11. Ibid., 10–11.
12. C. H. Lawrence, Medieval Monasticism: Forms of Religious Life in Western Europe in the Middle Ages (London: Longman Group LTD, 1984), 216.
13. DeRusha, 50 Women Every Christian Should Know, 61.
14. Charlotte Woodford, Nuns as Historians in Early Modern Germany (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), 4.
15. Markwald and Markwald, Katharina von Bora, 27.
16. Ibid., 27.
17. The origin of the word Cistercian comes from the Latin name for Cîteaux; Dictionary.com, accessed December 21, 2015, http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/cistercian.
18. M. Basil Pennington, OCSO, “The Cistercians: An Introduction,” The Order of St. Benedict, accessed November 11, 2015, http://www.osb.org/cist/intro.html.
19. Lawrence, Medieval Monasticism, 174–76.
20. Markwald and Markwald, Katharina von Bora, 27.
21. Ibid., 29–30.
22. Lawrence, Medieval Monasticism, 174–76.
23. Markwald and Markwald, Katharina von Bora, 28.
24. Kroker, Mother of the Reformation, 13.
Chapter 2 A Nun without a Choice
1. Julie Kerr, Life in the Medieval Cloister (New York: Continuum US, 2009), 58.
2. “Daily Life of a Nun in the Middle Ages,” LordsAndLadies.org, accessed May 20, 2015, http://www.lordsandladies.org/daily-life-nun-middle-ages.htm.
3. Kerr, Life in the Medieval Cloister, 41.
4. Walter Map, De Nugis Curialium, ed. and trans. M. R. James, rev. C. N. L. Brooke / R. A. B. Mynors (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1983), 77, as quoted in Kerr, Life in the Medieval Cloister, 38.
5. Kerr, Life in the Medieval Cloister, 55.
6. Ibid., 56.
7. Ibid., 55.
8. Ibid., 56.
9. Albrecht Thoma, Katharina von Bora, Geschichtliches Lebensbild (Berlin: Georg Reimer, 1900), 87, as quoted in Markwald and Markwald, Katharina von Bora, 81.
10. Markwald and Markwald, Katharina von Bora, 33.
11. Kroker, Mother of the Reformation, 19.
12. Markwald and Markwald, Katharina von Bora, 32.
13. Ibid., 30.
14. Kerr, Life in the Medieval Cloister, 47.
15. Ibid.
16. Ibid.
17. Bernard of Clairvaux, The Letters of Bernard of Clairvaux, ed. and trans. by B. S. James (Stroud: Sutton Publishing Ltd., 1998), 8, as quoted in Kerr, Life in the Medieval Cloister, 46.
18. William of St. Thierry, The Golden Epistle: A Letter to the Brethren at Mont Dieu, trans. by T. Berkeley (Kalamazoo, MI: Cistercian Publications, 1971), 44–45, as quoted in Kerr, Life in the Medieval Cloister, 47.
19. Bernard of Clairvaux, St. Bernard’s Apologia to Abbott William, trans. by M. Casey (Kalamazoo, MI: Cistercian Publications, 1970), 57, as quoted in Kerr, Life in the Medieval Cloister, 47.
20. Kroker, Mother of the Reformation, 22.
21. Woodford, Nuns as Historians, 6–7.
22. Markwald and Markwald, Katharina von Bora, 32–33.
23. Thoma, Katharina von Bora, Geschichtliches Lebensbild, 192, as quoted in Markwald and Markwald, Katharina von Bora, 33.
Chapter 3 A Family Rift
1. The family name, a derivative of the Christian name Lothar, was often written Luder, as well as Loder and Lotter. It was only when he began to publish his writing that Martin Luther chose the form by which we know him today. From Richard Friedenthal, Luther: His Life and Times (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1967), 8.
2. Friedenthal, Luther, 15.
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid.
5. Luther’s father had risen through the ranks of the mining business, so St. Anne, the patron saint of miners, held a place of importance in the Luther family.
