The Emperor's Codes
Page 39
letter frequency, 25, 34
machine ciphers, 3, 34–5, 44, 45–6
maru, 127
Morse, 64, 110, 112, 114; Japanese, 20, 23, 62–4, 110, 114, 115, 118, 123
one-time pad, 82, 168
penetration, 128
Phillips Code, 68
pinches, 35, 78, 174, 194, 253, 256
Portuguese, 3
random-number books, 202
red forms, 27, 30
repeater group/indicator, 175, 176
Romanian, 3
sixes, 69–71
Soviet, 3, 17, 20, 37, 161
Spanish, 3
stripping, 194–207, 210, 221, 235
substitution, 150, 158, 236
Swedish, 3
transposition, 150, 158
twenties, 71
vowel-consonant patterns, 46
Yoxallismus, 220
see also Bedford training course
Cohen, Jon, 120, 121, 145, 146, 147, 195, 196–7, 209
Cold War, 6
Colegrave, Lieutenant-Commander E. H. M., 102–3, 111, 233
Colombo: codebreaking, 6, 106, 107, 119, 124, 125–31, 135, 136, 137, 217, 226, 266, 267, 269; evacuated, 132, 133, 150; evacuation to, 12, 104; return to, 207–16
Colossus computer, 3, 5
Columbia University, 123
Combined Bureau Middle East, 81
Comilla, 232, 242, 245, 247, 248, 249
Commercial Cable Postal Telegraph Company, 16
Committee of Co-ordination, see Y Committee
computers and rapid analytical machinery: Bombes, 76, 220; Colossus, 3, 5; ECM, 151; ENIAC, 5; Hollerith, 93, 105, 107, 195, 209, 210, 214; IBM, 123, 139, 177, 178, 185, 261; punch cards, 82, 123, 178; Rattler, 220
Cooper, Arthur, 102–3, 111, 112
Cooper, Josh, 4, 47, 102, 122
Coral Sea, 134; Battle, 135, 137, 141, 142
Cornwall, HMS, 129, 130
Corregidor, see Cast
Corriere della Sera, 51
Cox (née Marshall), Hettie, 12–13
Cox, John, 12–13
Cox's Bazaar, 249
Creighton, Commander Jack, 82
Curnock, Lieutenant-Commander George, 128–9, 195, 196, 197
Currier, Ensign Prescott, 74–7, 79, 124
Curzon, Lord, 15–16, 19
D-Day, 222–3, 224–5, 226
Dagupan, 266
Daily Express, 236
Daly, Margaret, 238
Darwin, 80, 81, 109, 113, 114, 167, 172, 259
Day, Lance-Corporal Geoff, 10–11, 12, 106, 112–15, 271
de Grey, Barbara, 240
de Grey, Nigel, 57, 171, 240
De Ruyter, RNNS, 109
Delhi, 161–2, 167, 175, 176, 180, 186, 189, 191, 230, 232, 252
Denham, Hugh, 145, 147, 194, 196
Dennis, Lieutenant Jefferson R., 78, 79
Denniston, Commander Alistair, 15, 16, 17–18, 22, 24, 28, 35, 36, 42, 43, 44, 52, 57–8, 74, 77, 92–3, 119
Devonshire, HMS, 104
Dickens, Admiral G. C., 32, 33, 35, 36
direction-finding, 61–2, 84, 93, 94, 102, 106, 108, 116, 123, 173, 174, 198, 207–8, 245
Domville, Rear-Admiral Sir Barry, 28
Doorman, Rear-Admiral Karel, 109
Dorsetshire, HMS, 129, 130
double-envelope, 192
Douglas, 164
D'Oyly Carte, 188
Dreyer, Admiral Sir Frederic, 31, 32
Driscoll, Agnes, 218, 278
Drummond, Sir Eric, 51
Dutch East Indies, 88, 90, 94, 96, 119; see also Room 14
Dyer, 140
E Branch, 174, 261
Eachus, Joe, 150
Eastern Fleet Headquarters, 130
