5 Hervey, ed. Croker, vol. 3, p. 303.
6 Ibid., vol. 3, p. 308.
7 Hervey, ed. Sedgwick, vol. 3, p. 896.
8 Quoted in Thompson, George II, p. 124.
9 Roberts, Egmont Diary, pp. 458–9.
10 Quoted in Walters, The Royal Griffin, p. 171.
11 Paul S. Fritz, ‘The Trade in Death: the Royal Funerals in England, 1685–1830’, Eighteenth Century Studies, 15:3 (1982), p. 310.
12 Vivian, A Life, p. 304.
13 London Evening Post, 25 October 1737; London Evening Post, 28 January 1738.
14 London Evening Post, 25 March 1738.
15 Read’s Weekly Journal or British Gazetteer, 22 July 1738.
16 Common Sense or The Englishman’s Journal, 5 August 1738.
17 Quoted in Worsley, Courtiers, p. 306.
18 Vivian, A Life, p. 316.
19 Ibid.
20 Lady Mary Wortley Montagu to Sarah Chiswell, Letters of Lady Mary Wortley Montague, written during her travels in Europe, Asia and Africa (Paris, 1822), pp. 109–10.
21 Donald R. Hopkins, The Greatest Killer: Smallpox in History (University of Chicago Press, 1983), pp. 47–50.
22 Veronica Baker-Smith, Royal Discord: The Family of George II (London: Athena Press, 2008), p. 129.
6. THE CHARMS OF SYLVIA
1 Frederick, Prince of Wales, ‘The Charms of Sylvia’, in Walpole, Memoirs of George II, vol. 3, p. 145; quoted in John L. Bullion, “‘George, Be a King!”: The Relationship between Princess Augusta and George III, in Stephen Taylor, ed., Hanoverian Britain and Empire (Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 1998), p. 180.
2 Vivian, A Life, p. 308.
3 Ibid., p. 307.
4 Ibid., p. 323.
5 Walters, The Royal Griffin, pp. 206–7.
6 David Coombs, ‘The Garden at Carlton House of Frederick Prince of Wales and Augusta Princess Dowager of Wales. Bills in Their Household Accounts 1728 to 1772’, Garden History, 25/2 (1997), pp. 158–9.
7 Ibid., p. 153.
8 Vivian, A Life, pp. 271–2.
9 Cliveden, Buckinghamshire (National Trust, 1998), p. 18.
10 Vivian, A Life, pp. 271–2.
11 Kimerly Rorschach, ‘Frederick, Prince of Wales (1701–51), As Collector and Patron’, The Volume of the Walpole Society 55 (1989/1990), p. 34.
12 London Evening Post, 5 May 1743.
13 Ibid., 16 September 1740.
14 London Daily Post and General Advertiser, Tuesday 29 November 1743.
15 Vivian, A Life, p. 318.
16 Ibid., p. 320.
17 The Diary of George Bubb Dodington (London, 1828), 12 November 1749.
18 Quoted in Worsley, Courtiers, p. 306.
19 Aubrey N. Newman, ed., ‘Leicester House Politics, 1750–60, from the papers of John, Second Earl of Egmont’, in Camden Miscellany, 23/7 (London: Royal Historical Society, 1969), p. 195.
20 Walpole, Memoirs of George II, vol. 1, p. 50.
21 Quoted in Worsley, Courtiers, p. 307.
22 Thompson, George II, p. 208.
23 Ibid.
7. FALL
1 Walpole, Memoirs of George II, vol. 1, pp. 54–5.
2 Newman, ‘Leicester House Politics’, pp. 198–9.
3 Walpole, Memoirs of George II vol. 1, pp. 54–5.
4 Ibid., vol. 1, p. 55.
5 John Bullion, ‘Augusta, Princess of Wales (1719–1772)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2009).
6 Read’s Weekly Journal or British Gazetteer, 27 April 1751.
7 Walpole, Memoirs of George II, vol. 2, pp. 150–1.
8 Bullion, ‘Augusta’.
9 ‘Vice triumphant over virtue, or Britannia hard rode’, 1 August 1771, British Museum Satires 4877.
