as commercial centre, 33, 120–21, 187, 197, 361
Burgundian ceremonial, 160
Cabra, Count of, 48
Cabrera de Córboba, Luis, (1550–1623), historian, 254
Cadiz, 182, 289, 334, 361
Calderón, Rodrigo (1570–1621) Court favourite, 303, 315, 322, 326
Calderón de la Barca, Pedro (1600–81), dramatist, 295, 319, 367
Calvinism, 224, 225, 232, 233
Cámara de Castilla, Council of, 174
Canaries, The, 43, 45, 58–9, 69
Cano, Melchor (1509–60), Dominican theologian, 224, 229, 244, 247
Capitalism, 198, 310–11
Capitulaciones, 59
Caravels, 56–7
Cardona, 6th Duke of, Enrique de Aragón (d. 1640), Viceroy of Catalonia, 345
Caribbean Sea, Dutch incursions into, 291
Carlos, Don, son of Philip II (1545–68), 209, 235, 252–3
Carranza, Bartolomé de, Cardinal (1503–76), Archbishop of Toledo (1558–76), 228–9
Carrera de las Indias, 185–6, 187 see also Treasure fleet
Carrillo, Alfonso, Cardinal (1410–82), Archbishop of Toledo (1446–82), 15, 20, 100, 104
Carrillo, Fernando de (d. 1622), President of Council of Finance, 321
Casa de Contratación, 122, 175, 182
Casas, Bartolomé de las (1474–1566), Dominican, 73, 75
Cascales, Fray Pedro de, 251
Caspe, Compromise of (1412), 18
Castile,
in Middle Ages, 31–5, 42–3; united with Aragon, 15–26, 43–4
crusading ideal of, 32, 46, 60–62, 233, 241–3, 248, 288; eclipse of, 324–5 see also Administration, Church, Cortes, Trade, etc.
Castilianization, 255–8, 277, 328–9, 378
Castilians, views on, 256, 277 antipathy towards Aragonese, 143
Castilla, Pedro de, dean of Toledo Chapter 221
Castrillo, 2nd Count of, García de Haro y Avellaneda, 348, 362
Catalonia, Principality of,
in Middle Ages, 26, 27–31, 35, 36–41
Ferdinand the Catholic and, 79–80, 84, 107–8
Charles V and, 146–7
Philip II and, 234–5
Olivares and, 331–3, 336–7, 338–41, 343; revolt of 1640–52, 344–6, 350, 351, 353–4, 362
Bourbons and, 375–8 see also Bandits; Cortes; Trade
Cateau-Cambrésis, peace of (1559), 231
‘ Catholic Kings’, title bestowed on Ferdinand and Isabella by Alexander VI, 77
Cazalla, Dr Agustín (1510–59), chaplain of Charles V, 225, 229–30
Celestina, La (1499), 128
Censorship, 225–7, 234
Censos, 189, 306, 308, 311 see also Juros
Cerdaña, County of (Catalan: Cerdanya), 41, 131, 355
Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel de (1547–1616), 241, 299, 319–20, 385–6
Chancillerías 97–8, 102, 251 see also Audiencias
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (1519–58), King of Spain (as Charles I, 1516–56),
and North Africa, 54–5, 168–9
as King of Spain, 139–147, 159, 164–5, 210
as Emperor, 146–51, 160, 166–9, 209–10 see also Finance
Charles II of Spain (1665–1700), 357–60, 361–2, 372–4
Charles VIII, of France (1483–98), 131, 133
Charles, Archduke (1685–1740), Emperor Charles VI (1711–40), 373–4, 375, 376
Charles, Prince of Viana (1421–61), son of John II of Aragon, 41
Chaunu, Pierre, historian, 194
Chaves, Fray Diego de, 250–51
Chiévres, Sieur de, Guillaume de Croy (1458–1521), Grand Chamberlain of Charles V, 138, 144–5, 150
Chile, 63, 74
