister (London, 1885), pp. 593–4.
10 The Economist, 26 June 1886, quoted in Ruth Dudley Edwards, The Pursuit of Reason: ‘The Economist’ 1843–1993 (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1993), p. 378.
11 Norfolk Chronicle, Saturday 30 April 1864.
12 Leeds Mercury, Monday 25 April 1864.
13 Quoted in Riall, Garibaldi, p. 340.
14 Quoted in Riall, Garibaldi, p. 340.
15 Journals of Queen Victoria, Tuesday 12 April 1864 [Princess Beatrice’s copies, vol. 53, p. 157]; Friday 22 April 1864 [Princess Beatrice’s copies, vol. 53, p. 166].
16 Sutherland to Gladstone, BL Add MS 44328, fols. 70–1.
17 Journals of Queen Victoria, Sunday 10 July 1864 [Princess Beatrice’s copies, vol. 53, pp. 270–1].
18 Queen Victoria to her daughter, quoted in Riall, Garibaldi, p. 339.
19 Virginia Berridge and Griffith Edwards, Opium and the People: Opiate Use in Nineteenth-Century England (Allen Lane/St. Martin’s Press, 1981), p. 24.
20 Ibid., p. 65.
21 Harriet Sutherland to Catherine Gladstone, 24 November, Glynne Gladstone Manuscripts 803, Flintshire Record Office.
22 BL Add MS 44328, fols. 170–3.
23 Gower, My Reminiscences, vol. 1, p. 165.
24 Ibid., vol. 1, p. 186.
25 Sutherland to Gladstone, BL Add MS 44329, fol. 98.
26 Sutherland to Gladstone, 4 June 1866, BL Add MS 44329, fols. 91–2.
13. THE PUSHING STICK
1 Journals of Queen Victoria, Sunday 13 May 1866.
2 Western Daily Press, Monday 28 May 1866.
3 Quoted in Crathorne, Cliveden, p. 113.
4 Sutherland to Gladstone, BL Add MS 44329, fols. 82–3.
5 Sutherland to Gladstone, BL Add MS 44328, fols. 250–1.
6 Journals of Queen Victoria, Tuesday 12 November 1867, Windsor Castle [Princess Beatrice’s copies, vol. 56, p. 295].
7 Sutherland to Gladstone, BL Add MS 44329, fols. 87–8.
8 Crathorne, Cliveden, pp. 99–103.
9 Gower, My Reminiscences, vol. 1, p. 20.
10 Ibid., vol. 1, p. 270.
11 Journals of Queen Victoria, Tuesday 27 October 1868 [Princess Beatrice’s copies, vol. 57, pp. 310–11].
12 Foot and Matthew, Gladstone Diaries, 28 October 1868, vol. 6, p. 632.
13 Ibid., 3 November 1868.
14 Quoted in Crathorne, Cliveden, p. 118.
PART V
1. THE CHRONICLES OF CLIVEDEN
1 James Fox, The Langhorne Sisters (London: Granta, 1998), p. 259; Nancy Astor, Astor Story (unpublished autobiography), p. 122, URSC Nancy Astor Papers (hereafter ‘Astor’) MS 1416 1/6/86.
2 Fox, The Langhorne Sisters, p. 239.
3 Ibid., p. 259.
4 John H. Plumridge, Hospital Ships and Ambulance Trains (London: Seeley, Service & Co., 1975), p. 105.
5 Reading Mercury, 23 January 1915; The Times, 10 March 1915.
6 ‘Emergency Military Hospital Construction’, Building News, 17 (November 1915), p. 554; Harriet Richardson, ed., English Hospitals 1660–1948: A Survey of their Architecture and Design (Swindon: Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England, 1998), p. 99.
7 The Times, 30 March 1915.
8 Fox, Langhorne Sisters, p. 240.
9 Christopher Sykes, Nancy: The Life of Lady Astor (St Albans: Granada Publishing, 1979), p. 175.
10 Nancy Astor, Astor Story (unpublished autobiography), p. 131, URSC Astor MS 1416 1/6/86.
11 Nancy Astor, Astor Story, pp. 131–2, NA Papers Reading, MS 1416 1/6/86.
12 Fox, Langhorne Sisters, p. 35.
13 Roy M. Anker, Self-Help and Popular Religion in Modern American Culture (London: Greenwood Press, 1999), p. 39; Baker Eddy quoted in Fox, Langhorne Sisters, p. 219.