10 ‘The excursion to Cain Wood’, 1771, British Museum Satires 4885.
11 Bullion, ‘Augusta’.
12 Quoted in ibid.
13 Daily Advertiser, Tuesday 11 February 1772.
8. ‘A SITE OF RUIN’
1 Edward Gibbon, My Journal, ed. D. M. Low (London: Chatto & Windus, 1929), pp. 61–2.
2 General Advertiser, 3 October 1749.
3 Gazetteer and New Daily Advertiser, Thursday 3 October 1765.
4 St. James’s Chronicle or the British Evening Post, 16–18 August 1764.
5 London Evening Post, 21–4 February 1778.
6 St. James’s Chronicle or the British Evening Post, 16–19 May 1778.
7 London Packet or New Lloyd’s Evening Post, 24–6 July 1780.
8 The Gentleman’s Magazine, 102:1 (1832), p. 79.
9 St. James’s Chronicle or the British Evening Post, 9–11 September 1779.
10 Nigel Aston, ‘Petty and Fitzmaurice: Lord Shelburne and his brother’, in Nigel Aston and Clarissa Campbell Orr, ed., An Enlightenment Statesman in Whig Britain (Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 2011), pp. 40–1.
11 Lloyd’s Evening Post, 22–5 May 1795.
12 Ibid.
13 Star, Saturday 23 May 1795.
14 Lloyd’s Evening Post, 22–5 May 1795.
15 Emily J. Climenson, ed., Passages from the Diaries of Mrs. Philip Lybbe Powys (London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1899), pp. 284–5.
16 Crathorne, Cliveden, p. 71.
17 Ibid.
18 Charles Knight, Passages of a Worthing Life during Half a Century: with a Prelude of Early Reminiscences, 3 vols. (London: Bradbury and Evans, 1864–5), vol. 1, pp. 91–2.
PART IV
1. ‘GOODBYE, CASTLE HOWARD!’
1 Walpole and Macaulay both quoted in Pevsner, Yorkshire: The North Riding (London: Penguin, 1966), pp. 112–13.
2 Quoted in Maud Leconfield and John Gore, eds., Three Howard Sisters: Selections from the writings of Lady Caroline Lascelles, Lady Dover and Countess Gower 1825–1833 (London: John Murray, 1955), p. 3.
3 Georgiana, quoted in ibid., p. 14.
4 See Leconfield, Three Howard Sisters p. 38.
5 Leconfield, Three Howard Sisters, p. 39.
6 Lady Cavendish, quoted in Leconfield, Three Howard Sisters, pp. 15–16.
7 Peter Mandler, Aristocratic Government in the Age of Reform: Whigs and Liberals, 1830–1852 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990), p. 52.
8 Leconfield and Gore, Three Howard Sisters, pp. 18–30.
9 George, quoted in Leconfield, Three Howard Sisters, p. 21.
10 Lady Granville, quoted in Leconfield, Three Howard Sisters, p. 31.
11 Ibid.
12 Morning Post, Thursday 29 May 1823.
13 Hampshire Chronicle, Monday 12 May 1823.
14 Caledonian Mercury, Saturday 14 June 1823.
15 Ibid.
16 York Herald, Saturday 31 May 1823.
2. REFORM AND REVOLUTION
1 Lady Granville, quoted in Leconfield and Gore, Three Howard Sisters, p. 33.
2 Quoted in Leconfield, Three Howard Sisters, p. 33.
3 Quoted in Leconfield, Three Howard Sisters, pp. 34–5, p. 37.
4 Quoted in Leconfield, Three Howard Sisters, pp. 41–2.
5 Quoted in Leconfield, Three Howard Sisters, p. 43.
6 Quoted in Leconfield, Three Howard Sisters, p. 47.
7 Quoted in Leconfield, Three Howard Sisters, p. 68, p. 186.
8 Quoted in Leconfield, Three Howard Sisters, p. 80.
9 Quoted in Leconfield, Three Howard Sisters, p. 80, p. 81.
10 Quoted in Leconfield, Three Howard Sisters, pp. 130–1.
11 W. D. Rubenstein, Britain’s Century: A Political and Social History (London: Arnold, 1998), p. 31.
12 Quoted in Leconfield, Three Howard Sisters, p. 150, p. 152.
13 Ibid., p. 143.
14 The following is summarised from a report in the Spectator, 18 September 1830.
15 The Spectator, 18 September 1830.
3. FEAR IN A TIME OF CHOLERA
1 Harriet, quoted in Leconfield, Three Howard Sisters, p. 157.
2 Harriet, quoted in Leconfield, Three Howard Sis
ters, p. 171.