Eastern Telegraph Company, 31, 33
Eastern Wireless Signal Centre, 163–4, 232
ECM machines, 151
Edward II, 14
Edward VIII, 50–1
Edwards, Bob, 172–3
837th Detachment, 166
Electra, HMS, 98
Elmers School, 60, 66, 87, 145
Elsie's Indexes, 189–90
Empress Augusta Bay, 184
English, John, 201–2
ENIAC computer, 5
Enigma, see codes and ciphers: German
Eniwetok, 255
Enterprise, USS, 141
Erskine, Major Hugh S., 261
Esquimault, 79, 199
Examination Unit (Canada), 199
Express, HMS, 98
Fabian, Lieutenant Rudi, 109, 124, 135, 148, 151, 152, 156, 169–70, 171, 182, 197, 198, 212–13, 217
Fabyan, George, 69
Far East Combined Bureau, 10, 12, 36, 40, 43, 44, 54, 56, 60–1, 66, 78, 79, 82, 88, 93–5, 101–2, 152, 156, 162, 176, 197
Feeney, Archie, 13
Feeney (née Gadd), Lillie, 11, 13, 104–5, 129
Fibonacci system, 55, 59
Field, Harry, 201
51 Special Wireless Section, 172, 183
52 Wireless Unit, 95
53 Australian Wireless Section, 262
55 Wireless Section, 172, 173, 174, 184, 185
Figgess, Major John, 163
Fiji, 198
Fillingham, Colonel, 237
Finnegan, Lieutenant-Commander Joe, 139, 140
Finschhafen, 184, 257, 260
Fish, see codes and ciphers: German
fist, 83, 101
5 Wireless Unit (RAAF), 270
Fleet Radio Unit Melbourne, see FRUMEL
Fleet Radio Unit Pacific, see FRUPAC
Fletcher, Donald, 258
Fletcher, Rear Admiral Frank ‘Black Jack’, 135, 136
Flew, Tony, 246–7
Flintham, Gordon, 23, 220
Flowerdown, 63, 118, 145
Flowers, Tommy, 5
Force Z, 98–9, 101
Ford, Dr, 124
‘Foreign Legion’, 265, 266
Formidable, HMS, 132
Formosa, 263
Fort McKinley, 82, 116, 166
Fort Monmouth Cryptanalysis School, 179
Fortitude, Operation, 225
Foss, Alison, 52, 146, 214
Foss, Hugh, 5, 34, 45, 46, 51–2, 118, 145, 146, 201, 214, 220, 221, 278
Four Power Treaty, 28–9
4 Wireless Unit (RAAF), 266, 270, 271
France: battle for (1940), 241; codes, 17, 19, 20; fall of, 158; Four Power Treaty, 28–9; Vichy, 89
French Indochina, 88, 89, 91
Friedman, William F., 3, 47, 68–73, 74, 179
FRUMEL, 148, 152, 155, 156, 169, 170, 171, 174, 181, 182, 183, 185, 194, 197, 198, 199, 212, 218, 226, 253, 264, 277
FRUPAC, 170, 182, 212, 213, 218, 226, 227, 260, 277
Fushimi Hiroyasu, Admiral Prince, 96
Galvanic, Operation, 255
Gamlin, George, 83
Gascoine, Nourma, 110
Gavutu, 157
GCHQ, 5, 278
Germany: Abwehr, 225; Anti-Comintern Pact (1936), 49, 51, 53; Japan and, 48, 49, 86–7, 90, 91, 97, 98, 99; League of Nations, 49; Luftwaffe, 87, 225; Poland, 73; security, 4; Third Reich, 47; Tripartite Pact (1940), 65, 67, 73, 85; War Office, 48; Wehrmacht, 3, 94; see also codes and ciphers
Ghana, 162
GHQ Far East, 12
Gibraltar, 84
Gibson, Robin, 233
Gill, Kirk, 63
Glover, Sergeant Mark, 192
Godfrey, Admiral John, 57, 78, 156
Goering, Hermann, 87
Golombek, Harry, 190–1
