The Horses of St. Mark's
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Constantius, emperor, 88
Contarini, Gasparo, 130
Contarini family, 136
copper, 10, 50, 56, 175, 184–5, 254–5, 263–7, 270, 277; see also metal casting
Corfu, 80, 117
Corinth, 5, 49
Corippus, 26–7
Cornaro family, 136
Corone, 128
Correggio, 3, 181
Corsica, 191, 192n
Coryat, Thomas, 94, 140, 165–6, 169
Crete, 85, 110, 175
Crome, J. F., 257–8, 259
Croton, 147
Crouzet-Pavan, Elisabeth, 135
crusaders, 77–87
crusades, 77, 135; see also Fourth Crusade
Ctesiphon, 269
Cyprus, 128, 166
Cyriacus of Ancona, 137–8, 142–3
Cyzicus, 138
Dalmatian coast, 75, 117, 128, 136, 196
Damascus, 73
Dancing Faun, 170
Dandolo, Count Girolamo, 237
Dandolo, Enrico, 76–80, 83, 84–7, 89–91, 92, 95, 107, 123, 247; death in Constantinople, 86, 95
Dandolo, Giovanni, 107
Dandolo, Raniero, 86
Dante, 145; Inferno, 103
Danube, River, 21
Daru, Pierre, History of the Venetian Republic quoted, 190
David, Jacques Louis, 6, 201; The Oath of the Horatii, 177
de Quincy, Quatremère, 6, 215, 219
Delphi, 14, 24, 49, 50, 59, 258, 262; charioteer, 50, 51, 189
Demetrius Poliorcetes, 258, 259
Demus, Otto, 116
denarius, 44
Denon, Vivant, 203–4, 206, 209, 210, 215–16, 217, 219
Desaix, Louis Charles Antoine, 215
Description d’Egypte, 204
Diaghilev, Sergei, 246
Dickens, Charles, 244
Dio Cassius, 30
Diocletian, emperor, 15, 88
Dioscuri, 139, 184, 200
Directory, 3, 192; overthrown, 201
doges, 71, 86, 105–20, 126, 131, 191, 275, 276; elections, 109, 120; ceremonials, 110–12, 117, 120, 134; decline, 118–20; succession, 119; corno, 194, 195
Dolce, Ludoviso, Dialogo della Pittura, 146
Donatello, 54, 156, 157, 160
Doni, Anton Francesco, 152
Dresden, 180
ducats, 123
Duino, 249
Dürer, Albrecht, 152
Dying Gladiator, 221
Egypt, 3, 26, 53, 77, 78, 209, 264, 275; Mameluke, 135; Napoleon’s expedition, 206; art, 234
Eirene, empress, 106
Elba, 207
electroplating, 266
Eleutherae, 237
Elgin, Lord, 209, 222, 226, 227–9, 230; see also Parthenon sculptures
Elijah, 97–8, 99
Elsner, Jas, 267
England, 128, 129, 170–1, 172, 181, 210
English, 213, 218, 242
Enlightenment, 4, 5, 177, 235, 242
Ephesus, 17
equestrian statues, 155–7
Eraclea, 116
Etruscans, 41, 44; art, 234
Euboea, 32, 41, 128
Eugenius IV, Pope, 137
Euphranor (sculptor), 143
Euphrates, river, 21
Eusebius of Caesarea, bishop, 20
evangelists, 100–2
Ezekiel, 75, 97
Falier, Angelo, 106
Falier, Doge Ordelafo, 106
Falier, Giovanni, 211
Ferrara, 129, 235
Ficino, Marsilio, 146
Filarete (Antonio Averlino), 154
Fire-gilding, 264–6
First World War, 244, 251–2
Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge, 161
Florence, 54, 148, 181, 200, 217, 240; baptistery, 266; Church of Santa Croce, 214; Tribuna, 170, 174
Fontaine, Pierre-François-Léonard, 203
Fontainebleau, 171, 216
Fourth Crusade, 5, 14, 77–83 passim, 122, 247