3 Rubenstein, Britain’s Century, p. 32.
4 Harriet, 7 November 1830, quoted in Leconfield, Three Howard Sisters, p. 156.
5 Harriet, 6 March 1831, quoted in Leconfield, Three Howard Sisters, p. 191.
6 Harriet, quoted in Leconfield, Three Howard Sisters, pp. 212–3.
7 Harriet, quoted in Leconfield, Three Howard Sisters, pp. 212–13.
8 Harriet, 15 November 1830, quoted in Leconfield, Three Howard Sisters, p. 161.
9 Harriet, 17 November 1831, quoted in Leconfield, Three Howard Sisters, p. 216.
10 Harriet, 10 August 1830, quoted in Leconfield, Three Howard Sisters, pp. 135–6;
11 Harriet, 4 January 1832, quoted in Leconfield, Three Howard Sisters, p. 233.
4. NORTH AND SOUTH
1 Harriet, 26 July 1832, quoted in Leconfield, Three Howard Sisters, p. 235.
2 Harriet, quoted in Leconfield, Three Howard Sisters, p. 236.
3 Christopher Hamlin, Cholera: the biography (Oxford University Press, 2009), p. 158.
4 For the Highland clearances, see Eric Richards, The Highland Clearances: people, landlords and rural turmoil (Edinburgh: Birlinn, 2000); Eric Richards, A History of the Highland Clearances: agrarian transformation and the evictions 1746–1886 (London: Croom Helm, 1982).
5 See R. W. Chapman, ed., Johnson’s Journey to the Western Isles of Scotland and Boswell’s Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides with Samuel Johnson (Oxford, 1924).
6 Quoted in Richards, The Highland Clearances, p. 151.
7 Harriet, 18 Mary 1825, quoted in Leconfield, Three Howard Sisters, p. 44.
8 Harriet, quoted in Leconfield, Three Howard Sisters, p. 238.
9 Harriet, quoted in Leconfield, Three Howard Sisters, p. 239.
10 Harriet, quoted in Leconfield, Three Howard Sisters, p. 238.
11 Harriet, quoted in Leconfield, Three Howard Sisters, pp. 240–3.
12 Jessica Rutherford, A Prince’s Passion: The Life of the Royal Pavilion (Brighton: The Royal Pavilion, 2003), p. 12.
13 Georgiana, 7 January 1833, quoted in Leconfield, Three Howard Sisters, p. 250.
14 Harriet, 7 January 1833, quoted in Leconfield, Three Howard Sisters, p. 261.
15 Georgiana, 11 January 1833, quoted in Leconfield, Three Howard Sisters, p. 263.
16 Harriet, 7–8 January 1833, quoted in Leconfield, Three Howard Sisters, p. 271.
17 Greville, quoted in Eric Richards, The Leviathan of Wealth: The Sutherland Fortune in the Industrial Revolution (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1973), p. 12.
18 Quoted in Leconfield, Three Howard Sisters, pp. 279–80.
5. ‘A LEVIATHAN OF WEALTH’
1 Ben Weinrib et al., The London Encyclopedia (London: Macmillan, 2008), p. 473.
2 Journals of Queen Victoria, Friday 9 February 1838 [Lord Esher’s typescripts, vol. 4, pp. 92–4] (accessed online at www.queenvictoriasjournals.org).
