González Dávila, Gil (1578–1658), historian, 312
González de Cellorigo, Martín, arbitrista, 298, 300, 310–11, 317–18, 320
González de Mendoza, Pedro (1428–95), Archbishop of Seville (1473–82) and of Toledo (1482–95), 100, 104, 105
Gracián, Baltasar (1601–58), 367
Granada, 45–52, 235–41
Granada, Fray Luis de (1504–88), Dominican mystical writer, 245
Grandees, 114–15, 314 see also Aristocracy
Granvelle, Antoine Perrenot de, (1517–86), Cardinal, minister of Charles V and Philip II, 232, 258, 267–8, 271–6, 277
Granvelle, Nicholas Perrenot de (1486–1550), minister of Charles V, 166
Great Captain, the, see Córdoba, Gonzalo Fernández de
Guidiel, Fray Alonso (1526–73), scholar, 245
Guerrero, Pedro (d. 1576), Archbishop of Granada (1546–76), 238
Guicciardini, Francesco, 140
Guilds, 111, 122, 156, 189–90
Guillén, Felipe (1492?-1561), mathematician and naturalist, 383
Gumiel, Pedro de, architect, 127
Guzmán, Gonzalo de, Comunero leader, 157
Guzmán, house of, 34, 113, 348
Guzmán de Alfarache, 186, 246
Hamilton, Professor Earl J., 192–6
Harcourt, Marquis of, French ambassador, 374
Haro, Luis de (1598–1661), principal minister of Philip IV, 350, 353, 355, 362
Harvests, 118, 189, 298, 334 see also Corn
Hawkins, Sir John, 233, 289
Henry IV, of Castile, the Impotent (1454–74), 15, 18, 20, 22, 46
Henry III of France (1574–89), 289
Henry IV of France (1589–1610), 290, 321
Henry, Cardinal King of Portugal (1578–80), 266, 271
Heresy, 212–19, 222, 225–30, 233, 234, 288
Hermandad, Santa, 86–7, 142
Hermandad de las Marismas, 57
Hernández, Francisca, former Alumbrado, 217
Hernández, Francisco (1517–87), doctor and naturalist, 384
Herrera, Juan de (1530?–97), architect, 253, 319
Heyn, Piet (1578–1629), Dutch privateer, 186, 335
Hidalgos, 114–15, 203–5
participation in conquest of America, 63–6
employment in administration, 89–91, 95–7, 178–9
and Comuneros, 154–9, passim
Hidalguía,
ideals of, 32, 222–3
privileges of, 99, 115–16, 203–5
aspiration after, 65–6, 115–17, 179–80, 310 see also Aristocracy
Hijar, Duke of, Rodrigo Sarmiento de Silva (1600–64), 352
Hispania, concept of, 19
Hispaniola, 62, 70, 73
Honour, 32, 66, 222–3
Hospitals, 127, 243
Huguenots, 233–4, 334
Humanism, 105, 127–8, 161–2, 215–17, 224, 225, 242, 245–7
in Aragon, 19
in New World, 71
Hunger, 311 see also Famine
Idiáquez, Alonso de (d. 1547), royal secretary, 178
Idiáquez, Juan de (1540–1614), son of the preceding, minister of Philip II, 267, 275–6
Idleness, 190, 299, 311–12, 317, 318
Illuminism, 213–15, 217, 224, 244
Index, 225–6, 244
Indians, 67–74, 292
Indies,
discovery and settlement of, 45, 62–75
government of, 78–9, 170–71, 174–5, 362
limitations on right of trade with, 79, 124,181–3, 361, 376
economic relationship with Castile, 78–9, 122, 181–96 passim, 198–9, 200, 292–3 see also Seville; Silver
Indulgences, 103, 201 see also Cruzada
Industry, 122–3, 187–91
failure of, 193, 195–6, 207, 293, 298, 366–7 see also Cloth; Silk; Wool