14 Nancy Astor, Astor Story, p. 13, URSC Astor MS 1416 1/6/86.
15 Fox, Langhorne Sisters, pp. 158–9.
16 Quoted in Fox, Langhorne Sisters, p. 166.
17 Fox, Langhorne Sisters, p. 241.
18 Ibid., p. 242.
19 Quoted in Fox, Langhorne Sisters, p. 243.
20 Nancy to Phyllis, 12 November 1914, Nancy Astor Papers, University of Reading Special Collections, MS 2422/3.
21 Quoted in Fox, Langhorne Sisters, p. 252.
22 Quoted in Fox, Langhorne Sisters, p. 254.
23 Quoted in Fox, Langhorne Sisters, p. 256.
24 Nancy Astor, Astor Story, p. 129.
25 URSC Astor MS 1416/1/2/653, First World War Soldiers B2 1914–1921, Bell.
26 ‘Ward Notes’, Chronicles of Cliveden, 1:10 (1917), p. 6.
27 Fox, Langhorne Sisters, p. 240.
28 Sykes, Nancy, p. 176. The Women’s Land Army (WLA) operated during the First and Second World Wars, providing female ag
ricultural labourers to replace the men who had been called up to fight. Women who worked in the WLA were known as Land Girls.
29 Sykes, Nancy, p. 178.
30 Viscount Cranbourne to Nancy Astor, 27 February 1915, URSC Astor MS 1416 1/2/16 (1915, A–C).
31 Viscount Cranborne to Nancy Astor, 26 April 1915, URSC Astor MS 1416 1/2/16 (1915, A–C).
32 Fox, Langhorne Sisters, pp. 274–5.
33 [Nancy Astor Interview], BBC Radio 1962 (Interviewer: Kenneth Harris), BL Sound Archive.
34 E. Pankhurst to Mrs Waldorf Astor, 14 July 1915, URSC Astor MS 1416 1/2/18 (1915, M-Z).
35 E. Pankhurst to Nancy Astor, 4 July 1915, URSC Astor MS 1416 1/2/18 (1915, M-Z).
36 E. Pankhurst to Nancy Astor, 10 May 1915, URSC Astor MS 1416 1/2/18 (1915, M-Z).
37 ‘Viscountess Nancy Astor interviewed’ BBC Radio 1954 (Interviewer: Stephen Black), BL Sound Archive; E. Pankhurst to Nancy Astor, 26 March 1915, URSC Astor MS 1416 1/2/18 (1915, M-Z).
38 Adrian Fort, Nancy: The Story of Lady Astor (London: Vintage, 2013), p. 155.
39 Justin Kaplan, When the Astors Owned New York: Blue Bloods and Grand Hotels in a Gilded Age (New York: Plume, 2007), pp. 52–3.
