The World the Railways Made
Page 41
All my friends seemed to know more about the subject than I did, a superiority which I welcomed, partly because it was often true, but also because it showed that I was writing about an interesting subject. The actual research was carried out in a few key libraries: those model institutions the Library of Congress and the London Library as well as the Bodleian and the British Libraries, where the devoted staffs were clearly struggling with inadequate resources.
N.F.
Oxford, Talmont, Holloway
BIBLIOGRAPHY
The number of books I could have consulted is virtually limitless. In this note I have confined myself to the more important sources. I have divided them into the general historical works whose authors appreciated the railways’ importance and more specialist ‘railway works’, mostly by authors who showed some understanding of the world beyond the footplate. I have omitted works quoted directly in the notes.
GENERAL HISTORIES
Blainey, Geoffrey, The Tyranny of Distance (Melbourne 1962)
Carr, Raymond, Spain 1808–1939 (Oxford 1966)
Carosso, Vincent, Investment Banking in America (Boston 1970)
Les Chemins de Fer Suisses après un siècle (Bern 1949–67)
Giedion, Siegfried, Mechanization Takes Command (New York 1948)
Gross, Nahum, Austro-Hungary in the world economy (Jerusalem)
Henderson, W. O., The State and the Industrial Revolution in Prussia (London 1958)
Hobsbawm, Eric, The Age of Capital 1848–1878 (London 1975)
——The Age of Empire (London 1987)
Klingender, Francis D., Art & the Industrial Revolution (London 1968)
Landes, David S., The Unbound Prometheus (Cambridge 1969)
Macartney, C. A., The Hapsburg Empire 1790–1918 (London 1969)
Marx, Leo, The Machine in the Garden; Technology and the Pastoral Ideal in America (New York 1964)
Mumford, Lewis, Technics & Civilisation (London 1934)
——The Culture of Cities (London 1938)
——The City in History (London 1961)
Poppino, Rollie E., Brazil, the Land and the People (New York 1973)
Price, Roger, The Modernisation of Rural France (London 1983)
Scobie, James R., Revolution on the Pampas (Austin, Texas 1964)
——Argentina, A City and a Nation (Oxford 1971)
Stern, Fritz, Gold and Iron (London 1977)
Weber, Eugen, Peasants into Frenchmen (London 1977)
Woodruff, William, The Impact of Western Man (London 1966)
A HANDFUL OF SPECIFICALLY RAILWAY
BOOKS WERE PARTICULARLY HELPFUL:
Baroli, Marc, Le Train dans la Littérature Française (Paris 1969)
Berton, Pierre, The Impossible Railway (New York 1972)
——The Promised Land, Settling the West 1896–1914 (Toronto 1984)
Coleman, Terry, The Railway Navvies (London 1965)
Holbrook, Stewart H., The Story of American Railroads (New York 1947)
Huenemann, R. W., The Dragon & the Iron Horse, the Economics of Railroads in China 1876–1937 (Cambridge, Mass. 1984)
Kellett, John R., The Impact of Railways on Victorian Cities (London 1969)
Klein, Maury, History of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad (New York 1972)
——The Life and Legend of Jay Gould (Baltimore 1986)
——Union Pacific (Baltimore 1987)
Miller, Charles, Lunatic Express (London 1971)
Richards, Jeffry & Mackenzie, John M., The Railway Station, a Social History (Oxford 1986)
Robbins, Michael, The Railway Age (London 1962)
Schievelbusch, Wolfgang, The Railway Journey, The Industrialization of Time and Space in the 19th century (Berkeley 1969)
Simmons, Jack, The Railway in Town and Country 1830–1914 (Newton Abbot 1986)
Stover, John F., Life & Decline of the American Railroad (Oxford 1970)