6. WA, vol. 8, 574, as quoted in Richard Marius, Martin Luther: The Christian between God and Death (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999), 44.
7. Brecht, Martin Luther: His Road to Reformation, 1:5.
8. Marius, Martin Luther, 24.
9. Friedenthal, Luther, 8.
10. Peter Manns, Martin Luther: An Illustrated Biography (New York: The Crossroads Publishing Company, 1982), 15; James M. Kittelson, Luther the Reformer: The Story of the Man and His Career (Minneapolis: Augsburg, 1986), 31.
11. Marius, Martin Luther, 24.
12. Manns, Martin Luther: An Illustrated Biography, 15.
13. Ibid.
14. Friedenthal, Luther, 11.
15. Martin Marty, Martin Luther: A Life (New York: Viking Penguin, 2004), 2.
16. Marius, Martin Luther, 22.
17. Friedenthal, Luther, 11.
18. Kittelson, Luther the Reformer, 35.
19. Friedenthal, Luther, 11.
20. Heinrich Boehmer, Martin Luther: Road to Reformation, translated from the German by John W. Doberstein and Theodore G. Tappert (Cleveland: The World Publishing Company, 1957), 18.
21. Kittelson, Luther the Reformer, 37–38.
22. Friedenthal, Luther, 12.
23. Marius, Martin Luther, 23.
24. Erik H. Erikson, Young Man Luther: A Study in Psychoanalysis and History (New York: W.W. Norton, 1958), 77.
25. LW, vol. 54, no. 1559, 157.
26. LW, vol. 54, no. 3566A, 235.
27. Ibid.
28. Roland H. Bainton, Here I Stand: A Life of Martin Luther (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1950), 23.
29. Robert Herndon Fife, Young Luther: The Intellectual and Religious Development of Martin Luther to 1518 (New York: AMS Press, Inc., 1970), 111–12.
30. Friedenthal, Luther, 47.
31. Ibid.
32. LW, vol. 49, 319; Letter from Martin Luther to Philip Melanchthon, June 5, 1530.
33. Ibid.
34. Ibid.
35. Ibid.
36. WA, BR, vol. 5, 379, as quoted in a footnote in LW, vol. 49, 319.
37. Ibid.
38. Marius, Martin Luther, 21.
Chapter 4 The Good Monk
1. Marius, Martin Luther, 41.
2. Friedenthal, Luther, 22.
3. James M. Anderson, Daily Life during the Reformation (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2011), 32.
4. Marius, Martin Luther, 10.
5. “Plague: The Black Death,” National Geographic, accessed August 17, 2015, http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/health-and-human-body/human-diseases/plague-article/.
6. Giovanni Boccaccio, as found in “Black Death,” History.com, accessed August 17, 2015, http://www.history.com/topics/black-death.
7. “Black Death,” History.com, accessed August 17, 2015, http://www.history.com/topics/black-death.
8. Ibid.
9. Giovanni Boccaccio, as found in “The Black Death, 1348,” Eyewitness to History, accessed August 17, 2015, http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/plague.htm.
10. Kittelson, Luther the Reformer, 34.
11. Mark Konnert, Early Modern Europe: The Age of Religious War, 1559–1715 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2008), 22.
12. Henry Kamen, Early Modern European Society (London: Routledge, 2005), 18.
13. Konnert, Early Modern Europe, 22.
14. Kittelson, Luther the Reformer, 34.
15. Kamen, Early Modern European Society, 18.
16. Ibid.
17. Michael Camille, The Gargoyles of Notre-Dame: Medievalism and the Monsters of Modernity (Chicago: University of Chicago Press), 14–17.
