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Pen and Ink Witchcraft

Page 53

by Calloway, Colin G.


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  Shannon, Timothy J. Iroquois Diplomacy on the Early American Frontier. New York: Penguin, 2008.

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  Shoemaker, Nancy. A Strange Likeness: Becoming Red and White in Eighteenth-Century North America. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.

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  Smith, Daniel Blake. An American Betrayal: Cherokee Patriots and the Trail of Tears. New York: Henry Holt, 2011.

  Smith, Ralph. “The Fantasy of a Treaty to End Treaties.” Great Plains Journal 12 (Fall 1972), 26–51.

  Stark, Heidi Kiiwetinepinesiik. “Marked by Fire: Anishinaabe Articulations of Nationhood in Treaty Making with the United States and Canada,” American Indian Quarterly, 36 (Spring 2012), 119–49.

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  { INDEX }

  Note: Page numbers in italic indicate figures. Page numbers followed by an ‘n’ indicate endnotes.

  ABCFM (American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions), 125, 127, 131, 135, 139

  Abenakis, 34, 47

  Abraham (Little Abraham) (Tayorheasere, Teyarhasere, Tyorhansera, Tigoransera, Teirhenshsere) (Mohawk)

  Albany conference (1775) and, 92

  death of, 93

  Fort Stanwix Treaty and, 68, 70, 71, 72, 77, 248

  W. Johnson and, 65, 73, 85

  on settlers, 89

  Adair, James, 17

  Adams, John, 99

  Adams, John Quincy, 147

  Adams, Margaret (Fitzpatrick) (Wilmarth) (Wilmott) (Walking Woman) (Arapaho), 184, 197, 198, 210

  adoptions, 13, 18, 47–48. see also kinship

  agriculture

  Blackfeet and, 180

  Cherokees and, 122–23, 146, 233

  Cheyennes and, 212, 235

  “civilization” and, 114

  Fort Laramie Treaty and, 175, 226

  Little Raven on, 210

  Medicine Lodge Treaty and, 10, 199, 201, 202, 203, 204, 209, 214, 234

  in text of Medicine Lodge Treaty, 266, 267, 268, 270–71, 273, 277, 278, 279, 280, 282

  New Echota Treaty and, 253

  reservations and, 181

  Ridges and, 128

  Tananaica on, 222

  Texas and, 165

  the West and, 117, 173

  women and, 18

  AIM (American Indian Movement), 239

  Alabama, 98, 115,
117, 122, 131, 268

  Albany Congress (1754), 24, 44–45, 65, 67

  alcohol. see liquor

  Algonquian languages, 42, 175, 196

  Algonquins, 40

  allegiances, 21, 49

  alliances

  captive and, 47

  Chain of Friendship and, 24

  Cherokees and, 156, 162

  Delawares and, 97

  French and Indian, 1, 4, 57, 165

  gifts and, 19–20

  interpreters and, 31–32

  Iroquois and, 2, 81, 85, 91

  W. Johnson and, 51, 71

  kinship and, 12–13

  Lewis and Clark and, 164–65, 168

  Plains Indians and, 165, 171–72

  Revolutionary War and, 92, 96

  Spaniards and, 98

  trade and, 165, 167

  treaties and, 48, 84, 98, 173, 174

  US Civil War and, 161, 162

  wampum and, 30, 71

  writing and, 35

  allotments, 79, 202, 234–37

  “amalgamation,” 138

  American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM), 125, 127, 131, 135, 139