Infantado, 3rd Duke of, Diego Hurtado de Mendoza (1461–1531), 142, 154, 261
Infantado, 5th Duke of, Íñigo López de Mendoza (1536–1601), 313–4
Inflation, see Currency
Inquisition, 107–9, 212–17 passim, 218–19, 224–6, 228–30, 242
in Crown of Aragon, 107–8, 234, 280–81
in Granada, 237
Investment, 39, 207, 310, 318, 328 see also Censos; Juros
Ireland, 290
Iron, Vizcayan, 121, 122, 188
Isabella I, the Catholic, Queen of Castile (1474–1504),
marriage, 15–23; death, 130
and crusade against Islam, 53, 60
and slavery, 69
and Military orders, 88
and Nebrija's grammar, 128 see also Ferdinand
Isabella, Empress (1503–39), wife of Charles V, 165
Isabella Clara Eugenia, Infanta (1566–1633), 253, 290
Islam, crusade against, 26, 32, 53–4, 57, 106, 140, 241
Italy,
Aragonese interests in, 35, 140, 168; Italian wars, 133–4
cultural and religious influence of, on Spain, 127, 128, 161, 212–13, 227
Council of, 170, 225 see also under individual Italian States
Jesuits, 247, 273, 342, 367–9
Jews, 20, 106–10, 116, 220–2
effects of expulsion, 107, 109–10, 119, 120, 123
Portuguese, 304 see also Conversos
John II, Aragon (1458–79), 15, 19–21, 22, 23, 40–41, 140
John of Austria, Don (1545–78), natural son of Charles V, 55, 240–41, 264–6, 268
John Maurice of Nassau, Prince, 355
Joseph Ferdinand of Bavaria, Prince (1692–9), 373, 374
Juan, Prince (1478–97), son of Ferdinand and Isabella, 135
Juan José of Austria, Don (1629–79), natural son of Philip IV, 353, 356, 357, 361–2, 363–6 370
Juana, the Mad, Queen of Castile (1504–55), 78, 135, 136, 138, 144, 155
Juana la Beltraneja (1462–1530), 15–16, 22–3
Juana, Infanta (1535–73), sister of Philip II, 225, 271
Juntas, 302–3, 350
de Alivios, 364
de Gobierno, 362
de Noche, 275, 302
de Reformación, 322, 327
Jurisdiction,
aristocratic, 68, 81, 84, 96–7, 117, 278
ecclesiastical, 99, 100
military, 295
municipal, 67–8, 94–7
royal, 84–5, 94–8, 100–101, 212, 304; in New World, 68–9, 74–5, 174–6 see also Encomienda
Juros, 93, 195, 206–7, 287, 311, 336, 356
proposals for redemption of, 286, 318, 328 and see Censos
Justice, royal exercise of, 86,98–9, 249–51 see also Jurisdiction
Justicia, of Aragon, 29, 279–80, 282, 283
Kingship,
in Crown of Aragon, 28–31; in Spanish Monarchy, 167,176–7 see also Monarchy, Spanish
concepts of: Catholic Kings, 77–8, 80, 85–6, 97–9; Charles V, 166–7; Philip II, 249–51, 253, 254–5
royal absenteeism, 31, 83, 164–5, 176, 254–5, 329
Labour, 190, 196, 297–8, 318,
in New World, 70–71, 73–4
Land,
distribution and ownership of, 26–7, 32, 34, 50, 113, 297; in New World, 59–60, 67–8, 74–5
Crown, 49–50, 89, 237
forms of tenure, 68, 81, 117–18 189 see also Agriculture
Language, 128, 141, 234, 245
La Noue, François de (1531–91), Huguenot leader, 289
Lanuza, Juan de, Justicia of Aragon (1564–91), 282
Laso de la Vega, Pedro, Comunero leader, 154, 157
Latifundios, 26, 292 see also Land
La Torre, Count of, Fernando Mascarenhas, Portuguese naval commander, 341
Law, 96–8, 329