Theroux, Paul, The Great Patagonian Express (London 1980)
——Riding the Iron Rooster (London 1988)
Tupper, Harmon, To the Great Ocean (London 1965)
Ward, James A., Railroads and the Character of America 1820–1887 (Knoxville, Tenn. 1986)
Westwood, J. N., A History of Russian Railways (London 1964)
Williams, John Hoyt, A Great and Shining Road (New York 1988)
OTHER GENERAL RAILWAY BOOKS
Andrews, Cyril B., The Railway Age (London 1937)
Arnautovic, Dragomir, Histoire des Chemins de Fer Yugoslaves (Paris 1937)
Bagwell, Philip, The Transport Revolution from 1770 (London 1974)
Berghaus, Erwin, The History of Railways (London 1964)
Blanchard, Marcel, Geographie des Chemins de Fer (Paris 1942)
Botkin, B. A. & Harlow, Alvin F., A Treasury of Railroad Folklore (New York 1953)
Caron, François, Histoire de l’exploitation d’un grand réseau (Paris 1973)
Carr, Samuel, The Poetry of Railways (London 1978)
Chandler, Alfred, The Visible Hand (Cambridge, Mass. 1977)
Clark, W. H., The Story of Inland Transportation (Boston 1939)
Cochran, Thomas, Railroad Leaders, 1845–1890 (Cambridge, Mass. 1953)
Cohen, Norm, Long Steel Rail, the railroad in American folklore (Urbana, Illinois, 1981)
Currie, A. W., Economy of Canadian transportation (Toronto 1954)
——Economic Geography of Canada (Toronto 1945)
Dmitriev-Mamonov, Guide to the Great Siberian Railway (1900, reprinted Newton Abbot 1971)
Far, André de la, Les chemins de fer dans la vie des hommes (Paris 1972)
Fawcett, Brian, Railways of the Andes (London 1963)
Hopkins, Kenneth, The Poetry of Railways (London 1966)
Kalla-Bishop, P. M., Italian Railways (Newton Abbot 1971)
——Hungarian Railways (Newton Abbot 1973)
Kennedy, Ludovic, A Book of Railway Journeys (London 1981)
Kirkland, Edward, Men, Cities & Transportation (New York 1948)
——Business in the Gilded Age (Madison, Wisc. 1952)
Lamalle, Ulysse, Histoire des Chemins de Fer Belges (Brussels 1943)
Legg, Stuart, The Railway Book (London 1952)
Lewis, Oscar, The Big Four (New York 1938)
Middlemas, R. K., The Master Builders (London 1963)
O’Dell, Charles, Railways and Geography (London 1956)
Overton, Richard, Burlington West (Cambridge, Mass. 1941)
Parry, Albert, Whistler’s Father (New York 1939)
Perpillou, M., Géographie de la Circulation (Paris 1953)
Peyret, Henri, Les Chemins de Fer en France et dans le monde (Paris 1949)
Sandstrom, Gosta, The History of Tunnelling (London 1963)
Taylor, George R., The Transportation Revolution 1815–1860 (New York 1951)
Vallance, H. A., The railway enthusiast’s bedside book (London 1966)
Van Onselen, Lennox, Head of Steel (Cape Town 1962)
Walker, Charles, Thomas Brassey, Railway builder (London 1969)
Wheeler, Keith, The Railroaders (New York 1973)
Wright, M. C., (ed.), China in Revolution (New Haven 1968)
Yat-Sen, Sun, The International Development of China, 1922
NOTES
INTRODUCTION
1. Victorian Studies, Vol. 13, No. 1, September 1969
2. The Age of Empire
3. The Old Patagonian Express
4. Civil Engineering and Architecture Journal. My thanks to Judith Pearsall of the OED, who drew my attention to this article and to the article by Kurt Moller.
I THE FIRST IMPACT
1. L. T. C. Rolt, George and Robert Stephenson, (London 1960). See also the same author’s Isambard Kingdom Brunel (London 1957) and Victorian Engineering (London 1970), a most impressive trio.
2. John Rowland, George Stephenson, creator of Britain’s railways (London 1954)
3. Samuel Smiles, Lives of the Engineers, (London 1862)
4. op
. cit. See also Asa Briggs, Victorian Cities, (London 1943)
