Imperial Spain 1469-1716

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Imperial Spain 1469-1716 Page 49

by John H. Elliott


  as commercial centre, 33, 120–21, 187, 197, 361

  Burgundian ceremonial, 160

  Cabra, Count of, 48

  Cabrera de Córboba, Luis, (1550–1623), historian, 254

  Cadiz, 182, 289, 334, 361

  Calderón, Rodrigo (1570–1621) Court favourite, 303, 315, 322, 326

  Calderón de la Barca, Pedro (1600–81), dramatist, 295, 319, 367

  Calvinism, 224, 225, 232, 233

  Cámara de Castilla, Council of, 174

  Canaries, The, 43, 45, 58–9, 69

  Cano, Melchor (1509–60), Dominican theologian, 224, 229, 244, 247

  Capitalism, 198, 310–11

  Capitulaciones, 59

  Caravels, 56–7

  Cardona, 6th Duke of, Enrique de Aragón (d. 1640), Viceroy of Catalonia, 345

  Caribbean Sea, Dutch incursions into, 291

  Carlos, Don, son of Philip II (1545–68), 209, 235, 252–3

  Carranza, Bartolomé de, Cardinal (1503–76), Archbishop of Toledo (1558–76), 228–9

  Carrera de las Indias, 185–6, 187 see also Treasure fleet

  Carrillo, Alfonso, Cardinal (1410–82), Archbishop of Toledo (1446–82), 15, 20, 100, 104

  Carrillo, Fernando de (d. 1622), President of Council of Finance, 321

  Casa de Contratación, 122, 175, 182

  Casas, Bartolomé de las (1474–1566), Dominican, 73, 75

  Cascales, Fray Pedro de, 251

  Caspe, Compromise of (1412), 18

  Castile,

  in Middle Ages, 31–5, 42–3; united with Aragon, 15–26, 43–4

  crusading ideal of, 32, 46, 60–62, 233, 241–3, 248, 288; eclipse of, 324–5 see also Administration, Church, Cortes, Trade, etc.

  Castilianization, 255–8, 277, 328–9, 378

  Castilians, views on, 256, 277 antipathy towards Aragonese, 143

  Castilla, Pedro de, dean of Toledo Chapter 221

  Castrillo, 2nd Count of, García de Haro y Avellaneda, 348, 362

  Catalonia, Principality of,

  in Middle Ages, 26, 27–31, 35, 36–41

  Ferdinand the Catholic and, 79–80, 84, 107–8

  Charles V and, 146–7

  Philip II and, 234–5

  Olivares and, 331–3, 336–7, 338–41, 343; revolt of 1640–52, 344–6, 350, 351, 353–4, 362

  Bourbons and, 375–8 see also Bandits; Cortes; Trade

  Cateau-Cambrésis, peace of (1559), 231

  ‘ Catholic Kings’, title bestowed on Ferdinand and Isabella by Alexander VI, 77

  Cazalla, Dr Agustín (1510–59), chaplain of Charles V, 225, 229–30

  Celestina, La (1499), 128

  Censorship, 225–7, 234

  Censos, 189, 306, 308, 311 see also Juros

  Cerdaña, County of (Catalan: Cerdanya), 41, 131, 355

  Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel de (1547–1616), 241, 299, 319–20, 385–6

  Chancillerías 97–8, 102, 251 see also Audiencias

  Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (1519–58), King of Spain (as Charles I, 1516–56),

  and North Africa, 54–5, 168–9

  as King of Spain, 139–147, 159, 164–5, 210

  as Emperor, 146–51, 160, 166–9, 209–10 see also Finance

  Charles II of Spain (1665–1700), 357–60, 361–2, 372–4

  Charles VIII, of France (1483–98), 131, 133

  Charles, Archduke (1685–1740), Emperor Charles VI (1711–40), 373–4, 375, 376

  Charles, Prince of Viana (1421–61), son of John II of Aragon, 41

  Chaunu, Pierre, historian, 194

  Chaves, Fray Diego de, 250–51

  Chiévres, Sieur de, Guillaume de Croy (1458–1521), Grand Chamberlain of Charles V, 138, 144–5, 150