Leyes Nuevas (1542), 73 see also Letrados
Leganés, Marquis of, Diego Felipe de Guzmán (d. 1655), general, 318, 349
León, Fray Luis de (1527–91), theologian and poet, 219, 242, 245, 247
Lepanto,
battle of (1571), 241–2
Lerma, Duke of, Francisco de Sandoval y Rojas, Marquis of Denia (1553–1625),
favourite of Philip III, 301–4, 321–2, 323, 324
Lerma, Pedro de (d. 1541), humanist scholar, and Chancellor of Alcalá University, 217
Letrados, 90, 178–9
Levant Company, 332
Limpieza de sangre, 107, 220–24, 309
Lisbon, 271,276, 337–8
Literature, 64, 128, 226–7, 245–7, 319–20, 385–6
Llorenç, Juan (d. 1520), leader of Germanías, 156
Loaisa, Garcia de (1480?–1546), confessor of Charles V, Bishop of Osma (1525–32), Archbishop of Seville (1539–46), 172, 208
Local government, in Castile, 94–7 see also Jurisdiction
Lope de Vega Carpio, Felix (1562–1635), 319
Louis XI of France (1461–83), 15, 19, 22, 41, 77, 130
Louis XIV of France (1643–1715), 373, 374, 376
Loyola, St Ignatius (1491–1556), 214
Luna, Álvaro de (1390?–1453), favourite of John II of Castile, 18
Lutheranism, 212–15, 217
Madrid, 171, 253–4, 287, 305, 315
Majorca, 56, 232, 241
Manila galleon, 293
Manrique, Alonso (d. 1538), Archbishop of Seville (1524–38), Inquisitor General, 214–15, 216–17
Mantuan war (1628–31), 334–5
Manuel, Juan, adviser to Philip the Fair, 136
Margaret of Parma (1522–86), natural daughter of Charles V, 233, 268
Margaret of Savoy, Princess (1589–1655), Governess of Portugal, 337, 347
Margarit i Pau, Joan (1421–84), Cardinal, Chancellor of Joan II of Aragon, 19
María de Ágreda, Sor (1602–65), confidante of Philip IV, 350
María Teresa, Infanta (1638–83), daughter of Philip IV, 356, 373
Mariana of Austria (1634–96), 2nd wife of Philip IV, and Queen Regent, 357, 361, 362, 363, 364–5, 373
Mariana, Father Juan de (1535–1624), Jesuit historian, 218, 219, 367–8, 384
Marineo Sículo, Lucio (1444?–1533), Italian humanist and historiographer of Ferdinand the Catholic, 89, 111, 313
Martin I of Aragon (1396–1410), 16, 30
Martire d‘Anghera, Pietro (1457?-1526), Italian humanist and historian, 128, 145, 156–7
Mary Tudor (1516–58), 210, 228
Maurice of Saxony (1521–53), 209
Maximilian I, Emperor (1493–1519), 135, 146
Mazarin, Cardinal, 351, 352, 353
Medina del Campo, 154, 187–8 197, 294
fairs, of, 42, 120, 188, 269, 287
Medina de Rioseco, 2nd Duke of, Admiral of Castile, Luis Enriquez de Cabrera y Mendoza (d. 1596), 260
Medina-Sidonia, 9th Duke of, Gaspar Pérez de Guzmán el Bueno y Sandoval (d. 1664) 348
Medina de las Torres, 1st Duke of, Ramiro Núñrez de Guzmán (d. 1668), 362
Medinaceli, 8th Duke of, Juan Francisco Tomás, de la Cerda (d. 1691), minister of Charles II, 315, 366
Mediterranean, 168–9, 231–2, 239, 241–2
Mendicant Orders, see Religious Orders
Mendoza, house of, 23, 34, 113, 137, 260
Mendoza, Antonio de, Viceroy of New Spain (1535–50). and of Peru (1551–2), 175
Mendoza, Diego Hurtado de (1503–75), diplomat and author, 382
‘Mercantilism’, 198 see also Economic Policies