5. John Francis, A History of the English Railway, (London 1851).
6. Great British Stations
7. Railway Station Architecture
8. M. C. Reed, Investment in Railways in Britain, (Oxford 1975)
9. Quoted by H. G. Lewin, The Railway Mania and its aftermath, (London 1936)
10. Richard S. Lambert, The Railway King, (London 1934)
11. Quoted by Lewin op. cit.
12. Francis op. cit.
13. The Transportation Revolution, 1815–1860
14. The Age of Capital
15. On William James, see the Railway Magazine Volume V, 1900
II THE HOPES AND FEARS OF ALL THE YEARS
1. The Great Railway Bazaar
2. The Organisation Man
3. The Dickens World
4. Nicholas Wood, A Practical Treatise on Rail-Roads, (London 1832)
5. Mr Facey Romford’s Hounds
6. Lives of the Engineers, op. cit.
7. Letter to Lady Grey, February 1841
8. Quoted by Wolfgang Schievelbusch, The Railway Journey
9. Alan Trachtenberg in his introduction to Schievelbusch
10. Quoted by Schievelbusch, op. cit.
11. H. Perkin, Age of the Railway, (London 1971)
12. Riding the Iron Rooster
13. In his paper, ‘La Dernière Mode’, 1874
14. Le Train dans la Littérature Française
15. For such a comparison see Peter Gay, The Bourgeois Experience, Victoria to Freud, Vol. ii, p. 320 (Oxford 1986)
16. Riding the Iron Rooster
17. Charles Dickens, Resurrectionist
18. I owe this reference to Professor Marilyn Butler
19. See Marc Baroli op. cit., and Peter Gay, The Tender Passion
20. Louis Armand, ‘Le Chemin de fer dans l’Art’ (Introduction to Catalogue of 1956 exhibition in Geneva)
21. Gareth Rees, Early Railway Prints, (Oxford 1980)
22. John Rewald, The History of Impressionism, (London 1973)
23. C. Hamilton Ellis, Railway Art, (London 1977)
24. Prose Works of William Wordsworth vol. iii
25. Christopher Taylor, Portrait of Windermere, (London 1983)
26. Ruskin, Works, ed. E. T. Cook and Alexander Wedderburn
27. R. S. Joby, The Railway Builders, (Newton Abbot 1983)
28. Florence Emily Hardy, The Early Life of Thomas Hardy, (London 1928)
III RAILPOLITIK
1. Ms Antonia Byatt kindly referred me to the entry in Michelet’s Journal
2. Quoted by Henri Pirenne, Histoire de Belgique, vol. vi
3. Klaus Harder, Environmental Factors of Early Railroads, (New York 1981)
4. Fritz Stern, Gold and Iron
5. Quoted in Les Chemins de Fer Suisses après un siècle
6. E. Bonjour, H. S. Offler & G. R. Potter, A Short History of Switzerland, (Oxford 1952)
7. See David Landes, Bankers and Pashas, (London 1956)
8. Sir Arnold Wilson, Persia, (London 1932)
9. William Fleming, Regional development and transportation in Argentina, (London 1987)
10. George P. T. Glazebrook, A History of Transportation in Canada, (Toronto 1938)
11. Quoted in G. R. Stevens, Canadian National Railways, (Toronto 1960)
12. A. W. Currie, The Grand Trunk Railway of Canada, (Toronto 1957)
13. Quoted by G. R. Stevens op. cit.
14. Railroads and the Character of America 1820–1887, also the source of the quotes in the following paragraph
15. Quoted by Leo Marx, The Machine in the Garden
16. See Eugen Weber, Peasants into Frenchmen
17. Klaus Harder, op. cit.
18. Clive Trebilcock, The Industrialisation of the Continental Powers, (London 1981)
19. Paul Wallace Gates, The Illinois Central and its Colonisation work, (Cambridge, Mass. 1934)
20. Pierre Berton, The Promised Land
21. Geoffrey Alderman, The Railway Interest, (Leicester 1963)
22. G. R. Stevens op. cit.
23. Quoted in Alfred Chandler, Railroads, the nation’s first big business, (New York 1965)
24. Gabriel Kolko, Railroads and Regulation, (Princeton 1965)
See also:
Haney, L. H., A Congressional History of Railways in the United States, (Madison, Wisc. 1910)
Nelson, James C., Railroad Transportation & Public Policy, (Washington 1959)
Newcomb, R. The work of the ICC, (New York 1981)
25. Jean Autin, Les Frères Pereire (Paris 1984)
26. History of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad.
See also:
Hood, Fred, Kentucky, Its history and heritage, (St Louis 1978)
27. James Marshall, Santa Fe, The Railroad that built an Empire
28. The Making of the President, 1968
See also:
Bouvier, J., La ‘grande crise’ des compagnies ferroviares Suisses, (Annales, Paris 1956)
Buck, Solon Justus, The Granger Movement, (Cambridge, Mass. 1913)
Miller, George H., Railroads and the Granger Laws, (Madison, Wisc. 1971)
Parris, H., Government and the Railways in 19th-century Britain, (London 1965)
Starr, John W., Lincoln & the Railroads, (New York 1927)
Stryker, Lloyd Paul, Andrew Johnson, (New York 1929)
IV CAPITALISM, CAPITALISTS – AND CONTRACTORS
1. ‘Railway Morals and Railway Policy’, Edinburgh Review, 1854
2. Quoted by Lawrence Popplewell, Bournemouth Railway History: an exposure of Victorian engineering fraud, (Sherborne 1974)