  American Indian Movement (AIM), 239

  Americans. see settlers, American; entries beginning US …

  Amherst, Jeffery, 21–22, 54

  annexation act of 1877, 241

  annuities. see also appropriations

  Blackfoot peace conference and, 180

  Cherokees and, 138

  corruption and, 230

  Fort Laramie Treaty, 175, 176

  Fort Stanwix Treaty and, 84

  Harrison and, 116

  Little Arkansas Treaty and, 183, 184

  Medicine Lodge Treaty and, 201, 202, 205, 208, 210, 214, 216

  in text of Medicine Lodge Treaty, 265, 269, 274, 276, 280

  New Echota Treaty and, 255, 256, 260

  Potawatomis and, 139

  US Congress and, 106

  Anza, Juan Bautista de, 21, 166

  Apaches. see also Plains Indians; individual Apaches

  additional compensation, 238

  attacks south of Rio Grande, 172

  Cheyennes and, 171

  Fort Atkinson Treaty and, 176

  Jerome Commission and, 235–36, 237

  Little Arkansas Treaty and, 183

  Medicine Lodge Treaty and, 182, 193, 198

  New Mexico and, 166

  reservations, 163, 205, 214, 215

  Spain and, 166

  Texas and, 216

  US Indian Peace Commission and, 186

  violence of, 220

  Apiatan (Kiowa), 236

  Appalachian Mountains, 54, 55, 81

  appropriations, 214, 230–31, 269, 271, 280, 282. see also annuities

  Arapahos. see also Plains Indians; individual Arapahos

  alliances, 171

  Black Kettle and, 183

  Cheyennes and, 209–10

  Fort Laramie Treaty and, 175, 226

  Fort Wise Treaty and, 176

  gifts from, 206

  Jerome Commission and, 235

  Little Arkansas Treaty and, 183, 184

  Medicine Lodge Treaty and, 182, 189, 193, 194, 196, 209

  as prisoners, 223

  Red Cloud War and, 184–85

  reservations, 163, 215, 217, 219

  Sheridan and, 219

  US Indian Peace Commission and, 186

  violence of, 217, 218

  Arbuckle, Matthew, 155, 157

  Arikaras, 167, 170, 172, 175. see also Plains Indians

  Arizona, 227

  Arizona Tax Commission, Warren Trading Post Co. v. (1965), 239–40

  Arkansas, 33–34, 118, 158, 159, 169

  Arkansas River Valley, 171, 201

  “Articles of Government” (Cherokees), 124

  artists, 224

  Ash Hollow (Nebraska), 176

  Assaryquoa (Assaraquoa) (long knife) (sword), 25, 29

  assimilation, 123, 224, 234

  Assiniboines, 175. see also Plains Indians

  Athapaskan language, 197

  Athens Courier (newspaper), 148

  Atkin, Edmond, 14

  Atkinson, Henry, 170, 171

  Attakullakulla (Little Carpenter) (Cherokee), 63, 81, 91

  Augooshaway (Egushawa) (Gushgushagwa) (Ottawa), 106, 113, 244

  Augur, Christopher, 187, 187, 194, 221, 226, 229

  Aupaumut, Hendrick (Mahican), 25, 108

  Australia, 243

  authority. see also legality; sovereignty

  Botetort and, 81

  British, 85

  Cherokee land and, 143

  Cherokee Nation and, 145, 155, 158, 249, 250

  Indian, 17, 22, 34, 48, 60, 108, 239

  Iroquois, 56, 62, 77, 80, 85, 98

  W. Johnson and, 63, 79, 80

  Navajos and, 239

  Peace Commission and, 185

  traders and, 9, 88

  treaties and, 231

  Treaty Party and, 136, 138

  US government, 4, 24, 98, 107, 132, 164, 230, 237–38

  autonomy of bands, 120

  Bannocks, 227

  Bao (Cat) (Having Horns) (Kiowa), 196

  Barker, Joanne, 333n37

  Barnitz, Alfred, 212

  Barsh, Russell, 242

  Bartram, John, 7, 29

  Battle of Beecher’s Island (1868), 218

  Battle of Devil’s Hole (1763), 54

  Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794), 110

  Battle of Fort Niagara (1759), 54, 68

  Battle of Horseshoe Bend (Tohopeka) (1814), 117, 118, 123

  Battle of Lake George (1755), 51

  Battle of Monongahela (1755), 57

  Battle of Neches River (1839), 156

  Battle of Oriskany (1777), 93

  Battle of Point Pleasant, 90

  Battle of Summit Springs (1869), 219

  Battle of the Little Bighorn (1876), 233

  Battle of the Rosebud (1876), 233