Mercedes, 180, 283, 322
Merchants,
Castilian, 116–17, 121–2, 179, 197–8, 204
Catalan, 27, 36, 39, 332
foreign, 182, 186–7, 197, 361 see also Genoa
of Seville, 57, 59, 183, 187, 343 see also Trade
Mercury, 183, 269
Mesta, 33, 57, 119, 188
Mexico,
conquest and government of, 62, 64–6, 162, 174–6;
encomiendas, 70–71, 74; 75
Church in, 71–2, 102
silver, 183
‘century of depression’, 291–3 see also Indies
Milan, duchy of, 168, 286, 326
Military Orders, 26, 32, 88–9, 119, 201, 224
Millones, 285–6, 304, 328, 356
Minorca, 375
Miranda, Count of, Juan de Zúñiga y Avellaneda (d. 1608), President of Council of Castile, 301
Molina, Luis (1535–1600), Jesuit theologian, 247
Monarchy, Spanish,
structure of, 166–7, 176–7, 254–8 see also Conciliar system
proposed solutions to problem of, see Castilianization; Eboli faction; Federalism; Olivares
Moncada, Sancho de, arbitrista, 300
Mondéjar, 2nd Marquis of, Luis Hurtado de Mendoza, 3rd Count of Tendilla (d. 1566), 237, 239
Mondéjar, 3rd Marquis, Iñgo López de Mendoza, 4th Count of Tendilla (1512–80), Captain-General of Granada, 236–40
Montesinos, Fray Antonio de (d. 1526?), Dominican, 72–3
Moors, 26–7, 32, 45–56, 217
Moorish survivals and influences, 52–3, 127, 236, 308–9 see also Moriscos
Moriscos, 110, 156, 168, 278
2nd revolt of Alpujarras (1568–70), 235–41 expulsion of, 305–8 see also Moors
Mortara, 2nd Marquis of, Francisco de Orozco, general, 353
Moura, Cristóbal de (1538–1613),
minister of Philip II, 271, 275, 301
Mulay Hassan, King of Granada (d. 1485), 48
Münster, peace of (1648), 351
Murillo, Bartolomé Esteban (1617–82), artist, 367
Mysticism, 213, 244–6, 384–5
Nadal, Dr Jordi, historian, 194
Nájera, 1st Duke of, Pedro Manrique de Lara (d. 1515), 142
Naples, 36, 131, 133–4, 139, 352
Nassau, Count Henry of, 172, 173
Navagero, Andreas (1483–1529), Venetian historian, 197
Navarre, Kingdom of, 24, 25, 140–42, 158–9, 170
Navigation, internal, 296–7
Nebrija, Elio Antonio de (1444–1522), humanist and grammarian, 128
Neo-Platonism, 244, 245
Netherlands,
trade with Spain, 33, 120–21, 137, 187, 188, 195, 290–92
Flemish influences on Spain, 127, 154, 160–61, 212; Spanish influence on Netherlands, 227
political connexion with Castile, 135–7, 142–3, 160–61;
Castilian reactions to Charles V's Flemish suite, 145–6, 153, 155
and Imperial finances, 200
revolt of (1566), 232, 242, 258, 261–6, 268–9, 289–90 see also Flanders; United Provinces
Nevers, Duke of, claimant to duchy of Mantua, 334
New World, see Indies
Nijmwegen, Peace of (1678), 365
Nithard, Father Juan Everardo (1607–81), confessor of Mariana of Austria, 362, 363, 364
Nueva Planta (1716), 377
Ocaña, Francisco de, Illuminist friar, 213
Offices, 89–91, 95–7, 178–80, 263, 329 municipal, 93–6, 212, 327
sale of, 94, 304, 336, 356 see also Administration; Limpieza de Sangre
Officials, royal, 91, 177–81 see also Administration: Corregidores, etc.
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