40 Quoted in Sykes, Nancy, p. 199.
41 Nancy Astor to Jimmy Boyden, 19 November 1919, URSC Astor MS 1416/1/2/653, First World War Soldiers B2 1914–1921.
2. THE THRILL OF THE CHASE
1 Quoted in James Fox, Five Sisters: The Langhornes of Virginia (Simon & Schuster, 2000), p. 51.
2 Fox, Langhorne Sisters, p. 54.
3 Quoted in Fox, Langhorne Sisters, p. 55.
4 Quoted in Fort, Nancy, p. 41.
5 Nancy Astor, Astor Story, quoted in Sykes, Nancy, p. 60.
6 Ray Strachey, Manuscript notes for a life of Nancy Astor, WL 7BSH/5/1/1/1.
7 Quoted in Fort, Nancy, p. 104.
8 Quoted in Fox, Langhorne Sisters, p. 59.
9 Nancy Astor, Astor Story, pp. 55–6, URSC Astor MS 1416 1/6/86.
10 Fox, Langhorne Sisters, p. 66.
11 Nancy Astor, Astor Story, p. 61; p. 65, URSC Astor MS 1416 1/6/86.
12 Ibid., p. 66.
13 Ibid., pp. 66–7.
14 Ibid., p. 68; p. 70.
15 Quoted in Fox, Langhorne Sisters, p. 80.
16 Quoted in Fox, Langhorne Sisters, pp. 86–7.
17 Quoted in Fox, Langhorne Sisters, p. 87.
3. THERE’S NO PLACE LIKE HOME
1 Fort, Nancy, p. 84.
2 See Jackson-Stops, ‘The Cliveden Album’, p. 5.
3 Nancy Astor, Astor Story, p. 77, URSC Astor MS 1416 1/6/86.
4 Ibid., pp. 77–8.
5 Nancy to Phyllis, 25 April 1907, URSC Astor MS 2422/1.
6 Quoted in Fort, Nancy, p. 88.
7 Quoted in Fort, Nancy, p. 106.
8 Quoted in Fox, Five Sisters, p. 97.
9 Nancy’s diary, 1907, URSC Astor MS 1416 1/6/77.
10 Quoted in Fox, Langhorne Sisters, p. 100.
11 Quoted in Fox, Langhorne Sisters, p. 97.
12 Quoted in Fox, Langhorne Sisters, p. 105.
13 Nancy to Phyllis, 28 August, URSC Astor MS 2422/3.
14 Quoted in Fox, Five Sisters, p. 94.
15 Nancy to Phyllis, 23 July 1908, URSC Astor MS 2422/1; quoted in Fox, Langhorne Sisters, pp. 103–4.
16 Fort, Nancy, p. 109–10.
17 See Letter to Nancy Astor, 1 July 1932, URSC Astor MS 1416 1/6/110.
18 Nancy Astor, Astor Story, URSC Astor MS 1416 1/6/86.
19 Cliveden payroll notes, BR D158/49.
20 Nancy Astor, Astor Story, p. 79, URSC Astor MS 1416 1/6/86.
21 Rose Harrison, Gentlemen’s Gentlemen: My Friends in Service (London: Arlington Press, 1976), p. 142.
22 Fox, Langhorne Sisters, p. 120.
23 Quoted in Fox, Langhorne Sisters, p. 128.
24 Quoted in Fox, Langhorne Sisters, pg. 131.
25 Nancy to Phyllis, undated, NA Papers Reading, MS 2422/3.
26 Quoted in Norman Rose, The Cliveden Set: Portrait of an Exclusive Fraternity (London: Pimlico, 2001), p. 84.
27 Daisy, Princess of Pless, My Diary, entry for 24 July 1909; quoted in Fort, Nancy, p. 120.
28 Nancy’s diary, Tuesday 11 January 1910, URSC Astor MS 1416 1/6/78; quoted in Fox, Langhorne Sisters, p. 148.
29 Quoted in Fort, Nancy, p. 115.
30 Nancy Astor, Astor Story, p. 88, URSC Astor MS 1416 1/6/86.
31 See URSC Astor MS 1416 1/6/87, for Nancy’s account of her involvement in Waldorf’s election campaign.
4. LIFE AMONG THE RUINS
1 Leo Amery, The Times History of the War in South Africa (1900) vol. 6, p. 147; see also Walter Nimocks, Milner’s Young Men: The ‘Kindergarten in Edwardian Imperial Affairs (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1970).
2 Quoted in Sykes, Nancy, p. 106.
3 Michael Astor, Tribal Feeling (London: John Murray, 1964), p. 54.
4 Quoted in Fox, Langhorne Sisters, p. 224.
5 Quoted in Fox, Langhorne Sisters, p. 225.
6 Quoted in Fox, Langhorne Sisters, p. 226.
7 Fox, Langhorne Sisters, p. 190.
8 Quoted in Fox, Langhorne Sisters, pp. 190–1.
9 Quoted in Fox, Langhorne Sisters, p. 198.
10 Quoted in Robert Skidelsky,/oÆ» Maynard Keynes: Hopes Betrayed, 1883–1920 (London: Macmillan, 1983), pp. 370–1.
11 Correspondence between Philip Kerr and Nancy Astor, URSC Astor MS 1416 1/4/49.
12 Quoted in Fort, Nancy, p. 160.
13 Quoted in Fort, Nancy, p. 159.
14 Harrison, Gentlemen’s Gentlemen, p. 141.
15 Quoted in Karen J. Musolf, From Plymouth to Parliament: A Rhetorical History of Nancy Astor’s 1919 Campaign (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1999), p. 20.
5. ‘A LADY FOR PARLIAMENT’
1 Marquess of Salisbury to Nancy Astor, URSC Astor MS 1416 1/2/28.
2 Quoted in Fort, Nancy, p. 161.
3 Quoted in Sykes, Nancy, p. 220.
4 Musolf, From Plymouth to Parliament, p. 35.
5 Quoted in Fort, Nancy, p. 164.
6 Quoted in Sykes, Nancy, p. 221.
7 [Nancy Astor Interview], BL Sound Archive.
8 Nancy frequently encouraged women to ‘keep men in their place’, or to ‘keep the men down’. See, for example, Anna Louise Strong, ‘Moscow News’, 23 July 1931, in URSC Astor MS 1416/2/1, and [Lady Astor Interview], BL Sound Archive.