3 Quoted in Leconfield, Three Howard Sisters, pp. 282–3.
4 Quoted in Leconfield, Three Howard Sisters, p. 203.
5 Spectator, 23 August 1834.
6 Arthur Irwin Dasent, The Story of Stafford House, Now the London Museum (London: John Murray, 1921), p. 38.
7 Quoted in Leconfield, Three Howard Sisters, p. 282.
8 George to his mother, quoted in Dasent, The Story of Stafford House, pp. 41–2.
9 Quoted in Jeremy Paxman, The Victorians: Britain Through the Paintings of the Age (London: BBC Books, 2010), p. 146.
10 Lawrence Stone, The Road to Divorce: England 1530–1987 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1990), p. 363.
11 Caroline Norton, The Dream, and Other Poems (London: Henry Colburn, 1840).
12 Diane Atkinson, The Criminal Conversation of Mrs Norton (London: Preface, 2012), pp. 300–1.
13 Journals of Queen Victoria, 1 July 1836; 9 July 1836; 27 April 1837.
14 Ibid., Monday 26 June 1837 [Lord Esher’s typescripts, vol. 3, p. 72].
15 K. D. Reynolds, Aristocratic Women and Political Society in Victorian Britain (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998), pp. 205–7.
16 Quoted in Stanley Weintraub, Victoria (London: John Murray, 1996), p. 123.
17 Helen Rappaport, Queen Victoria: A biographical companion (Oxford: ABC-Clio, 2001), p. 247.
18 Journals of Queen Victoria, 23 December 1837.
19 Ibid., 18 August 1839.
20 Ibid., Thursday 26 December 1839 [Lord Esher’s typescripts, vol. 13, pp. 182–3].
6. CRISIS IN THE BEDCHAMBER
1 Journals of Queen Victoria, Tuesday 7 May 1839 [Lord Esher’s typescripts, vol. 10, p. 164].
2 Ibid., Wednesday 8 May 1839 [Lord Esher’s typescripts, vol. 10, p. 179].
3 K. Clark, Peel and the Conservative Party, 1832–1841 (London: Frank Cass & Co., 1964), p. 21; R. Livingstone Schuyler, ‘The Life and Personality of Benjamin Disraeli. Review’, Political Science Quarterly (1953): 295; D. Thompson, Queen Victoria. Gender and Power (London: Virago, 1990), p. 30.
4 Journals of Queen Victoria, Thursday 9 May 1839 [Lord Esher’s typescripts, vol. 10, p. 183].
5 John Doyle, ‘Taking of Chusan’, NMM HB Sketches No. 667.
6 Elizabeth Longford, Victoria R.I. (London: Pan, 1983), p. 114.
7 R. F. Spall, ‘The Bedchamber Crisis and the Hastings Scandal: Moral Politics and the Press at the Beginning of Victoria’s Reign’, Canadian Journal of History, 22/1 (1987), p. 27.
8 Ibid., pp. 37–8.
9 Journals of Queen Victoria, Wednesday 19 June 1839 [Lord Esher’s typescripts, vol. 11, p. 75].
10 Ibid., Thursday 22 August 1839 [Lord Esher’s typescripts, vol. 12, p. 70].
11 Ibid., Friday 11 October 1839 [Lord Esher’s typescripts, vol. 12, p. 275].
12 Ibid., Saturday 28 August 1841 [Princess Beatrice’s copies, vol. 12, p. 115].
13 Ibid., Thursday 2 July 1846 [Princess Beatrice’s copies, vol. 22, p. 3].
14 Ibid., Sunday 20 May 1849 [Princess Beatrice’s copies, vol. 27, p. 180].
7. A MARRIAGE, A DEATH AND A BLAZE
1 BR D92 18–33.
2 Gower, My Reminiscences, vol. 1, p. 11.
3 ‘An Inventory of the Effects of Cliefden House, Maidenhead, Berkshire’, BR.