Chinchón, 3rd Count of, Diego Fernández Cabrera y Bobadilla (d. 1608), Treasu-rer-General of Council of Aragon, 233, 275, 279
Chivalry, romances of, 64–5
Church, 32, 99–106, 229–30, 312, 369–70,
in America, 71–2, 101–2
in Andalusia, 26, 52–3, 101, 237–8
taxation of, 103, 200–201, 286, 336
Cisneros, Francisco Jiménez de (1436–1517), Archbishop of Toledo (1495–1517), 52, 53–4, 104–5, 127, 213
regency of, 139, 142–4
Claris, Pau (1586–1641), Catalan leader, 341, 344, 346, 347, 353
Clergy, 99–100, 102, 204, 221–2, 247
reform of, 103–4, 243–4, 369
and revolt of Comuneros, 154, 215
numbers of, 244, 312, 317; in America, 71 see also Bishops; Church; Religious Orders
Cloth,
in Castile, 111, 122, 123, 187, 189–91, 195
in Catalonia, 27, 38, 39, 187, 371
market for, in New World, 185, 187, 190–91, 195, 292–3
Cobos, Francisco de los (1477?-1547), Comendador mayor de León,
career, 143, 162, 165–6, 179–80 208
and administration in Castile, 171, 173, 178–9, 208
Coinage, see Currency
Colegio Imperial, 342, 368–9
Colegios Mayores, 220–1, 316 see also Universities
Colonization, methods of, 55–6, 58–62, 66–74
Columbus, Christopher (1451–1506), 45, 59–62
Comuneros, revolt of, 151–9, 215, 221, 260–61, 263
Conchillos, Lope (d. 1521), secretary of Ferdinand the Catholic, 143
Conciliar system, 83–4, 170–81, 254, 302, 335, 350
Bourbon reorganization of, 375–6 see also Juntas; and under individual councils
Conquistadores, 62–7, 174
Consulados, 120–2, 185
Contractualism, 28–31, 41, 80, 81–2
Conversos,
hostility towards, 106–10, 143, 220–4, 225–6
intellectual tendencies of, 128, 161, 213
Copernicus, 242
Córdoba, Gonzalo Fernández de (1453–1515), the Great Captain, 46, 50, 133–4, 139, 141
Córboda, Gonzalo Fernández de (1585–1635), governor of Milan, 334
Corn, 118–20, 189, 295–6, 297, 298
Corregidores, 94–8, 152, 154, 251
Corruption, 179–81
Cortes,
of Castile, 34–5, 92–3, 151–2, 201–5, 363;
complaints of, 116, 166, 214, 296, 322;
sessions: (Madrigal, 1476), 86, 92; (Toledo, 1480), 89–90; (1510), 94; (Valladolid, 1518), 139; (Santiago and Corunna 1520), 145–6; (Toledo, 1538), 150–1; 204–5; (1548), 190–1; (1552), 190; (1561), 231; (1574–5), 269; (1588–90, 1592–8), 285–6; (1623–9) 328
of Crown of Aragon, 28–9, 80, 82, 201–2, 255–6; of Aragon, 28–9; (1518), 145–6; (1585), 278; (1592), 282–3; (1626), 331, 332; of Catalonia, 28–9; (1480–1), 8, (1599), 303; (1626), 331–2; (1632), 337; (70), 376; of Valencia, 28; (1604), 303; (1626), 331, 332
of Navarre, 141 see also Servicios
Cortés, Hernán, Marqués del Valle de Oaxaca (1485-1547), 62–6, 163
Council of Aragon, 83, 134, 170, 281, 377
Council of Castile, 89–91, 170, 174, 322, 377
Council of Finance (Hacienda), 173, 179, 198–9, 325, 335, 339, 356–7
Council of the Indies, 170, 174–6, 302
Council of Italy, 170, 255
Council of Portugal, 274, 325
Council of State, 172, 260, 302, 336, 366, 374
Council of War, 172, 295
Counter-Reformation, 216, 224–31, 243–47
Court, 127, 160, 161, 312–15, 322
Crato, Prior of, Don Antonio (1531–95), 267, 271–3
Crespí de Valldaura, Cristóbal (1599–1672), Vice Chancellor of Aragon, 362