Fra Urbino, 141–2
France, 128, 133, 167, 189, 191, 195, 245; king of, 130; under Napoleon, 201, 214, 235; in defeat, 207–10
Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor, 219, 224
Francis I, King of France, 171, 172, 200
Franco, Veronica, 167
Frederick Barbarossa, Holy Roman Emperor, 127
French, 213, 218, 242
French Revolution, 186, 189, 190, 192, 196, 235
Friuli, 128
Futurists, 251
Galata, 117
Galeazzo, Gian, 128
Galliazzi, Vittorio, 90, 258, 259
Gattalamata (Erasmo da Narni), 156
Gaul, 47
Gavagnin, Armando, 254
Gazette Nationale, 6
Genoa, 68, 75, 77, 117, 118–19, 127
George Syncletus, 66–7
German, 238, 242
Germanicus, 46
Germany, 123, 186, 189, 206, 237–9
Geta, Caesar, 269, 270
Ghiberti, Lorenzo, 139; Gates of Paradise, 266
Gibbon, Edward, 62, 177, 236
gilding, 264–5; fire-, 265–6
Giorgione, 152; Sleeping Venus, 148, 273
Giotto, 275, Expulsion from the Temple, 102–3
Giustinian, Pietro, 140
Giustiniani, Bernardo, 31, 91
Goess, Count Peter von, 224
Goethe, Johan Wolfgang von, 12, 49, 185–9, 233, 234; Italian Journey quoted, 69
gold, 254–5, 264–6
Golden Horn, 117
Goldoni, Carlo, 176
Goths, 236
Gozzi, Carlo, 195
Gradenigo, Doge Pietro, 119; exhumed, 194
Gradenigo, Marco, 117
Grand Tour, 234
Grande Armée, 203, 207
Greece, 85, 182, 229, 237; ancient, 7, 12, 180, 234, 238; horses, 33, 49; four-horse chariots, 36; bronze casting, 50, 59; under Roman empire, 131, 180, 184; climate, 181
Greek, 137, 144, 238
Greeks, 40–1, 59, 238, 259; Orthodox, 81; in Venice, 134–5; craftsmen, 269–70
Gregory the Great, Pope, 236
Guardi, Francesco, 176
Guasco, Octave, 185
Habsburgs, 129–30, 218
Hadrian, emperor, 23, 138, 143, 154, 184, 228, 254, 267
Hadrian’s Wall, 264
Haimo of Auxerre, 100
Halicarnassus, mausoleum, 257
Hamilton, William, 209, 218–19, 221–2, 228
Hampton Court, 172
Hannibal, 136
harma, 97
Hartleben, Lehmann, 256
Hawkwood, Sir John, 148–9
Haydon, Benjamin, 230–3, 238, 273
Hector of Troy, 33–4, 37
Helen of Troy, 84, 147
Helicon, Mount, 25
Heliopolis, 26
Helios, 35
Hellespont, 21, 80
Henry, emperor, 86
Henry III, King of France, 166–7
Henry IV, King of France, 200
Hera, head of, 84
Herculaneum, 256
Hercules: statues, 25–6, 84; reliefs, 93, 114–16; statuette, 264
Herod, King, 249
Herodotus, 181
Heyne, Christian, Gottlieb, 89
hippodromes, 22–30, 42–3, 110–12, 114, 116, 118–20, 275; spina, 24, 27; obelisks, 26, 27; ‘eggs’, 27
Holland, 129, 191
Holy Land, 77, 78, 86
Homer, 33–4, 37, 137, 180
homosexuality, 245, 246
Horace, 145
horses: burial, 33; rarity in Greece, 33; teams of four, 33–4; harness, 40–1; ideal, 148–9; breeds, 238, 260; manes, 260; in Texas, 272
horses of St Mark’s: taken to Paris, 1–4, 196–7, 201–5, 214, 274; symbolism, 8; cast in copper, 10, 175, 184–5, 236, 262–4, 266–7, 270; gilding, 10, 59, 185, 188–9, 220, 236, 254, 264–7, 270; aesthetic impact, 10–11, 273–4; manes, 10, 260; eyes, 11, 261, 262; harness, 11,