  Chile, 63, 74

  Chinchón, 3rd Count of, Diego Fernández Cabrera y Bobadilla (d. 1608), Treasu-rer-General of Council of Aragon, 233, 275, 279

  Chivalry, romances of, 64–5

  Church, 32, 99–106, 229–30, 312, 369–70,

  in America, 71–2, 101–2

  in Andalusia, 26, 52–3, 101, 237–8

  taxation of, 103, 200–201, 286, 336

  Cisneros, Francisco Jiménez de (1436–1517), Archbishop of Toledo (1495–1517), 52, 53–4, 104–5, 127, 213

  regency of, 139, 142–4

  Claris, Pau (1586–1641), Catalan leader, 341, 344, 346, 347, 353

  Clergy, 99–100, 102, 204, 221–2, 247

  reform of, 103–4, 243–4, 369

  and revolt of Comuneros, 154, 215

  numbers of, 244, 312, 317; in America, 71 see also Bishops; Church; Religious Orders

  Cloth,

  in Castile, 111, 122, 123, 187, 189–91, 195

  in Catalonia, 27, 38, 39, 187, 371

  market for, in New World, 185, 187, 190–91, 195, 292–3

  Cobos, Francisco de los (1477?-1547), Comendador mayor de León,

  career, 143, 162, 165–6, 179–80 208

  and administration in Castile, 171, 173, 178–9, 208

  Coinage, see Currency

  Colegio Imperial, 342, 368–9

  Colegios Mayores, 220–1, 316 see also Universities

  Colonization, methods of, 55–6, 58–62, 66–74

  Columbus, Christopher (1451–1506), 45, 59–62

  Comuneros, revolt of, 151–9, 215, 221, 260–61, 263

  Conchillos, Lope (d. 1521), secretary of Ferdinand the Catholic, 143

  Conciliar system, 83–4, 170–81, 254, 302, 335, 350

  Bourbon reorganization of, 375–6 see also Juntas; and under individual councils

  Conquistadores, 62–7, 174

  Consulados, 120–2, 185

  Contractualism, 28–31, 41, 80, 81–2

  Conversos,

  hostility towards, 106–10, 143, 220–4, 225–6

  intellectual tendencies of, 128, 161, 213

  Copernicus, 242

  Córdoba, Gonzalo Fernández de (1453–1515), the Great Captain, 46, 50, 133–4, 139, 141

  Córboda, Gonzalo Fernández de (1585–1635), governor of Milan, 334

  Corn, 118–20, 189, 295–6, 297, 298

  Corregidores, 94–8, 152, 154, 251

  Corruption, 179–81

  Cortes,

  of Castile, 34–5, 92–3, 151–2, 201–5, 363;

  complaints of, 116, 166, 214, 296, 322;

  sessions: (Madrigal, 1476), 86, 92; (Toledo, 1480), 89–90; (1510), 94; (Valladolid, 1518), 139; (Santiago and Corunna 1520), 145–6; (Toledo, 1538), 150–1; 204–5; (1548), 190–1; (1552), 190; (1561), 231; (1574–5), 269; (1588–90, 1592–8), 285–6; (1623–9) 328

  of Crown of Aragon, 28–9, 80, 82, 201–2, 255–6; of Aragon, 28–9; (1518), 145–6; (1585), 278; (1592), 282–3; (1626), 331, 332; of Catalonia, 28–9; (1480–1), 8, (1599), 303; (1626), 331–2; (1632), 337; (70), 376; of Valencia, 28; (1604), 303; (1626), 331, 332

