Katharina and Martin Luther
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10. WA, TR, vol. 1, no. 255, 107, as quoted in Markwald and Markwald, Katharina von Bora, 136.
11. WA, TR, 3835; as quoted in Bainton, Women of the Reformation in Germany and Italy, 37.
12. Markwald and Markwald, Katharina von Bora, 143.
13. Bainton, Women of the Reformation in Germany and Italy, 37.
14. Meurer, Katharina Luther geb. Von Bora, 71, as quoted in Markwald and Markwald, Katharina von Bora, 135.
15. WA, TR, vol. 4, no. 4918, 580, as quoted in Markwald and Markwald, Katharina von Bora, 134.
16. Bainton, Women of the Reformation in Germany and Italy, 37.
17. Karant-Nunn and Wiesner-Hanks, Luther on Women, 16.
18. Martin Luther, Lectures on Genesis, LW, vol. 1, 69, as quoted in Karant-Nunn and Wiesner-Hanks, Luther on Women, 26.
19. WA, TR, vol. 1, no. 12, 5–6, and no. 103, 40, as quoted in Karant-Nunn and Wiesner-Hanks, Luther on Women, 28.
20. Martin Luther, Sämmtliche Werke (Erlangen and Frankfurt: 1826–57), vol. XX, 84, as quoted in Wiesner, Women and Gender in Early Modern Europe, 9.
21. Karant-Nunn and Wiesner-Hanks, Luther on Women, 9.
22. WA, TR, vol. 1, no. 55, 19, as quoted in Karant-Nunn and Wiesner-Hanks, Luther on Women, 28.
23. WA, TR, vol. 2, no. 1555, 130, as quoted in Karant-Nunn and Wiesner-Hanks, Luther on Women, 29.
24. LW, vol. 54, Table Talk no. 2847b, 174–75.
25. WA, TR, vol. 1, no. 1046, 528, as quoted in Karant-Nunn and Wiesner-Hanks, Luther on Women, 123.
26. Markwald and Markwald, Katharina von Bora, 131.
27. Bainton, Women of the Reformation in Germany and Italy, 29, 37.
28. Karant-Nunn and Wiesner-Hanks, Luther on Women, 122.
29. Susan C. Karant-Nunn, “The Masculinity of Martin Luther: Theory, Practicality, and Humor,” in Masculinity in the Reformation Era, eds. Scott H. Hendrix and Susan C. Karant-Nunn (Kirksville, MO: Truman State University Press, 2008), 178.
30. Martin Luther’s introduction to Johannes Freder, Ein Dialogus dem Ehestand zu ehren geschrieben, WA, vol. 54, 174–75, as quoted in Karant-Nunn and Wiesner-Hanks, Luther on Women, 122.
