48. WA, vol. 2, 166–71, 1519, quoted in Luther on Women: A Sourcebook, ed. and trans. Susan C. Karant-Nunn and Merry E. Wiesner-Hanks (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003), Kindle edition, 91.
49. Wolfgang Breul, “Celibacy—Marriage—Unmarriage: The Controversy over Celibacy and Clerical Marriage in the Early Reformation,” in Mixed Matches: Transgressive Unions in Germany from the Reformation to the Enlightenment, ed. David M. Luebke and Mary Lindemann (New York: Berghahn Books, 2014), 33.
50. Martin Luther, Against the So-called Spiritual Estate of the Pope and the Bishops, LW, vol. 39, 296.
Chapter 8 Escape
1. Markwald and Markwald, Katharina von Bora, 42.
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid.
4. Martin Luther, Dr. Martin Luther’s Sammtliche Schriften, 2nd ed., ed. Johann Georg Walch (St. Louis: Concordia, 1881–1910), 19:1669–71, as quoted in Markwald and Markwald, Katharina von Bora, 43.
5. Markwald and Markwald, Katharina von Bora, 45.
6. Margaret A. Currie, The Letters of Martin Luther (London: MacMillan and Company, Limited, 1908), 111; Letter from Martin Luther to Wenzel Link, April 8, 1523.
7. Markwald and Markwald, Katharina von Bora, 46.
8. Simon, Luther Alive, 327.
9. Kroker, Mother of the Reformation, 34.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid., 35.
12. Currie, Letters of Martin Luther, 111; Letter from Martin Luther to Wenzel Link, April 8, 1523.
13. Luther, Dr. Martin Luther’s Sammtliche Schriften, 21a:497, as quoted in Markwald and Markwald, Katharina von Bora, 52.
14. Florentina von Oberweimar, Ein Geschicht, wie Gott Einer ehrbarn Klosterjungfrauen ausgeholfen hat (Strasbourg: J. Pruss, 1524), fol. viii, as quoted in Leonard, Nails in the Wall, 54.
15. Leonard, Nails in the Wall, 54.
16. Luther, Dr. Martin Luther’s Sammtliche Schriften, 21b:1896, as quoted in Markwald and Markwald, Katharina von Bora, 57.
17. Beatus Rhenanus, Briefwechsel (Leipzig: B.G. Teubner Verlag, 1886), 319, as quoted in Roland Bainton, Women of the Reformation in Germany and Italy (Minneapolis: Augsburg, 1971), 24.
18. Kroker, Mother of the Reformation, 39.
19. Steven Ozment, When Fathers Ruled: Family Life in Reformation Europe (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1983), 25.
20. Kroker, Mother of the Reformation, 56.
21. Currie, Letters of Martin Luther, 129; Letter from Martin Luther to Hieronymus Baumgartner, October 12, 1524.
22. Kroker, Mother of the Reformation, 57.
23. Markwald and Markwald, Katharina von Bora, 61.
24. Ibid.
25. Eva Zeller, Die Lutherin Spurensuche nach Katharina von Bora (Berlin: Langenscheidt, 1982), 480, as quoted in Markwald and Markwald, Katharina von Bora, 62.
Chapter 9 Marriage Makeover
1. Luke Dysinger, OSB, “History of the Sacrament of Matrimony,” adapted from The New Commentary on the Code of Canon Law, “Title VI-Marriage [canons. 1055–1165], Historical Overview,” eds. John P. Beal, James A. Coriden, and Thomas J. Green (Mahwah, NJ: Paulist, 1998), accessed August 28, 2015, http://www.ldysinger.com/THM_544_Marriage/05_Hist_Devt/001_hist-sum.htm.
2. Diarmaid MacCulloch, The Reformation (New York: Viking, 2003), 612.
3. Joel F. Harrington, Reordering Marriage and Society in Reformation Germany (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 171.