Croy, Guillaume de (1500–21), Archbishop of Toledo (1518–21), 145, 158
Cruz, Isabel de la, 213–14
Cruzada, 53, 103, 201, 286
Cueva, Beltrán de la (d. 1492), 23
Currency, 124–5, 194–5, 274, 332–3, 370
vellón, 304, 315, 333–4, 349, 356, 357, 367, 370, 372
see also Prices
Customs duties, 124, 185, 202, 231, 274
Denia, Marquis of, see Lerma, Duke of
Deza, Pedro de (1520–1600),
president of the chancillería of Granada, 238–9
Díaz del Castillo, Bernal (d. 1582), conquistador, 65
Díaz de Montalvo, Alonso (1405–99), jurist, 98
Diplomatic service, Spanish, 132–3
Diputació, Catalan, 29–30, 40, 41, 81–2, 234, 341, 354, 377
Domestic service, 315
Donativos, 298, 336
Doria, Nicolás (1539–94), Provincial of the Carmelites, 247
Downs, battle of the (1639), 341
Drake, Sir Francis, 289
Duplessis Besançon, Bernard, Richclieu's agent in Catalonia, 347
Dutch, see Netherlands; United Provinces
Eboli, Prince of, Ruy Gómez de Silva (1516–73), 232, 250, 252, 261–2
Eboli, Princess of, Ana de Mendoza de la Cerda (1540–91), 261, 266–8
Eboli faction, 261–4, 268, 273–4, 181, 329
Economic policies of Spanish Crown,
Catholic Kings, 111, 120, 122–3
Charles V, 189–91, 198–9 see also Arbitristas; Finance
Education, 128–9, 225–7, 234, 315–17, 342, 367–9
of royal officials, 90, 116, 178–9, 315–16,
of clergy, 104–6 see also Universities
Egas, Enrique de (d. 1534), architect, 127
Eguía, Miguel de, printer to Alcalá university, 217
Eixemeniç, Francesc (1340?–1409), Calalan jurist, 28
El Greco (1541–1614), 384–5
Elizabeth I of England, 265, 288
Emmanuel I of Portugal (1495–1521), 131
Empire, of Charles V, 146–7, 166–8, 209–11
Spain and Imperial tradition, 160–61, 162–3
Encabezamiento, see Alcabala
Encomienda, 70–71, 74, 75
England,
Ferdinand's alliance with, 131, 134
hostilities with, 233–4, 287–9, 298, 334, 357; invasion projects, 264–5, 270, 276, 287–8
and Spanish succession, 375, 376–7
Enríquez, house of, 23, 34, 90, 113
Erasmianism, 71, 161–2, 215–18, 226, 229, 244
Eraso, Francisco de (d. 1570), secretary of state, 178
Escobedo, Juan de (d. 1678), secretary of Don John of Austria, 265–6
Escorial, 253
Espina, Juan de (d. 1642), connoisseur and collector, 318
Espinosa, Cardinal Diego de (1502–72), minister and Inquisitor General, 226, 232, 239, 262
Esquivel, Pedro de, professor of mathematics at Alcalá, 384
Essex, Earl of, 289
Évora (Portugal), riots, of 1637, 338
Excusado, 201, 234, 286
Factions, 142, 147–8, 221, 259–62, 279
Fairs, 42, 120, 188, 269, 287
Famine, 37, 120, 298 see also Harvests; Hunger
Fárax Abenfárax, Morisco leader, 235
Farnese, Alexander, Duke of Parma (1545–92), 268, 270, 289
Favourites, 301–2, 323, 350
Federalism, 31, 83–4, 257–8, 262, 283, 363
Ferdinand III of Castile (1217–52), 26
Ferdinand I (of Antequera), King of Aragon (1412–16), 18
Ferdinand II of Aragon (1479–1516), V of Castile, (1474–1504), the Catholic,
first marriage, 15–23; second marriage, 138; death, 142, 143
as King of Aragon, 41, 79–84, 107–8; rights in Castile, 77–8, 84–5
diplomacy and foreign policy 48, 53–4, 130–35, 140–42