8. A RESURRECTION
1 Gower, My Reminiscences, vol. 1, p. 38.
2 Ibid., vol. 1, p. 29.
3 Ibid., vol. 1, p. 13.
4 Ibid.
5 Charles Barry to Harriet, 12 June 1850, SR D593/P/20.
6 Cliveden Guest Books, BR D158/3.
7 Pamela Sambrook, The Country House Servant (Stroud: Sutton, 1999), p. 193.
8 Cliveden Inventory, SR D6578/14/11.
9 Richards, Leviathan of Wealth, p. 293.
10 Reading Mercury, Saturday 31 July 1858, p. 4.
11 Jeffrey A. Auerbach, The Great Exhibition of 1851: A Nation on Display (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999), p. 9.
12 Labouchere, quoted in Auerbach, The Great Exhibition, p. 26.
13 Journals of Queen Victoria, Thursday 21 February 1850 [Princess Beatrice’s copies, vol. 29, pp. 52–3].
14 The Times, 22 February 1850.
15 Auerbach, The Great Exhibition, p. 66.
16 Ibid., p. 60.
17 John Tallis, Tallis’s History and Description of the Crystal Palace (London, 1851), vol. 1, p. 207.
18 Gower, My Reminiscences, vol. 1, p. 102.
9. ‘THOU HYPOCRITE’
1 The Standard, Monday 29 November 1852.
2 Ibid.; also in The Times of that date.
3 Evelyn L. Pugh, ‘Women and Slavery: Julia Gardiner Tyler and the Duchess of Sutherland’, The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, 88/2 (1980), p. 188.
4 Pugh, Women and Slavery’, p. 188.
5 Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Eighty Years and More (reprint of 1898 edition, New York, 1971), p. 87, referenced in Pugh, ‘Women and Slavery’, p. 188; Reynolds, Aristocratic Women, p. 122.
6 Pugh, ‘Women and Slavery’, p. 186.
7 Quoted in David H
erbert Donald, Charles Sumner and the Coming of the American Civil War (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1994), p. 69.
8 Joan D. Hedrick, Harriet Beecher Stowe: A Life (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), p. 245.
9 George Shepperson, ‘Harriet Beecher Stowe in Scotland, 1852–3’, The Scottish Historical Review, 32/113 (1953), pp. 40–6.
10 Harriet Beecher Stowe, A Reply to ‘The Affectionate and Christian address of many thousands of women of Great Britain and Ireland, to their sisters, the women of the United States of America’ (London: Sampson Low, 1863), p. 4.
11 ‘The Lady Abolitionists’, Spectator XXV (4 December 1852).
12 The Times, 1 December 1852, p. 8.
13 Pugh, ‘Women and Slavery’, p. 191.
14 Ibid., p. 192.
15 Quoted in ibid., p. 194.
16 Quoted in Pugh, ‘Women and Slavery’, p. 194.
17 Boston Post and Richmond Dispatch quoted in Pugh, ‘Women and Slavery’, p. 196.
18 Journals of Queen Victoria, Tuesday 20 April 1854 [Princess Beatrice’s copies, vol. 37, pp. 186–7].
10. ‘WHAT A HOLD A PLACE HAS UPON ONE’
1 Duke of Sutherland to James Loch, quoted in Crathorne, Cliveden, p. 96.
2 Journals of Queen Victoria, Friday 16 August 1839 [Lord Esher’s typescripts, vol. 12, pp. 41–2].
3 Ibid., Saturday 3 April 1858 [Princess Beatrice’s copies, vol. 45, pp. 138–9].
4 Lord Ronald Sutherland Gower, Joan of Arc (London, 1893).
5 Gower, My Reminiscences, vol. 1, pp. 20–3.
6 Journals of Queen Victoria, Saturday 3 April 1858 [Princess Beatrice’s copies, vol. 45, pp. 138–9].
7 Translation from Crathorne, Cliveden, p. 105.
8 Quoted in H. C. G. Matthew, Gladstone, 1809–74 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986), p. 95.
9 M. R. D. Foot and H. C. G. Matthew, eds., The Gladstone Diaries, 22 April 1849, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1974) vol. 4, p. 117; ‘out at all hours… path of danger’ quoted in Richard Aldous, The Lion and the Unicorn: Gladstone vs. Disraeli (London: Pimlico, 2007), p. 53.
10 Foot and Matthew, Gladstone Diaries, 13 May 1848, vol. 4, pp. 35–6.
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