18. Marius, Martin Luther, 43.
19. Bainton, Here I Stand, 17.
20. Ibid., 18.
21. Friedenthal, Luther, 44.
22. Kittelson, Luther the Reformer, 51–52.
23. Ibid., 78–79, 83.
24. Marius, Martin Luther, 83.
25. Friedenthal, Luther, 83.
26. WA, vol. 51, 68, as quoted in Marius, Martin Luther, 83.
27. Martin Luther, as quoted in Bainton, Here I Stand, 26.
28. Marius, Martin Luther, 201.
29. Ibid., 59.
&nbs
p; 30. Ibid., 32.
31. Fife, Young Luther, 126.
32. Ibid.
33. Boehmer, Martin Luther: Road to Reformation, 40.
34. Kittelson, Luther the Reformer, 43.
35. Marius, Martin Luther, 487.
36. Brecht, Martin Luther: His Road to Reformation, 3:376.
37. Edith Simon, Luther Alive: Martin Luther and the Making of the Reformation (Garden City, NY: Doubleday and Company, Inc. 1968), 35.
38. Kittelson, Luther the Reformer, 56.
39. Ibid.
40. Bainton, Here I Stand, 34.
Chapter 5 The Road to Damascus and a Nail in the Door
1. Kittelson, Luther the Reformer, 63.
2. Bainton, Here I Stand, 33.
3. Kroker, Mother of the Reformation, 82.
4. Kittelson, Luther the Reformer, 63.
5. A prince-elector (the title was abbreviated to elector) was a member of the electoral college of the Holy Roman Empire. From the thirteenth century through the beginning of the nineteenth century, the electors were very powerful, as they were responsible for electing the person who would be crowned the Holy Roman Emperor by the pope. In 1519, seven electors selected Charles V as the Holy Roman Emperor after the death of his paternal grandfather, Maximilian I.
6. Marius, Martin Luther, 85.
7. Bainton, Here I Stand, 43.
8. “Catechism of the Catholic Church,” Vatican, accessed July 30, 2015, http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P4G.HTM.
9. Enrico dal Covolo, SDB, “The Historical Origin of Indulgences,” CatholicCulture.org, accessed July 30, 2015, http://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/view.cfm?id=1054.
10. Bainton, Here I Stand, 54.
11. Ibid., 53.
12. Bainton, Here I Stand, 53, and Simon, Luther Alive, 65.
13. Bainton, Here I Stand, 53.
14. Ibid., 60–61.
15. Marius, Martin Luther, 135.
16. Ibid., 137.
17. Ibid., 139.
18. Martin Luther, Works of Martin Luther, with Introduction and Notes, vol. 1 (Philadelphia: A. J. Holman Company, 1915), 37.
19. Ibid., 30–32.
20. Bainton, Here I Stand, 62.
21. Marius, Martin Luther, 192.
22. WA, vol. 54, 186, as quoted in Marius, Martin Luther, 193.
23. Martin Brecht, “Luther’s Reformation,” Handbook of European History, 1400–1600, vol. 2, eds. Thomas A. Brady, Jr., Heiko A. Oberman, and James D. Tracy (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1996), 133.
24. LW, vol. 48, 106; Letter from Martin Luther to George Spalatin, February 7, 1519.
25. John M. Todd, Luther: A Life (London: Hamish Hamilton Ltd., 1982), 160.
26. Ibid., 159.
27. “The Disputation of Tortosa,” Jewish Virtual Library, accessed April 12, 2016, https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0020_0_19966.html.
28. Marius, Martin Luther, 173.
29. Ibid., 179, 182.
30. Ibid., 187.
31. Friedenthal, Luther, 211.
32. Ibid.
33. Marius, Martin Luther, 234.
Chapter 6 Hear This, O Pope!
1. Friedenthal, Luther, 251.
2. Ibid.
3. The papal bull of excommunication was issued on June 15, 1520, but though Luther had heard rumors of it, the official bull didn’t reach his hands until October 10, 1520. Sixty days later, when the period that was allowed for him to recant was up, he burned it, on December 10, 1520.