joint government with Isabella, 77–8, 84–6; reconquest of Granada, 45, 48–51; overseas conquests, 57–61, 74–6; creation of State, 77–80, 82–6; government in Castile, 86–99; and Church 99–106; and Jews, 106–10; economic and social policies, 110–11, 116, 119–20, 122–5; achievements, 125–9, 153, 159; patronage of arts, 128
as regent of Castile, 136–41
Ferdinand I, King of Bohemia and Hungary, Holy Roman Emperor (1558–64), brother of Charles V, 200, 209
as Infante, 140, 142, 144–5
Ferdinand, Cardenal Infante (1609–41), 323, 341
Feria, 3rd Duke of, Gómez Suárez de Figueroa (d.1634), Governor of Milan, general, 326, 342
Fernández de Lugo, Alfonso, conquistador in the Canaries, 58–9
Fernandez Navarrete, Pedro, arbitrista, 316
Finance, Crown,
Ferdinand and Isabella, 92–3;
Charles V, 195, 199–211;
Philip II, 231–3, 269–70,285–7;
Philip III, 302, 321–2;
Philip IV, 327, 333–4, 339, 356–7;
Charles II, 367;
Philip V, 375 see also Bankruptcies, Taxation
Flanders, 290, 330, 341, 351 cost of army in, 326, 339 see also Netherlands; United Provinces
Fleet, Spanish, 121, 232, 276, 287–9, 326, 241 see also Shipping; Treasure fleet
Fonseca, Alonso (1475–1534), Archbishop of Toledo (1524–34), 214
Fonseca, Juan Rodríguez de, see Rodríguez de Fonseca
Francavilla, 1st Duke of, Diego Hurtado de Mendoza (d. 1578), president of the Council of Italy, father of Princess of Eboli, 255
France,
traditional hostility to Aragon, 19, 41, 130–32, 133, 134
civil wars in, 232, 270, 276, 289; Fronde, 353, 355–6
peace treaties with Spain: (1559), 231; (1598), 290; (1659), 355–6; (1678), 365; (1697), 373; marriage alliances, 321, 356
war of 1635–59, 335, 339–40, 341, 343, 350, 355–6
French aid to Catalan rebels, 346, 347, 349, 353–4; to Portuguese, 338, 357; to Neapolitans, 352
war of 1673–8, 365–6
and Spanish succession, 372–6 see also under individual kings
Franche-Comté, loss of (1678), 365–6
Franqueza, Pedro, Count of Villalonga (1547?–1614), Court favourite, 303
Friars, see Religious Orders
Fuenterrabía, siege of (1638), 339
Fuentes, Count of, Pedro Enríquez de Acevedo (d. 1610), general, 325
Furió Ceriol, Fadrique (1527–92), Valencian humanist and political theorist, 257, 263, 264
Galileo, 297
Galíndez de Caravajal, Dr Lorenzo (1472–1532), royal official and historian 145
Gattinara, Mercurino (1465–1530), Grand Chancellor of Charles V, 146, 150, 165, 170, 173, 174
Generalitat of Catalonia, 29–30, 40, 41, 81–2, 234, 341, 354, 377
Genoa, 27, 38–9, 169 merchants and bankers of, 110, 145, 197, 199, 206
Germaine de Foix (1488–1538), second wife of Ferdinand the Catholic, 138
Germanías of Valencia, 156–7, 159
Germany, Protestant princes of, 209
Gibraltar, 375
Girón, Pedro, Comunero leader, 142, 157
Gold, 183, 191
Golden Fleece, Order of the, 160
Gómez, Ruy, see Eboli, Prince of
Gondomar, Count of, Diego Sarmiento de Acuña (1567–1626), 382
Góngora Argote, Luis de (1561–1627), poet, 385
González, José, attorney of Olivares, 335, 356
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