  Battle of the Washita (1868), 215

  Battle of Tohopeka (Horseshoe Bend) (1814), 117, 118, 123

  Baynton, John, 58, 60, 61, 66

  Baynton, Wharton, and Morgan, 96

  Beech Tree (Oneyanha) (Oneida), 101

  Bell, John, 157

  Bell, Sarah Caroline (Watie), 157, 162, 163

  Bent, Charles, 184

  Bent, Charley, 189, 190, 196, 198

  Bent, George

  Cheyennes and, 189, 212, 219

  Custer’s raid and, 218

  as interpreter, 219

  Jerome Commission and, 235

  life history, 190, 332n26

  Medicine Lodge Treaty and, 196, 198, 211

  photo, 190

  Bent, Julia (Guerrier), 196, 197, 198

  Bent, Robert, 190

  Bent, William, 184, 189, 190, 196

  Bent, Yellow Woman (Cheyenne), 184

  Benton, Hart, 147

  Biard, Pierre, 22

  Big Tree (Seneca), 100–101, 220, 221, 223, 236

  Bird Chief (Arapaho), 232

  Black, Hugo, 239

  Black Beaver (Delaware), 196

  Black Buffalo (Brulé), 167

  Black Eagle (Kiowa), 194, 212

  Black Elk (Oglala Lakota), 35

  Blackfeet, 176, 179–80, 197. see also Plains Indians

  Black Hawk (Oglala), 175

  Black Hawk (Sauk), 115

  Black Hills (SD), 226, 233–34, 240–41

  Black Hoof (Shawnee), 113

  Black Kettle (Cheyenne)

  Custer and, 218

  death of, 218

  Dog Soldiers and, 195

  kin, 190

  Medicine Lodge Treaty and, 193, 198, 205, 216

  raids of, 183

  Sand Creek massacre and, 177

  Sheridan and, 218

  Blacksnake (Seneca), 68

  Bloody Fellow (Cherokee), 108

  Blount, William, 104, 108

  Blue Jacket (Shawnee), 113

 
Board of Trade (Britain), 56, 58, 60, 61, 62, 63, 81, 82

  Bogy, Charles, 184

  Boldt, George, 240

  Boone, Daniel, 86–87

  Boone, James, 87

  Bosque Redondo (NM), 227

  Botetort, Lord, 81

  Boudinot, Delight, 154

  Boudinot, Elias (Galagina) (Buck Watie) (Cherokee). see also Cherokee Phoenix (newspaper); Treaty Party

  E. Butler on, 153

  on Corn Tassel, 134

  death penalty and, 9, 154

  image, 207

  Jackson and, 143

  on leadership, 149

  namesake of, 125

  on New Echota Treaty, 147

  New Echota Treaty and, 9, 144, 154

  on removal, 136, 137–38

  Ross on, 159

  US Civil War and, 161–62

  US government and, 159

  wives and children, 126–27, 147, 162, 163

  Boudinot, Elias Cornelius, 162–63, 233

  boundaries. see also fences; reservations; specific treaties

  AIM and, 239

  Croghan and, 66

  Fort Laramie Treaty and, 175

  Fort Stanwix Treaty and, 8, 9, 49–65, 71–77, 78, 80–82, 83, 84, 86, 87, 88, 90, 95, 245, 247, 251

  Gage on, 80–81

  Greenville Treaty and, 113

  Hard Labor Treaty and, 81

  Indian wars and, 99

  indigenous, 12

  W. Johnson and, 62–63, 71–73, 76

  kinship and, 46–47

  Medicine Lodge Treaty and, 221, 277

  Peace of Paris (1763) and, 54

  Prairie du Chien Treaty and, 170

  resistance to, 120

  Revolutionary War and, 122

  Shawnees and, 103, 108

  Tecumseh and, 116

  US expansion and, 165, 172, 173, 174

  US government and, 98, 99, 100, 104, 105, 107, 109, 174

  wars and, 170

  Bouquet, Henry, 47

  Bowles (Duwali) (Cherokee), 156

  Bozeman Trail, 184–85, 226, 227

  Braddock, Edward, 57

  Bradford, William, 13–14, 19–20

  Brainerd mission, 125

  Brant, Joseph (Mohawk), 51–52, 57, 72, 92, 93, 108

  Brant, Molly (Mary), 19, 51, 52, 57

  Bray, Kingsley, 175

  bribery, 107, 108, 115, 119, 123, 125, 139–40

  Bridger, Jim, 174–75

  Britain and the British. see also Irish traders; Paris, Peace of (1763, 1783); Privy Council (Britain); Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1768)

  Cherokees and, 122

  colonial era and, 4

  Covenant Chain and, 24

  Fort Stanwix Treaty and, 49, 77–78, 80

  France and, 20, 53, 76

  Indian culture and, 14

  Iroquois and, 49–50, 53, 54, 85–86

 

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