9 Quoted in Musolf, From Plymouth to Parliament, pp. 42–3.
10 Musolf, From Plymouth to Parliament, p. 45.
11 Barbara Strachey, Remarkable Relations: The Story of the Pearsall Smith Family (London: Victor Gollancz, 1980), p. 287.
12 Quoted in Sykes, Nancy, p. 225.
13 Quoted in Fox, Langhorne Sisters, p. 318.
14 Quoted in Fort, Nancy, p. 167.
15 Martin Pugh, ‘Astor, Nancy Witcher, Viscountess Astor (1879–1964)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2011, accessed 3 Nov 2014).
16 Ray Strachey, Manuscript notes for a life of Lady Astor, WL 7BSH/5/1/1/1.
17 Ibid.
18 Quoted in Sykes, Nancy, p. 236.
6. ‘A RATTLESNAKE IN THE HOUSE’
1 For Nancy’s maiden speech, see Hansard, HC Deb 24 February 1920 vol. 125, cc.1623–1632.
2 Diary of Sir Robert Sanders, Sunday 29 February 1920, BoL Special Collections, Dep. d. 752. Quoted in Fort, Nancy, p. 178.
3 Strachey, Remarkable Relations, p. 287.
4 [Nancy Astor Interview], BL Sound Archive.
5 Nancy often recounted this story: see, for example, [Nancy Astor Interview], BL Sound Archive.
6 Fort, Nancy, p. 180.
7 See Sykes, Nancy, pp. 253–4.
8 Manuscript notes for a life of Lady Astor, WL 7BSH5/1/1/1.
9 Quoted in Fort, Nancy, p. 181.
10 ‘Lady Astor at lunch, Feb. 15 1939’, Manuscript notes for a life of Lady Astor, WL 7BSH/5/1/1/1.
11 Con
an Doyle quoted in Sykes, Nancy, p. 252; Fox, Langhorne Sisters, p. 321.
12 Fox, Langhorne Sisters, p. 321.
13 ‘Viscountess Nancy Astor Interviewed’, BL Sound Archive.
14 Manuscript notes for a life of Lady Astor, The Women’s Library @ LSE, 7BSH/5/1/1/1.
15 ‘Viscountess Nancy Astor interviewed’, BL Sound Archive.
16 Sykes, Nancy, p. 266.
17 ‘Second Woman M.P.’, The Times, Saturday 24 September 1921, p. 8.
18 Margaret Wintringham to Nancy Astor, 27 September 1921, Nancy Astor Papers, University of Reading Special Collections, MS 1416 1/2/2.
19 Quoted in Fox, Five Sisters, p. 291.
20 Quoted in Fort, Nancy, p. 184.
7. THE DOMESTIC DESPOT
1 Astor, Tribal Feeling, p. 68.
2 ‘Viscountess Nancy Astor interviewed’, BL Sound Archive.
3 Quoted in Fort, Nancy, p. 215.
4 Quoted in Fort, Nancy, p. 114–5.
5 Harrison, Gentlemen’s Gentlemen, p. 133.
6 Astor, Tribal Feeling, p. 68.
7 ‘Viscountess Nancy Astor interviewed’, BL Sound Archive.
8 Rose Harrison, The Lady’s Maid: My Life in Service (London: Ebury Press, 2011), p. 114.
9 Quoted in Fox, Langhorne Sisters, p. 385.
10 Wissie to Nancy, 1928, Nancy Astor Papers, University of Reading Special Collections, MS 1416 1/3/27.
11 Nancy to Bill, 21 October 1929, NA Papers Reading, MS 1416 1/3/27.
12 Harrison, The Lady’s Maid, p. 326.
13 John Grigg, Nancy Astor: Portrait of a Pioneer (London: Sidgwick and Jackson, 1980), p. 128.
14 Bob Brand to Phyllis, NA Papers Reading, MS 2422/8.
15 Harrison, The Lady’s Maid: My Life in Service, p. 133.
16 Ibid., p. 134.
17 Ibid.
8. CONVICTIONS
1 Quoted in Fox, Langhorne Sisters, p. 424.
2 Quoted in Fox, Langhorne Sisters, p. 427.
3 Quoted in Fox, Langhorne Sisters, p. 428.
4 Eugene Lyons, Assignment in Utopia (London: G. G. Harrap & Co., 1938), p. 429.
5 Waldorf Astor’s diary, URSC Astor MS 1416/2/2.
6 Lyons, Assignment in Utopia, pp. 431–2; Waldorf Astor’s diary, 23 July 1931, URSC Astor MS 1416/2/2.
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