41, 127, 267; size and proportions, 12, 188–9, 232, 236, 257, 260, 267; origins, 13–14, 30–1, 48, 60, 138–43, 173–5, 185, 230–40, 256–71; attributions, 14, 59–60, 138–40, 142–3, 230, 231, 237, 238; in Constantinople, 5, 13, 14, 48, 63, 141, 173, 237, 254, 257, 274; brought to St Mark’s, 89–91, 94–7, 274; identification, 89–91; copied by Giotto in Padua, 103, 104; Petrarch’s description, 110, 133, 138; Bellini’s depiction, 112, 113; functions in Venice, 117–18, 127–8, 131; model for Julius Caesar’s horse, 134; Cyriacus’s description, 137–8; as ideal horses, 148; as artistic models, 148–52, 156, 161; as tourist attractions, 152, 154, 157, 161; position, 157–8; reproductions, 159–61, 272; seized by Napoleon, 172; Winckelmann’s account, 184–5; Goethe’s description, 187–9, 233; return from France, 210, 211, 219–21, 223–7, 276; Canova’s early knowledge, 212; and Parthenon sculptures, 222, 230–3, 257; Cicognara’s treatise, 236–8; in Rogers’s poem, 246–7; Ruskin’s description, 248; Proust’s description, 249; in Rilke’s poem, 250–1; collapse of Campanile, 251; First World War, 252, 253–4; Second World War, 254; pollution threat, 254–5, 276; placed inside St Mark’s, 255; styles, 259, 262, 267, 270; Roman era date, 266–7, 269; as cultural icons, 272–7; Zanella’s poem, 275–6
Horses of the Carrousel, The, 198
Howard, Thomas, Earl of Arundel, 170–1
Humboldt, Wilhelm von, 238
Hundred Years War, 128
Hungarians, 75, 76, 78, 98, 119, 243
Hungary, 149; kings of, 108; queen of, 171
Hypatius, proclamation of, 65, 66
iconoclasts, 49
Iliad, 33, 36
Impressionists, 201n
India, 166
Innocent III, Pope, 77, 78–80, 85–6
Isaac II, emperor, 79, 81
Ischia, 41
Istanbul, 88; Archaeological Museum, 258
Italia, 214
Italian, 137, 145, 186, 213
Italy, 6, 47, 68, 69–71, 77, 133, 139, 156, 186; French invasion (1494), 129; Habsburg domination, 130; travel in, 154; antiquities on display, 169–70; Napoleon invades, 190–2, 199–200, 235; removal of art treasures, 206, 209, 217, 235; genius of, 213–14; Napoleon proclaims himself king, 216; revived nationalism, 235, 239–40, 241; in First World War, 251–2
Jacoff, Michael, 90, 99–102
James, Henry, 245, 249
Jena, battle of, 238
Jerusalem, 77, 108; Solomon’s Temple, 94; Temple, 102–3
Jews, 196
John of Austria, Don, 166
John the Deacon, 121
John, emperor, 98
Jones, Inigo, 171
Josephine, Empress, 206, 208
Josephus, 23
Julius Caesar, 5, 106, 134, 195, 201
Julius II, Pope, 169–70
Junius Brutus, 5, 195, 201
Jupiter, 46
Justin II, emperor, 26, 64
Justinian, emperor, 63, 65–6, 67, 68, 70; corpse violated, 82; porphyry head of, 89, 93
Knight, Payne, 228, 229
Knights of the Golden Spur, 168
La Sensa, 117
Lake Coniston, 249
Laocoön, 2, 170, 171, 182, 200, 221
Latin, 137, 144–5, 146
Latins, 81
lead, 263, 265
League of Cambrai, 129