Government Code and Cipher School, 1, 4, 5, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 27, 28, 36–7, 38, 40, 41, 43, 46, 50, 51, 52, 55, 57, 58, 60, 81, 120, 122, 149, 152, 171, 218, 226, 238, 278
Grafing, Jack, 274–5
Graves, Hubert, 172
Great Game, 161
‘Great Marianas Turkey Shoot, The’, 260
Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, 95
Griffin, John, 190
Grose, S
ydney, 121
Grotjan, Genevieve, 72
Guadalcanal, 157, 170, 174, 175, 182
Guam, 109, 260, 264
Gulf of Siam, 9, 101
Gurnard, USS, 256
H Branch, 261
Haguro, 267, 268
Hainan, 95, 99
Hall, Peter, 262, 271
Halmahera, 256
Halpin, Major Zach, 178, 261
Halsey, Admiral William F., 184
Hammond, Padre, 172–3
Hansa Bay, 255
Harris-Jones, Sergeant, 202
Harrison, Rex, 9–10
Hart, Elsie, 189–90
Hastings, Captain Edward, 217
Hawaii, see Hypo; FRUPAC; Pearl Harbor
Hawkins, HMS, 22
Hector, HMS, 130
Heliopolis, 81
Hermes, HMS, 129, 130
Hinsley, Harry, 213–14, 217–18
Hirohito, Emperor, 25, 88, 91, 272, 273, 275, 276
Hiroshima, 273, 274
Hiryu, 134, 141
Hitler, Adolf, 2, 47, 48, 53, 55, 86, 87, 90, 91, 97, 98, 99, 106, 223, 225
Hobart-Hampden, Ernest, 17–18, 20, 27, 29, 41, 43
Hollandia, 181, 254, 255, 257, 261, 262, 264
Hollerith tabulating machine, 93, 105, 107, 195, 209, 210, 214
Holmes, Jasper, 138, 139, 183
Holmes, Robert, 256–7
Home Guard, 190
Hong Kong, 22, 36–7, 100; cable traffic, 43, 44; codebreaking, 6, 54, 79, 99–100; fall of, 60, 109
Hooghly River, 245
Hooper, Joe, 238, 245, 246
Hope, Bob, 172
Hope, G. L. N., 57–8
Hordern, ‘Shrimp’, 200
Hornet, USS, 260
Huckins, 140
Hull, Cordell, 97
Humble, Olive, 203–5, 206, 275–6
Humphries, Captain John, 192
111th Signal Radio Intelligence Company, 262, 265, 270
112th Signal Radio Intelligence Company, 262, 266
125th Signal Radio Intelligence Company, 262, 265, 270
126th Signal Radio Intelligence Company, 262, 270
Hungary, 3
Hypo (Pearl Harbor), 6, 95, 96, 106, 108, 109, 123, 124, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 144, 155, 181, 182, 194
I, Operation, 182
I-1, 175
IBM, 123, 139, 177, 178, 185, 261
Imphal, 164, 243, 244, 249
Indaw, 229
indexes, 189–90, 239–40, 275
India, 61, 102, 132, 160–1, 223, 230, 241, 247; Army, 12, 160, 162, 165, 241
Indian Ocean, 128, 134, 149, 153
Indian State Railways, 105
Indianapolis, USS, 260
Indochina, 97
Indomitable, HMS, 98–9, 132
Inland Sea, 101
Intelligence Corps, 192
Intelligence Corps Wireless Intelligence Section, 249
Intelligence Department, 38, 39
Intelligence School ‘C’, 164, 232
intercept operators, 210, 261
Inter-Service Wireless Intelligence Staff, 162, 164
Inter-Services Topographical Department, 246
Irrawaddy, 247–8, 249
Italy, 51; cable traffic, 44; codes, 3; surrenders, 238; Tripartite Pact (1940), 65, 67, 73, 85
Ito Seiichi, Colonel, 223, 225