31. Karant-Nunn, “The Masculinity of Martin Luther,” in Masculinity in the Reformation Era, 178.
32. WA, TR, vol. 2, no. 1658, 166, as quoted in Karant-Nunn and Wiesner-Hanks, Luther on Women, 125.
33. LW, vol. 54, Table Talk no. 5659, 470.
34. Kroker, Mother of the Reformation, 160.
35. LW, vol. 49, 154; Letter from Martin Luther to Michael Stifel, August 11, 1526.
36. LW, vol. 49, 236; Letter from Martin Luther to Katharina Luther, October 4, 1529.
37. LW, vol. 49, 236, footnote 10.
38. Ibid.
39. Marius, Martin Luther, 442.
40. Currie, Letters of Martin Luther, 146; Letter from Martin Luther to George Spalatin, November 11, 1525.
41. LW, vol. 49, 403; Letter from Martin Luther to Katharina Luther, August 15, 1530.
42. Markwald and Markwald, Katharina von Bora, 109.
43. LW, vol. 54, Table Talk no. 49, 7.
44. WA, TR, vol. 1, no. 1110, 554, as quoted in Markwald and Markwald, Katharina von Bora, 130.
45. WA, BR, 3253, as quoted in Bainton, Women of the Reformation in Germany and Italy, 26.
46. Bainton, Women of the Reformation in Germany and Italy, 26.
47. LW, vol. 50, 290; Letter from Martin Luther to Katharina Luther, July 2, 1540.
48. LW, vol. 54, Table Talk no. 1461, 153.
49. Meurer, Katharina Luther geb. Von Bora, 46; as quoted in Markwald and Markwald, Katharina von Bora, 84.
50. Karant-Nunn, “The Masculinity of Martin Luther,” in Masculinity in the Reformation Era, 185.
51. LW, vol. 50, 290; Letter from Martin Luther to Katharina Luther, July 2, 1540.
52. LW, vol. 50, 168; Letter from Martin Luther to Katharina Luther, February 27, 1537.
53. LW, vol. 50, 302; Letter from Martin Luther to Katharina Luther, February 7, 1546.
54. Kroker, Mother of the Reformation, 222.
55. Ibid.
56. Markwald and Markwald, Katharina von Bora, 91–92.
57. Ibid., 92.
58. Simon, Luther Alive, 336.
Chapter 14 A Family Affair
1. WA, BR, 932, as quoted in Bainton, Women of the Reformation in Germany and Italy, 34.
2. Markwald and Markwald, Katharina von Bora, 93.
3. Ozment, Flesh and Spirit, 71.
4. Roper, Holy Household, 233.
5. Martin Luther, Lectures on Genesis, LW, vol. 5, 331, as quoted in Karant-Nunn and Wiesner-Hanks, Luther on Women, 70.
6. LW, vol. 5, 355, as quoted in Karant-Nunn and Wiesner-Hanks, Luther on Women, 71.
7. LW, vol. 49, 152; Letter from Martin Luther to John Rühel, June 8, 1526.
8. Ibid., 154; Letter from Martin Luther to Michael Stifel, August 11, 1526.
9. Lindemann, Medicine and Society in Early Modern Europe, 24.
10. Wiesner, Women and Gender in Early Modern Europe, 79.
11. Ibid., 81.
12. Ozment, When Fathers Ruled, 101.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid., 108–12.
15. Ibid., 108.
16. Eucharius Rösslin, “Rosengarten” (1513), in Alte Meister der Medizin und Naturkunde in Facsimile-Ausgaben und Neudrucken nach Werken des 15–18. Jahrhunderts, II, Begleit-Text by Gustav Klein (Munich, 1910), F 3 a-F 4 a/pp. 44–46, as quoted in Ozment, When Fathers Ruled, 110.
17. Ozment, Flesh and Spirit, 76.
18. Ibid.
19. Ibid., 76–77.
20. Ibid., 78.
21. Kroker, Mother of the Reformation, 122–23.
22. All baptism ceremony details from Ozment, Flesh and Spirit, 78.
23. Ibid., 85.
24. Konnert, Early Modern Europe, 22; and Kamen, Early Modern European Society, 18.
25. Kroker, Mother of the Reformation, 145–46.
26. Ibid., 151.
27. Ibid., 146–49.
28. Ibid., 152.
29. Ibid.
30. Kroker, Mother of the Reformation, 152–53.
Chapter 15 The Noblest, Most Precious Work
1. “Luther Als Musiker: Protestlieder und Psalmgesänge,” Luther 2017, accessed January 11, 2016, http://www.luther2017.de/en/reformation/und-kultur/musik/protest-songs-and-the-singing-of-psalms-luther-as-a-musician/.
2. “The Hymns of Martin Luther,” Zion Evangelical Lutheran Church, accessed April 13, 2016, http://atlanta.clclutheran.org/bibleclass/Hymns%20of%20Martin%20Luther.pdf.
3. Lawrence Stone, Family, Sex and Marriage in England, 1500–1800 (New York: Harper & Row, 1977), 57, as quoted in Ozment, When Fathers Ruled, 116.
4. Lindemann, Medicine and Society in Early Modern Europe, 23.
5. Ibid.
6. Kroker, Mother of the Reformation, 123.
7. Ibid.
8. LW, vol. 49, 324 and 323; Letter from Martin Luther to Hans Luther, about June 19, 1530.
9. Kroker, Mother of the Reformation, 123.
10. Ann Dally, “The Lancet and the Gum-Lancet: 400 Years of Teething Babies,” The Lancet 348, no. 9043 (Dec. 1996): 1710–11, accessed October 22, 2015, http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(96)05105-7/fulltext.