Lecky, William, 62
Lefkandi burial, 32–4, 36, 38
Leghorn, 4
Leitz, Joseph, 237
Leo I, emperor, 107
Leo the Great, Pope, 20
Leopardi, Alessandro, 156–7, 158
Lepanto, battle of, 166, 276
Lepcis Magna, 269
Levant, 128–9
Libérateur (ship), 193
liberty, 6–7, 181, 183–4
Licinius, emperor, 25
Lille, Comte de, 191
Liverpool, Lord, 208
Livy, 133, 145
Lombardy, 192
London, 74, 224–5, 227–9; Apsley House, 216; Burlington House, 228, 230; Royal Academy, 225, 230; Somerset House, 230
London Courier, 208, 210, 220
Louis IX, King of France, 87
Louis XIV, King of France, 172, 203; equestrian statue, 58, 60
Louis XV, King of France, 206
Louis XVI, King of France, 191, 207, 235
Louis XVIII, King of France, 207, 218, 220
Louis Napoleon, Emperor, 243
Lysippus, 14, 26, 60, 143, 175, 185, 231, 237, 238, 259; Chariot of the Sun, 140, 141, 258
Machiavelli, Niccolò, 129
Magi, Filippo, 261, 262
Manin, Daniele, 242–3, 244, 254, 276
Manin, Ludovico, 194
Mann, Thomas, Death in Venice, 241, 246
Mantegna, Andrea, 145
Mantua, 129
Manuel, emperor, 75–7, 98, 110
Marat, Jean Paul, 201
Marathon, battle of, 262
Marcian, emperor, 88
Marcus Aurelius, emperor, 45, 136; equestrian statue, 54, 154–7, 184, 200, 260, 262, 266
Marengo, battle of, 215
Marie-Louise of Austria, Empress, 206, 216
Mark Antony, 25
Markman, Sidney, 257, 259
Mars, 203, 215–16
Mars Ultor, 47
Marseilles, 4, 175
Maxentius, emperor, 17, 24, 262
Medici, Catherine de’, 200
Medici, Cosimo de’, 54, 55, 146
Medici, Francesco de’, 170
Mediterranean Sea, 67–8, 71, 92, 118, 123, 137–8, 175
mercury, 264–6
metal casting, 50–61; lost-wax method, 53, 59; indirect method, 58–9, 60, 262–4
Metternich, Prince, 224
Michael Palaiologos, emperor, 117
Michelangelo, 54, 146, 154–5, 157, 160, 181; Madonna, 199
Michiel, Doge Vitale, 75
Milan, 125, 128, 129, 200; duke of, 127
Milton, Henry, 204–5, 220
Milvian Bridge, battle of the, 15, 17, 18, 24
Mocenigo, Doge Alvise, 167
Modena, 200
Modon, 128
Molmenti, Pompeo, 166
Montfaucon, Bernard de, L’Antiquité expliquée, 172, 181
Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de la Brède et de, 6, 176
Morosini, Doge Marino, 108
Morosini, Domenico, 95
Morosini, Thomas, 85, 86
Moses, 20
Mother of God, 98
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, 273
Munich, National Museum, 161
music, 176, 273
Mussolini, Benito, 254
Myron, 237
Naples, royal family, 218
Napoleon Bonaparte: seizure of St Mark’s horses, 1, 3, 5–6, 172, 197–8, 211; on men of genius, 7; downfall, 8, 207; demolitions in Venice, 125, 158, 235; in Italy, 172, 190–4, 199–200, 235; overthrow of Venetian republic, 189, 194, 213; signs Treaty of Campio Formio, 196; first consul, 201; emperor, 201; commissions triumphal arches, 203–4; depicted in quadriga, 204; lack of aesthetic taste, 205–6; relations with Canova, 211, 214–17; king of Italy, 216; Il Bello, 235