  of Navarre, 141 see also Servicios

  Cortés, Hernán, Marqués del Valle de Oaxaca (1485-1547), 62–6, 163

  Council of Aragon, 83, 134, 170, 281, 377

  Council of Castile, 89–91, 170, 174, 322, 377

  Council of Finance (Hacienda), 173, 179, 198–9, 325, 335, 339, 356–7

  Council of the Indies, 170, 174–6, 302

  Council of Italy, 170, 255

  Council of Portugal, 274, 325

  Council of State, 172, 260, 302, 336, 366, 374

  Council of War, 172, 295

  Counter-Reformation, 216, 224–31, 243–47

  Court, 127, 160, 161, 312–15, 322

  Crato, Prior of, Don Antonio (1531–95), 267, 271–3

  Crespí de Valldaura, Cristóbal (1599–1672), Vice Chancellor of Aragon, 362

  Croy, Guillaume de (1500–21), Archbishop of Toledo (1518–21), 145, 158

  Cruz, Isabel de la, 213–14

  Cruzada, 53, 103, 201, 286

  Cueva, Beltrán de la (d. 1492), 23

  Currency, 124–5, 194–5, 274, 332–3, 370

  vellón, 304, 315, 333–4, 349, 356, 357, 367, 370, 372
see also Prices

  Customs duties, 124, 185, 202, 231, 274

  Denia, Marquis of, see Lerma, Duke of

  Deza, Pedro de (1520–1600),

  president of the chancillería of Granada, 238–9

  Díaz del Castillo, Bernal (d. 1582), conquistador, 65

  Díaz de Montalvo, Alonso (1405–99), jurist, 98

  Diplomatic service, Spanish, 132–3

  Diputació, Catalan, 29–30, 40, 41, 81–2, 234, 341, 354, 377

  Domestic service, 315

  Donativos, 298, 336

  Doria, Nicolás (1539–94), Provincial of the Carmelites, 247

  Downs, battle of the (1639), 341

  Drake, Sir Francis, 289

  Duplessis Besançon, Bernard, Richclieu's agent in Catalonia, 347

  Dutch, see Netherlands; United Provinces

  Eboli, Prince of, Ruy Gómez de Silva (1516–73), 232, 250, 252, 261–2

  Eboli, Princess of, Ana de Mendoza de la Cerda (1540–91), 261, 266–8

  Eboli faction, 261–4, 268, 273–4, 181, 329

  Economic policies of Spanish Crown,

  Catholic Kings, 111, 120, 122–3

  Charles V, 189–91, 198–9 see also Arbitristas; Finance

  Education, 128–9, 225–7, 234, 315–17, 342, 367–9

  of royal officials, 90, 116, 178–9, 315–16,

  of clergy, 104–6 see also Universities

  Egas, Enrique de (d. 1534), architect, 127

  Eguía, Miguel de, printer to Alcalá university, 217

  Eixemeniç, Francesc (1340?–1409), Calalan jurist, 28

  El Greco (1541–1614), 384–5

  Elizabeth I of England, 265, 288

  Emmanuel I of Portugal (1495–1521), 131

  Empire, of Charles V, 146–7, 166–8, 209–11

  Spain and Imperial tradition, 160–61, 162–3

  Encabezamiento, see Alcabala

  Encomienda, 70–71, 74, 75

  England,

  Ferdinand's alliance with, 131, 134

  hostilities with, 233–4, 287–9, 298, 334, 357; invasion projects, 264–5, 270, 276, 287–8

  and Spanish succession, 375, 376–7

  Enríquez, house of, 23, 34, 90, 113

  Erasmianism, 71, 161–2, 215–18, 226, 229, 244

  Eraso, Francisco de (d. 1570), secretary of state, 178

  Escobedo, Juan de (d. 1678), secretary of Don John of Austria, 265–6

  Escorial, 253

  Espina, Juan de (d. 1642), connoisseur and collector, 318

  Espinosa, Cardinal Diego de (1502–72), minister and Inquisitor General, 226, 232, 239, 262

  Esquivel, Pedro de, professor of mathematics at Alcalá, 384

  Essex, Earl of, 289

  Évora (Portugal), riots, of 1637, 338

  Excusado, 201, 234, 286

  Factions, 142, 147–8, 221, 259–62, 279

  Fairs, 42, 120, 188, 269, 287

  Famine, 37, 120, 298 see also Harvests; Hunger

  Fárax Abenfárax, Morisco leader, 235

  Farnese, Alexander, Duke of Parma (1545–92), 268, 270, 289

  Favourites, 301–2, 323, 350

  Federalism, 31, 83–4, 257–8, 262, 283, 363

  Ferdinand III of Castile (1217–52), 26

  Ferdinand I (of Antequera), King of Aragon (1412–16), 18

  Ferdinand II of Aragon (1479–1516), V of Castile, (1474–1504), the Catholic,

  first marriage, 15–23; second marriage, 138; death, 142, 143

  as King of Aragon, 41, 79–84, 107–8; rights in Castile, 77–8, 84–5

  diplomacy and foreign policy 48, 53–4, 130–35, 140–42

  joint government with Isabella, 77–8, 84–6; reconquest of Granada, 45, 48–51; overseas conquests, 57–61, 74–6; creation of State, 77–80, 82–6; government in Castile, 86–99; and Church 99–106; and Jews, 106–10; economic and social policies, 110–11, 116, 119–20, 122–5; achievements, 125–9, 153, 159; patronage of arts, 128