4. Ozment, When Fathers Ruled, 25.
5. Ibid.
6. Harrington, Reordering Marriage, 30.
7. Ozment, When Fathers Ruled, 25.
8. Harrington, Reordering Marriage, 177.
9. LW, vol. 36, 96.
10. Harrington, Reordering Marriage, 184.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid.
13. Steven Ozment, Flesh and Spirit: Private Life in Early Modern Germany (New York: Penguin Books, 1999), 45.
14. Ibid.
15. Ibid.
16. Harrington, Reordering Marriage, 188.
17. LW, vol. 46, 268.
18. Harrington, Reordering Marriage, 187–88.
19. LW, vol. 44, 8.
20. Martin Luther, “The Estate of Marriage,” 1522, LW, vol. 45, 17–49, quoted in Karant-Nunn and Wiesner-Hanks, Luther on Women, 100–101.
21. Oberman, Luther: Man between God and the Devil, 273.
22. WA, vol. 18, 275, 19–28, as quoted in Oberman, Luther: Man between God and the Devil, 273.
23. Francis and Joseph Gies, Women in the Middle Ages (New York: HarperCollins, 1978), 53.
24. Ibid.
25. Harrington, Reordering Marriage, 51.
26. Ibid.
27. Leonard, Nails in the Wall, 1.
28. LW, vol. 1, 35.
29. WA, vol. 18, 277, 26–36, as quoted in Oberman, Luther: Man between God and the Devil, 272–73.
30. Oberman, Luther: Man between God and the Devil, 274.
31. LW, vol. 39, 298; from Martin Luther’s Against the So-Called Spiritual Estate of the Pope and the Bishops.
32. LW, vol. 45, 44; from Martin Luther’s The Estate of Marriage.
33. Ibid.
34. Luebke and Lindemann, Mixed Matches, 15.
35. Karant-Nunn and Wiesner-Hanks, Luther on Women, 137–38.
36. Simon, Luther Alive, 345.
37. Markwald and Markwald, Katharina von Bora, 63.
38. Currie, Letters of Martin Luther, 129; Letter from Martin Luther to George Spalatin, November 30, 1524.
39. LW, vol. 49, 104–5; Letter from Martin Luther to George Spalatin, April 16, 1525.
40. Ibid., 105.
41. Markwald and Markwald, Katharina von Bora, 61.
42. Ernst Kroker, “Luthers Werbung um Katharina von Bora,” in Lutherstudies zur 4, Jahrhunderfeier der Reformation (Weimar: H. Bohlaus, 1917), 142, as quoted in Markwald and Markwald, Katharina von Bora, 61.
43. Ibid.
Chapter 10 Tying the Knot
1. Kroker, Mother of the Reformation, 64–65.
2. “German Peasants’ Revolt,” New World Encyclopedia, accessed January 8, 2016, http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/German_Peasants’_revolt.
3. LW, vol. 49, 111; Letter from Martin Luther to John Rühel, May 4, 1525.
4. Johann Georg Walch, ed., Dr. Martin Luther’s Sammtliche Schriften, 20:1156, as quoted in Markwald and Markwald, Katharina von Bora, 70.
5. WA, BR, vol. 3, 479–82, no. 860, as quoted in Markwald and Markwald, Katharina von Bora, 69.
6. LW, vol. 49, 117; Letter from Martin Luther to Nikolaus von Amsdorf, June 21, 1525.
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid.
9. WA, TR, vol. 5, no. 4787, 503–5, as quoted in Karant-Nunn and Wiesner-Hanks Luther on Women, 132.
10. Brecht, “Luther’s Reformation,” Handbook of European History, 1400–1600, 2:132.
11. Ibid.
12. Martin Luther, “The Freedom of a Christian,” in Reformation Writings of Martin Luther, trans. Bertram Lee Woolf (New York: Philosophical Library, 1953), 357.
13. Marius, Martin Luther, 269.
14. Luther, “The Freedom of a Christian,” in Woolf, Reformation Writings of Martin Luther, 376.
15. Lyndal Roper, The Holy Household: Religion, Morals and Order in Reformation Augsburg (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989), 143–44.
16. Ibid.
17. Kroker, Mother of the Reformation, 71.
18. Markwald and Markwald, Katharina von Bora, 81.
19. Kroker, Mother of the Reformation, 66.
20. G. Kawerau, ed., Der Briefwechsel des Justus Jonas, vol. 1 (Halle: O. Hendel, 1884), no. 90, 94, 3–9, as quoted in Oberman, Luther: Man between God and the Devil, 282.