Napoleonic Wars, 186
Negroponte, 128
Nelson, Lord, 218
Nelson, Robert, 272
Nemea, 49
Nero, emperor, 47–8, 50, 60, 140–1, 182, 185, 218; reign of, 106, 174, 185, 236; head of, 237; gilding statue of Alexander, 264
New Testament, 100, 103
New York Public Library, 272
Nicaea, 21
Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm, 186
Nievo, Ippolito, 194
Nika riots, 65–6, 68
Niketas Choniates, 79, 82–5, 89, 98, 259, 271
obelisks, 26–8
Oddy, Andrew, 266
Odyssey, 33
Old Testament, 97, 100, 103
Olivetti, 8, 255
Olympia, 41, 49, 274; statue of Zeus, 139
Olympic Games, 37–9
, 41, 49, 143, 239, 274
Orestes, 39
Orpheus, 211
Orwell, George, Animal Farm, 201
Ottoman empire, 16, 142
Ovid, 42–3
Padua, 73, 125, 127, 128, 133, 145, 160, 168; Arena (or Scrovegni) Chapel, 102–3, 104, 275; basilica of Sant’Antonio, 156; Palazzo della Raggione, 146; University, 275n
Palazzeschi, Aldo, Il Doge, 277
Palladio, Andrea, 125, 168–9, 171, 187, 211, 213, 224, 248, 275
Palma il Giovane, Jacopo, 83, 92
Paphos, 159
Parastaseis Syntomoi Chronikai, 29, 31, 90, 140, 237
Paris, 74, 140, 172, 198, 210, 237, 244, 250; arrival of St Mark’s horses, 1–4, 274; centre of European culture, 7; sewerage system, 203; Canova in, 214, 216; removal of St Mark’s horses, 219–21, 223, 276
LANDMARKS: Arc de Triomphe, 203; Arc du Carrousel, 198n, 203, 205, 219, 221, 266, 274; Esplanade des Invalides, 221; Hôpital des Invalides, 197; Louvre, 5, 200–1, 204, 207–10, 220, 221; Musée Napoleon, 201, 206, 207; Musée Royale, 207; Palais Royal, 209; Place de Vendôme, 203, 204; Place du Carrousel, 203, 220; Sainte-Chapelle, 87; Tuileries, 191, 200–1, 202, 204, 207, 214, 220
Parma, 200
Parthenon sculptures, 209, 222, 225–33, 257, 260, 274
Parthians, 47, 140–1, 269
Patroclus, 37
Paul III, Pope, 54
Pausanias, 49, 143, 258
Peleus and Thetis, 35
Peloponnese, 85, 128, 176, 229
Pemble, John, 244; Venice Rediscovered, 245
Pergamum, 257
Perseus, 4; Cellini’s, 54–7, 263
Persia, 259
Perugia, 200
Peschiera, 192
Petrarch, 110, 111, 132–4, 137, 138; edited by Bembo, 145
Phidias, 14, 59, 138–9, 140, 142, 143, 175, 180, 225, 230, 231; Canova as ‘the new’, 213
Philip of Macedon, 21, 138, 184
Philip II, King of Spain, 166, 167
Philopappus of Commagene, 17, 138
Piazzetta, Giambattista, 177
Pincus, Debra, 108, 136
Piranesi, Giovanni Battista, 233–4, 236; Capricci, 234; Vedute, 234
Pisa, 68, 75, 77, 118
Pisano, Giovanni, 102
Pius VI, Pope, 2, 199, 214, 218
Pius VII, Pope, 207, 214, 216–18
plague, 168, 175
Plato, 17, 146–7, 180; Idea or Form of Beauty, 146–7, 273
Pliny the Elder, Natural History, 139–40, 143, 145, 146–7, 174, 175, 180, 182, 185, 228, 258, 264
Pliny the Younger, 42
Plutarch, 4
Po, River, 252
Pola, 136
Polyclitus, 147–9, 180, 237
Pompey, 46
Portugal, 129
Possagno, 198, 211, 240
pottery, Roman, 145
Praxiteles, 139, 140, 159, 175, 180