Iwo Jima, 272
Izumi, Staff Officer, 254
J machine, 47
Jack, USS, 256
Jacobsen, Phillip H., 123–4, 141–2, 137, 138–9, 144, 175
Japan: air force, 56, 57, 100, 101, 109, 129, 134, 186, 232, 233, 244; Anti-Comintern Pact (1936), 49, 51, 53; army, 29, 30, 31, 42, 48, 56, 85, 170, 181, 182, 184–5, 243, 256, 257; Britain ends alliance, 28, 43; China, 29, 53; expansionism, 4, 30, 48, 84–5; Foreign Ministry, 3, 26, 31, 44, 86, 88, 95, 97; Four Power Treaty, 28–9; General Army Air Command, 274; Germany and, 48, 49, 86–7, 90, 91, 97, 98, 99; hatred of foreigners, 40; Imperial Conference (1941), 88, 91, 93; kamikaze, 263, 267; language, 20, 21–2, 25, 35; League of Nations, 30, 49; merchant fleet, 127; militarism, 29; navy, 18, 26, 31, 49, 54, 56, 59, 79, 84, 93, 94, 95, 96, 98, 101, 128, 137, 158, 163, 182, 260, 267, 268; recruitment, 173; ‘reluctant to be drawn into war’, 86; Secret Service, 40; security, 25, 57; shame of surrender, 211; Sho celebrations, 262; Soviet Union and, 36; spy network, 30–2, 33, 34; Tripartite Pact (1940), 65, 67, 73, 85; unconditional surrender, 273, 274, 275; Washington Conference, 28; see also codes and ciphers
Japanese cables and telegrams (dendai), 16–17, 21–2, 31, 33, 43, 44, 66, 88, 180, 190
Japanese Mandated Islands, 79
Java, 13, 104, 106, 109; see also Room 14
Java Sea, 109
John Lewis, 278
Johnston, Stanley, 142
Johore Bharu, 11
Jolly, Brigadier W. A., 153
Jones, Captain Daniel, 238
Jones (Craig), Captain Douglas, 238
Jones, Mervyn, 159–60, 189, 190
Jones, R. V., 225–6
Junkers, 87
Jury, Captain, 259
Kabul, 161
Kaga, 141
Kaindi, 184
Kalindi, 163
Kalinga, 114
kamikaze, 263, 267
Kamimbo, 175
kana, 20, 30, 34–5, 38, 45, 57, 58, 113, 150, 158, 160, 163, 168, 173, 183
Kandy, 242
Kavieng, 163
Keeffe, Bernard, 236–8, 269
Keith, Lieutenant-Commander Bruce, 58–9, 145–6, 154–5, 195, 207, 217, 228
Kelsey, Ken, 242
Kennedy, Captain Malcolm, 42–3, 60, 65–6, 88–9, 94, 99, 100, 101, 119
Kenney, Major-General George C., 171, 181, 182, 184, 185, 255
Kent, HMS, 31
Kenworthy, Harold, 46–7, 67
Kenya, 195
Kerry, Michael, 230–1, 241, 245
key-breakers, 224
Khartoum, 195
Kilindini, 133, 145, 147–8, 149, 150, 151, 152–3, 154, 155–6, 171, 175, 194, 197, 198, 204, 207, 226
Kimura Hoyotaro, General, 248
King, Admiral Ernest J., 142, 157
King George V, King, 267
King's African Rifles, 133
Kiwi, HMNZS, 175
Knox, Dilly, 2
Koga Mineichi, Admiral, 255
Kohima, 243, 244
Kokoda, 173
Konoye Fumimaro, Prince, 85, 88, 93
Korea, 191
Kota Bharu, 10, 12, 98, 100
Kra Isthmus, 98
Kranji, 9, 11, 61, 63, 81, 82–4, 104
Kuala Lumpur, 237
Kuching, 102
Kure, 24, 94
Kurita Takeo, Admiral, 262
Kyushu, 136
Labuan, 270, 271
Ladybird, HMS, 53
Lae, 181, 182, 184
Lagos, 195
Laird, Captain H. R. M., 156
Lancashire, HMT, 104