3. Edinburgh Review, op. cit.
4. Berton, The Promised Land, op. cit.
5. Berton op. cit.
6. Louisville & Nashville Railroad, op. cit.
7. Railroads and the Character of America, op. cit.
8. Quoted by Marshall, op. cit.
9. Sir Henry Peto, Sir Samuel Morton Peto, (Private 1893)
10. Dorothy Adler, British Investment in American Railways, (Charlottesville, Va. 1976)
11. Edward Chase Kirkland, Charles Francis Adams; the Patrician at Bay, (Cambridge, Mass. 1965)
V THE ECONOMY OF RAIL
1. Journal of Economic History, 1974
2. R. W. Fogel, Railroads and American Economic Growth, (Baltimore 1964)
3. Journal of Transport History, March 1983
4. Stanley Libergott, The Americans, an Economic Record, (New York 1984)
5. The Age of Capital
6. Patrick O’Brien, The New Economic History of Railways, (London 1977)
7. Peter Lyaschenko, History of the National Economy of Russia, (New York 1949)
8. Libergott op. cit.
9. Lionel Wiener, Les Chemins de Fer Coloniaux en Afrique, (Brussels 1930)
10. Currie op. cit.
11. Bruce Mazlish, The Railroad and the Space Program, An Exploration in Historical Analogy, (Cambridge, Mass. 1965)
12. Transactions of the Illinois Department of Agriculture, quoted by Libergott, op. cit.
13. Quoted by R. W. Huenemann, The Dragon & The Iron Horse
14. John Moody, The Railroad Builders, (New Haven 1920)
15. R. S. Joby, The Railway Builders, op. cit.
16. Rayner Fremdling, ‘Railroads & German Economic Growth’, Journal of Economic History, vol. 37, 1977
17. Richard Graham, Britain and the onset of modernization in Brazil 1850–1914, (Cambridge 1968)
18. Fleming op. cit.
19. A History of Russian Railways, op. cit.
20. George Lynch, quoted by Donald Treadgold, The Great Siberian Migration, (Princeton 1937)
21. Gates op. cit.
22. Albert Fishlow, American Railroads and the ante-bellum economy, (Cambridge, Mass. 1965). Fishlow’s name is often bracketed with that of R. Fogel, but Professor Fishlow’s judgments are far more balanced.
23. James B. Hedges, The fed
eral land subsidy policy of Canada (Cambridge, Mass. 1934)
See also:
Beard, Henry, The Railways and the US Land Office, (New York 1889)
Henry, Robert S., ‘The railroad grant legend’ (Mississippi Valley History Review, vol. 32, Sep., 1945)
24. A. S. Morton, History of Prairie Settlement, (Toronto 1938)
25. Quoted by Dee Brown, Hear that Lonesome Whistle Blow, (London 1977)
26. Peasants into Frenchmen
27. Quoted in Maury Klein, History of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad
28. Rayner Fremdling, Journal of Economic History, Vol. 37, September 1977
29. Quoted in G. R. Hawke, Railways and Economic Growth in England 1840–1870, (Oxford 1970)
30. Rondo Cameron, France and the Economic Development of Europe, (Princeton 1961)
31. Railroads, the nation’s first big business, op. cit.
32. Richard Perren, The Meat Trade in Britain 1840–1914, (London 1978)
33. Emilio Viotto da Costa, The Brazilian Empire, (Chicago 1986)
34. Fleming op. cit.
See also:
Blanchard, Marcel, Essais historiques sur les premiers chemins de fer Languedociens, (Montpellier 1935)
Henderson, W. O., The Industrial Revolution on the Continent, (London 1961)
Jackman, W. T., The Development of Transport in Modern England, (Cambridge 1916)
Metzer, Jacob, Railroad Development and Market Integration, (Chicago 1973)
O’Brien, Patrick, Railways and the development of Western Europe, (London 1983)
Pounds, Norman, The Ruhr, (London 1952)
Reed, M. C., Railways in the Victorian Economy, (Newton Abbot 1969)
VI IMPERIAL RAILWAYS
1. The Age of Capital
2. Quoted by Graham, op. cit.
3. Bell, Horace, Railway policy in India, (London 1894)
4. See Antonio Gomez Mendoza in his 1981 Oxford PhD thesis, ‘Railways and Spanish Economic Growth in the late 19th century’
5. See Fritz Stern, Gold and Iron, op. cit.
6. See Popplewell, op. cit.