11. LW, vol. 50, 81; Letter from Martin Luther to Katharina Luther, July 29, 1534.
12. LW, vol. 49, 312; Letter from Martin Luther to Katharina Luther, June 5, 1530.
13. LW, vol. 49, 312, footnote no. 6, quoting letter from Veit Dietrich, June 19, 1530.
14. LW, vol. 49, 419; Letter from Martin Luther to Katharina Luther, September 8, 1530.
15. LW, vol. 49, 323; Letter from Martin Luther to Hans Luther, about June 19, 1530.
16. LW, vol. 50, 50; Letter from Martin Luther to Katharina Luther, February 27, 1532.
17. Kroker, Mother of the Reformation, 134–35.
18. Martin Luther, The Estate of Marriage, 1522, LW, vol.
45, 39–41, as quoted in Karant-Nunn and Wiesner-Hanks, Luther on Women, 107–8.
19. Heidi Wunder, He Is the Sun, She Is the Moon: Women in Early Modern Germany (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998), 19.
20. Ozment, When Fathers Ruled, 118.
21. Wunder, He Is the Sun, She Is the Moon, 19.
22. LW, vol. 49, 311; Letter from Martin Luther to Katharina Luther, June 5, 1530.
23. LW, vol. 54, Table Talk no. 4105, 320–21.
24. Ozment, When Fathers Ruled, 132.
25. Ibid., 146.
26. Two popular housefather books during Luther’s time were Otto Brunfels’s On Disciplining and Instructing Children and Erasmus’s Behavior Befitting Well-Bred Youth. Both were published in Latin and German so they could be read by scholars and common people alike. From Ozment, When Fathers Ruled, 136.
27. Kroker, Mother of the Reformation, 139.
28. Ibid., 138.
29. Ibid., 139.
30. Ozment, When Fathers Ruled, 148.
31. Gerald Strauss, Luther’s House of Learning: Indoctrination of the Young in the German Reformation (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978), 181.
32. LW, vol. 54, Table Talk no. 3566A, 235.
33. Kroker, Mother of the Reformation, 135.
34. LW, vol. 54, Table Talk no. 81, 9.
35. Ibid.
36. Strauss, Luther’s House of Learning, 154.
37. WA, BR, vol. 7, no. 2093; Letter from Martin Luther to Nikolaus von Amsdorf, March 1534, as quoted in Strauss, Luther’s House of Learning, 154.
38. Kroker, Mother of the Reformation, 135.
39. Martin Luther, The Estate of Marriage, LW, vol. 45, 45–47, as quoted in Karant-Nunn and Wiesner-Hanks, Luther on Women, 108.
40. Paraphrased from The Estate of Marriage, LW, vol. 45, 45–47.
Chapter 16 In the Valley of the Shadow of Death
1. LW, vol. 54, Table Talk no. 5494, 430.
2. Ibid.
3. LW, vol. 54, Table Talk no. 5497, 432.
4. LW, vol. 54, Table Talk no. 5491, 428.
5. LW, vol. 54, Table Talk no. 5494, 430.
6. Ibid.
7. LW, vol. 54, Table Talk no. 5496, 431.
8. MacCulloch, Reformation, 557–58.
9. WA, vol. 10, 3:1–2, as quoted in Craig M. Koslofsky, The Reformation of the Dead: Death and Ritual in Early Modern Germany, 1450–1700 (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2000), 3.
10. MacCulloch, Reformation, 558.
11. Koslofsky, Reformation of the Dead, 96.
12. MacCulloch, Reformation, 557–58.
13. LW, vol. 53, 326–27, as quoted in Koslofsky, Reformation of the Dead, 93.
14. Ibid.
15. LW, vol. 54, Table Talk no. 5498, 432.
16. Ibid.
17. Ibid.
18. Ibid.
19. Koslofsky, Reformation of the Dead, 97.
20. Anderson, Daily Life during the Reformation, 131.
21. Koslofsky, Reformation of the Dead, 99.
22. Ibid., 100.
23. LW, vol. 54, Table Talk no. 5499, 432–33.
24. Ibid., 433.
25. LW, vol. 54, Table Talk no. 5500, 433.
26. LW, vol. 50, 239; Letter from Martin Luther to Marcus Crodel, December 26, 1542.
27. LW, vol. 50, 240–41; Letter from Martin Luther to John Luther, December 27, 1542.
28. Ozment, When Fathers Ruled, 169.
29. LW, vol. 50, 238; Letter from Martin Luther to Justus Jonas, September 23, 1542.
30. Kroker, Mother of the Reformation, 143.
Chapter 17 ’Til Death Did Them Part
1. LW, vol. 50, 312; Letter from Martin Luther to Katharina Luther, February 14, 1546.
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid.