Lancaster, Claude, Jr, 258–60
Laslett, Peter, 214–15, 216, 269, 274
Lasswell, Major Alva ‘Red’, 182
Lavell, Ann, 239–40
Layton, Edwin T., 183
League of Nations, 30, 49
Leary, Admiral, 169
LeMay, General Curtis, 272
Lexington, USS, 135–6, 142
Leyte, 262, 265, 266
Leyte Gulf, Battle of, 262
Lindsay, A. D., 120, 224
Lingayen Gulf, 266
Linnane, Joy, 115–17
Lloyd, John, 215
Lloyd-Jones, Hugh, 231, 233
London Berkeley Square, 15; Berkeley Street, 122, 226; Broadway Buildings, 28, 32, 35, 51, 52, 58; Devonshire House, 192; Japanese Naval Centre, 32; Metropolitan Police Nursing Home, 44; Queen's Gate, 15; Watergate House, 15
Longrigg, Paul, 207–8
Luzon, 256, 263, 265
Lydekker, Julie, 275
MacArthur, General Doug
las, 109, 111, 134, 135, 157, 166, 167, 169, 170, 171, 174, 181, 182, 184, 229, 252–64, 265, 271–2
MccGwire, Juliet, 118
MacInnes, John, 107, 128, 130–1, 133, 135, 136, 150, 175–6, John, 196
McIntyre, Commander, 201
Mackie, Lieutenant-Commander Tom, 253–4
Madang, 181, 182, 252, 255
Madang-Hansa Bay, 254
Madras, 251
Magic, 3, 73
Magnetic Island, 116
Maine, Henry, 16–17, 43–4
Maizuru, 24
Major Barbara (film), 9–10
Malaya: Japanese invade, 9–13, 100–4, 109, 120; Navy, 62
Maldives, 129
Malta, 17, 44
Man, Isle of, 164
Manchukuo, 30, 49, 86
Manchuria, 33, 274; Incident, 30
Mandalay, 161, 230, 248, 250
Manila, 82
Mariana Islands, 137, 255, 260, 264, 272
Markham Valley, 255
Marr-Johnson, Lieutenant-Colonel Peter, 56, 82, 162, 230
Marsden, J. W., 42–3, 50
Marshall, General George C., 135
Marshall Islands, 134, 255
Martin, Major W. E., 204–5
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 220
Matador, Operation, 98
Matsuoka Yosuke, 73, 85, 88
Maungdaw, 164, 230
Mauritius, 199, 226
Maymyo, 161
Mead, David, 185, 252
Medway, Jill, 190, 238
Meiktila, 244, 245, 248, 249
Melbourne, 81, 109–17, 124, 134, 135, 136, 138, 145
melders, 239
melding, 239
Melinsky, Hugh, 257–8, 259, 270, 271–2
Menado, 256
Menzies, Robert, 80
Menzies, Colonel Stewart (‘C’), 33, 76, 91
Merrill, Brigadier General Frank D., 230
Merry, Paymaster Lieutenant-Commander
Alan, 81–2, 111, 152
Metropolitan Police, 44, 46
MI1b, 14, 41
MI2, 86, 186
MI5, 225
MI6, 1, 19, 28, 32, 33, 34, 37, 43, 44, 55, 56, 91, 242
MI8, 192
Midway, Battle of, 132–44, 148, 151, 157, 277
Mill Hill, 200
Miller, Glenn, 237
Milne Bay, 174, 175
Mingaladon air base, 245, 246, 250
Mishima maru, 22
Mitchell, Major John, 183
Mitscher, Admiral Marc, 255
MO, Operation, 134
Moa, HMNZS, 175
Mombasa: evacuation to, 132
Monterey, 110, 213
Monywa, 248
Moorabbin, 110, 174
morale, 39
Morse code, see codes and ciphers Moscow, 161
Mount Vernon Seminary, 214
Mountbatten, Lord, 226, 229, 243, 268
Mukden, 30
Munich Crisis (1938), 56
Murrill, Sergeant Herbert, 238