21. Markwald and Markwald, Katharina von Bora, 71–72.
22. Kroker, Mother of the Reformation, 66.
23. Simon, Luther Alive, 307.
24. Roper, Holy Household, 151.
25. Ibid., 152.
26. Ibid., 153.
27. Ibid., 154.
/> 28. Currie, Letters of Martin Luther, 141; Letter from Martin Luther to Johann von Doltzig, Electoral Chancellor, June 21, 1525.
29. WA, BR, vol. 3, 537, as quoted in Kittelson, Luther the Reformer, 201.
30. Simon, Luther Alive, 331.
31. Marius, Martin Luther, 438.
Chapter 11 Backlash
1. Simon, Luther Alive, 331.
2. WA, TR, vol. 2, no. 1657, 165, and WA, TR, vol. 3, no. 3179a-b, 312, as quoted in Markwald and Markwald, Katharina von Bora, 71.
3. Marjorie Elizabeth Plummer, “Nothing More than Common Whores and Knaves: Married Nuns and Monks in the Early German Reformation,” in Luebke and Lindemann, Mixed Matches, 47.
4. Ibid.
5. Breul, “Celibacy—Marriage—Unmarriage,” in Luebke and Lindemann, Mixed Matches, 34.
6. Ibid., 46.
7. Plummer, “Nothing More than Common Whores and Knaves,” in Luebke and Lindemann, Mixed Matches, 59.
8. Claudia Jarzebowski, “The Meaning of Love: Emotion and Kinship in Sixteenth-Century Incest Discourses,” in Luebke and Lindemann, Mixed Matches, 166.
9. Plummer, “Nothing More than Common Whores and Knaves,” in Luebke and Lindemann, Mixed Matches, 55.
10. Ibid., 57.
11. Ibid., 46.
12. Simon, Luther Alive, 331.
13. Jeanette C. Smith, “Katharina von Bora through Five Centuries: A Historiography,” Sixteenth Century Journal 30, no. 3 (Autumn 1999): 757.
14. Ibid.
15. Markwald and Markwald, Katharina von Bora, 78.
16. Kroker, Mother of the Reformation, 73.
17. Markwald and Markwald, Katharina von Bora, 78.
18. Marius, Martin Luther, 438.
19. Oberman, Luther: Man between God and the Devil, 278.
20. Simon, Luther Alive, 331.
21. Smith, “Katharina von Bora through Five Centuries: A Historiography,” 756.
22. Friedenthal, Luther, 437.
23. Ibid.
24. MacCulloch, Reformation, 544.
25. Hans Peter Broedel, The Malleus Maleficarum and the Construction of Witchcraft (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2003), 19.
26. Alan C. Kors and Edward Peter, eds., Witchcraft in Europe 1100–1700: A Documentary History (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1972), 121.
27. Ibid., 126–27 and 117.
28. Ibid., 127.
29. Broedel, The Malleus Maleficarum and the Construction of Witchcraft, 26.
30. Ibid., 27.
31. Smith, “Katharina von Bora through Five Centuries: A Historiography,” 766.
32. Katharina Schütz Zell, Church Mother: The Writings of a Protestant Reformer in Sixteenth-Century Germany, ed. and trans. Elsie McKee (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006), 62.
33. Ibid., 77.
34. Ibid., 78–79.
35. Letter from Johann Hasenberg, quoted in Markwald and Markwald, Katharina von Bora, 79.
36. Ibid.
37. Ibid.
38. Letter from Joachim von der Heyden, in Markwald and Markwald, Katharina von Bora, 78.
39. Markwald and Markwald, Katharina von Bora, 78–79.
Chapter 12 Hausfrau Extraordinaire
1. Kroker, Mother of the Reformation, 82.
2. Kroker, Mother of the Reformation, 79.
3. BBC News, “Luther’s Lavatory Thrills Experts,” October 22, 2004, accessed September 23, 2015, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3944549.stm.
4. “Toilet Where Luther Strained to Produce the Reformation,” Sydney Morning Herald, October 23, 2004, accessed September 23, 2015, http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/10/22/1098316865171.html.