4. LW, vol. 50, from the epilogue, 318.
5. Ibid.
6. Markwald and Markwald, Katharina von Bora, 173.
7. Thoma, Katharina von Bora, Geschichtliches Lebensbild, 215, as quoted in Markwald and Markwald, Katharina von Bora, 176.
8. Dagmar Freist, “Religious Difference and the Experience of Widowhood in Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century Germany,” in Widowhood in Medieval and Early Modern Europe, eds. Sandra Cavallo and Lyndan Warner (New York: Pearson Education, Inc., 1999), 164.
9. Ibid.
10. William Page, as quoted by Barbara J. Todd, “The Virtuous Widow in Protestant England,” in Cavallo and Warner, Widowhood in Medieval and Early Modern Europe, 72.
11. Ibid., 73.
12. Ibid.
13. Kroker, Mother of the Reformation, 225.
14. Ibid.
15. Ibid., 226.
16. Wiesner, Women and Gender in Early Modern Europe, 90.
17. Ibid., 90–91.
18. Kroker, Mother of the Reformation, 226.
19. Ibid., 227.
20. Markwald and Markwald, Katharina von Bora, 178; Kroker, Mother of the Reformation, 228.
21. Markwald and Markwald, Katharina von Bora, 178.
22. Kroker, Mother of the Reformation, 228.
23. Ibid., 228–29.
24. Thoma, Katharina von Bora, Geschichtliches Lebensbild, 230–31, as quoted in Markwald and Markwald, Katharina von Bora, 181.
25. Kroker, Mother of the Reformation, 228.
26. Thoma, Katharina von Bora, Geschichtliches Lebensbild, 213, as quoted in Markwald and Markwald, Katharina von Bora, 174.
27. Kroker, Mother of the Reformation, 181.
28. Markwald and Markwald, Katharina von Bora, 178.
29. Kroker, Mother of the Reformation, 232.
30. Ibid., 238.
31. Sandra Cavallo and Lyndan Warner, “Introduction,” in Cavallo and Warner, Widowhood in Medieval and Early Modern Europe, 3.
32. Thoma, Katharina von Bora, Geschichtliches Lebensbild, 82–83, as quoted in Markwald and Markwald, Katharina von Bora, 180.
33. Thoma, Katharina von Bora, Geschichtliches Lebensbild, 244, as quoted in Markwald and Markwald, Katharina von Bora, 186.
34. Thoma, Katharina von Bora, Geschichtliches Lebensbild, 251–53, as quoted in Markwald and Markwald, Katharina von Bora, 188.
35. Meurer, Katharina Luther geb. Von Bora, 115–16, as quoted in Markwald and Markwald, Katharina von Bora, 189.
36. Thoma, Katharina von Bora, Geschichtliches Lebensbild, 256–57, as quoted in Markwald and Markwald, Katharina von Bora, 190–91.
37. Kroker, Mother of the Reformation, 247.
38. Markwald and Markwald, Katharina von Bora, 191.
39. Ibid., 254.
Chapter 18 A Chancy Thing
1. Kroker, Mother of the Reformation, 78.
2. WA, TR, vol. 3, no. 3675, 514–15, as quoted in Karant-Nunn and Wiesner-Hanks, Luther on Women, 129.
Appendix
1. Letters reprinted with permission of Augsburg Fortress.
2. Elector Johann Frederick.
3. Luther’s nickname for Johannes Bugenhagen.
4. Both Zwingli and Oecolampadius rejected the idea of the real presence of Christ in the elements, claiming the words “This is my body” and “This is my blood” were symbols or metaphors for Christ’s presence. Luther disagreed, arguing that Christ was physically present in the bread and the wine.
5. Luther’s nicknames for his children, Magdalene and Hans.
6. These two sentences were added as a postscript following Luther’s signature. Brenz was a German theologian and the Protestant Reformer of the Duchy of Württemberg. Osiander was the chief preacher at Nuremberg’s St. Lawrence Church. Stephen Kastenbauer, or Agricola, was a lesser known participant in the Reformation.
7. The English fever, which was brought by English sailors to Germany at the beginning of the sixteenth century, was feared by people perhaps even more than the plague. Because of the outbreak in Marburg, Landgrave Philip of Hesse was forced to abort negotiations before reaching the consensus between Luther and Zwingli that he had hoped for.