  as regent of Castile, 136–41

  Ferdinand I, King of Bohemia and Hungary, Holy Roman Emperor (1558–64), brother of Charles V, 200, 209

  as Infante, 140, 142, 144–5

  Ferdinand, Cardenal Infante (1609–41), 323, 341

  Feria, 3rd Duke of, Gómez Suárez de Figueroa (d.1634), Governor of Milan, general, 326, 342

  Fernández de Lugo, Alfonso, conquistador in the Canaries, 58–9

  Fernandez Navarrete, Pedro, arbitrista, 316

  Finance, Crown,

  Ferdinand and Isabella, 92–3;

  Charles V, 195, 199–211;

  Philip II, 231–3, 269–70,285–7;

  Philip III, 302, 321–2;

  Philip IV, 327, 333–4, 339, 356–7;

  Charles II, 367;

  Philip V, 375 see also Bankruptcies, Taxation

  Flanders, 290, 330, 341, 351 cost of army in, 326, 339 see also Netherlands; United Provinces

  Fleet, Spanish, 121, 232, 276, 287–9, 326, 241 see also Shipping; Treasure fleet

  Fonseca, Alonso (1475–1534), Archbishop of Toledo (1524–34), 214

  Fonseca, Juan Rodríguez de, see Rodríguez de Fonseca

  Francavilla, 1st Duke of, Diego Hurtado de Mendoza (d. 1578), president of the Council of Italy, father of Princess of Eboli, 255

  France,

  traditional hostility to Aragon, 19, 41, 130–32, 133, 134

  civil wars in, 232, 270, 276, 289; Fronde, 353, 355–6

  peace treaties with Spain: (1559), 231; (1598), 290; (1659), 355–6; (1678), 365; (1697), 373; marriage alliances, 321, 356

  war of 1635–59, 335, 339–40, 341, 343, 350, 355–6

  French aid to Catalan rebels, 346, 347, 349, 353–4; to Portuguese, 338, 357; to Neapolitans, 352

  war of 1673–8, 365–6

  and Spanish succession, 372–6 see also under individual kings

  Franche-Comté, loss of (1678), 365–6

  Franqueza, Pedro, Count of Villalonga (1547?–1614), Court favourite, 303

  Friars, see Religious Orders

  Fuenterrabía, siege of (1638), 339

  Fuentes, Count of, Pedro Enríquez de Acevedo (d. 1610), general, 325

  Furió Ceriol, Fadrique (1527–92), Valencian humanist and political theorist, 257, 263, 264

  Galileo, 297

  Galíndez de Caravajal, Dr Lorenzo (1472–1532), royal official and historian 145

  Gattinara, Mercurino (1465–1530), Grand Chancellor of Charles V, 146, 150, 165, 170, 173, 174

  Generalitat of Catalonia, 29–30, 40, 41, 81–2, 234, 341, 354, 377

  Genoa, 27, 38–9, 169 merchants and bankers of, 110, 145, 197, 199, 206

  Germaine de Foix (1488–1538), second wife of Ferdinand the Catholic, 138

  Germanías of Valencia, 156–7, 159

  Germany, Protestant princes of, 209

  Gibraltar, 375

  Girón, Pedro, Comunero leader, 142, 157

  Gold, 183, 191

  Golden Fleece, Order of the, 160

  Gómez, Ruy, see Eboli, Prince of

  Gondomar, Count of, Diego Sarmiento de Acuña (1567–1626), 382

  Góngora Argote, Luis de (1561–1627), poet, 385

  González, José, attorney of Olivares, 335, 356

 

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