4. LW, vol. 44, 193.
5. Ibid., 163.
6. Ibid., 168.
7. Ibid., 169.
8. Marius, Martin Luther, 265.
9. Ibid., 266.
10. Martin Luther, “The Freedom of a Christian,” in Selected Writings of Martin Luther, 1520–1523, ed. Theodore C. Tappert (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1967), 35.
11. Ibid., 40–43.
12. Ibid., 42.
13. LW, vol. 48, 188.
14. Simon, Luther Alive, 12–13.
15. Marius, Martin Luther, 294.
16. LW, vol. 32, 112–13. Footnote for the last sentence of this passage notes: “These words are given in German in the Latin text upon which this translation is based. There is good evidence, however, that Luther actually said only: ‘May God help me!’ Cf. Deutsche Reichstagsakten, Vol. II: Deutsche Reichstagsakten unter Kaiser Karl V (Gotha, 1896), p. 587.”
17. Todd, Luther: A Life, 203.
18. Marius, Martin Luther, 295.
19. Todd, Luther: A Life, 204.
20. LW, vol. 48, 222; Letter to George Spalatin, May 14, 1521.
Chapter 7 The Risks of Freedom
1. Markwald and Markwald, Katharina von Bora, 38–39.
2. Ibid., 39.
3. Ibid., 40.
4. LW, vol. 44, 291.
5. Heiko A. Oberman, Luther: Man between God and the Devil (New York: Doubleday, 1992), 272.
6. Martin Luther, Against the So-called Spiritual Estate of the Pope and the Bishops, LW, vol. 39, 297.
7. Merry Wiesner-Hanks, ed., Convents Confront the Reformation: Catholic & Protestant Nuns in Germany (Milwaukee: Marquette University Press, 1998), 45–47.
8. Ibid., 47.
9. Ibid., 49.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid., 61.
12. Amy Leonard, Nails in the Wall: Catholic Nuns in Reformation Germany (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005), 31.
13. Ibid., 50.
14. Wiesner-Hanks, Convents Confront the Reformation, 12.
15. Ibid., 13.
16. Merry E. Wiesner, Gender, Church and State in Early Modern Germany: Essays by Merry E. Wiesner (London: Addison Wesley Longman Limited, 1998), 60.
17. Leonard, Nails in the Wall, 53.
18. Ibid., 51.
19. Ibid.
20. Merry E. Wiesner, “Nuns, Wives, and Mothers: Women and the Reformation in Germany,” in Women in Reformation and Counter-Reformation Europe: Private and Public Worlds, ed. Sherrin Marshall (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989), 10.
21. Caritas Pirckheimer, as quoted in “The Nuremberg Abbess: Caritas Pirckheimer,” in Katharina M. Wilson, ed., Women Writers of the Renaissance and Reformation (Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1987), 298–300.
22. Caritas Pirckheimer, Caritas Pirckheimer: A Journal of the Reformation Years 1524–1528, trans. Paul A. MacKenzie (Rochester, NY: Boydell & Brewer Ltd., 2006), 93.
23. Ibid.
24. Ibid.
25. Ibid.
26. Ibid., 179.
27. Wiesner-Hanks, Convents Confront the Reformation, 35.
28. Ibid., 37.
29. Wiesner, Gender, Church and State in Early Modern Germany, 119.
30. Ibid., 118.
31. Leonard, Nails in the Wall, 83.
32. Ibid., 19–20.
33. Wiesner, Gender, Church and State in Early Modern Germany, 123.
34. Ibid., 139–40.
35. Ibid., 139.
36. Ibid., 140.
37. Ibid.
38. Ibid., 139.
39. Ibid.
40. Merry Wiesner, Women and Gender in Early Modern Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 45.
41. Ibid., 44.
42. Ibid., 76.
43. Boehmer, Martin Luther: Road to Reformation, 14.
44. Wiesner, Women and Gender in Early Modern Europe, 56.
45. Ibid.
46. LW, vol. 7, 76.
47. Wiesner, Women and Gender in Early Modern Europe, 57.
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