5. Kroker, Mother of the Reformation, 82.
6. Ibid., 95.
7. Simon, Luther Alive, 335.
8. Markwald and Markwald, Katharina von Bora, 81.
9. Bainton, Here I Stand, 299.
10. John Fitzherbert, Boke of Husbandry (London, 1525), as quoted in Anderson, Daily Life during the Reformation, 122–23.
11. Terence Scully, The Art of Cookery in the Middle Ages (Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press, 1995), 78.
12. Ibid., 233.
13. All three recipes from ibid., 233–35.
14. Ibid., 120.
15. Ibid., 42.
16. Ibid., 102.
17. Anderson, Daily Life during the Reformation, 174.
18. Ibid., 101–2.
19. Ozment, Flesh and Spirit, 89.
20. Instructions for beer making from “Alcoholic Drinks of the Middle Ages: How Beer Is Made,” accessed September 25, 2015, http://myplace.frontier.com/~mshapiro_42/cbeer.html#how beer is made.
21. WA, TR, vol. 1, no. 798c, 379, as quoted in Markwald and Markwald, Katharina von Bora, 137.
22. WA, TR, vol. 2, no. 2757a, 638, as quoted in Markwald and Markwald, Katharina von Bora, 136.
23. Elaine Leong and Alisha Rankin, eds., Secrets and Knowledge in Medicine and Science: 1500–1800 (Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing Company, 2011), 23.
24. Markwald and Markwald, Katharina von Bora, 165.
25. Ibid.
26. Mary Lindemann, Medicine and Society in Early Modern Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 217.
27. Ibid., 219, and Anderson, Daily Life during the Reformation, 181.
28. Anderson, Daily Life during the Reformation, 179.
29. Ibid., 215.
30. Linda Pollock, With Faith and Physic: The Life of a Tudor Gentlewoman, Lady Grace Mildmay, 1552–1620 (London: Collins and Brown, 1993), as quoted in Lindemann, Medicine and Society in Early Modern Europe, 215.
31. Anderson, Daily Life during the Reformation, 173.
32. Friedenthal, Luther, 447–48.
33. The History Learning Site, “Health and Medicine in Medieval England,” accessed September 28, 2015, http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/medieval-england/health-and-medicine-in-medieval-england/.
34. Markwald and Markwald, Katharina von Bora, 165.
35. Johann Georg Walch, Dr. Martin Luthers Sämmtliche Schriften, 2nd ed., 20:2030–32, as quoted in Markwald and Markwald, Katharina von Bora, 166.
36. Ibid.
37. Kroker, Mother of the Reformation, 77.
38. WA, TR, vol. 3, no. 2835a, 13, as quoted in Markwald and Markwald, Katharina von Bora, 87.
39. William J. Petersen, Martin Luther Had a Wife (Wheaton: Tyndale, 1985), 14.
40. Markwald and Markwald, Katharina von Bora, 88.
41. Kroker, Mother of the Reformation, 93.
42. Ibid.
43. Ibid.
44. Simon, Luther Alive, 335.
45. Marius, Martin Luther, 437.
46. Elsie McKee, “Teaching Katharina Schütz Zell (1498–1562),” in Teaching Other Voices: Women and Religion in Early Modern Europe, eds. Margaret L. King and Albert Rabil Jr. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007), 138.
Chapter 13 Two Pigtails on the Pillow
1. LW, vol. 44, 8–9; Martin Luther, Sermon on the Estate of Marriage.
2. Martin Luther, Sermon No. 59, WA, vol. 10, 3, as quoted in Karant-Nunn and Wiesner-Hanks, Luther on Women, 92.
3. Markwald and Markwald, Katharina von Bora, 56.
4. LW, vol. 49, 117; Letter from Martin Luther to Nikolaus von Amsdorf, June 21, 1525.
5. Oberman, Luther: Man between God and the Devil, 281.
6. Marius, Martin Luther, 438.
7. LW, vol. 49, 117; Letter from Martin Luther to Nikolaus von Amsdorf, June 21, 1525.
8. Brecht, Martin Luther: His Road to Reformation, 2:413; as quoted in Markwald and Markwald, Katharina von Bora, 89.
9. Bainton, Women of the Reformation in Germany and Italy, 37.
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