29 Ibid., 40 n. 13; Böhme and Wolf, Aufzeichnungen, 225-6.
30 Smith, Die vermisste Million, 37.
31 Ibid., 43-6, 86.
32 Ibid., 26.
33 Farago, Last Days, 153n.
34 Rauchensteiner, Stalinplatz 4, 47.
35 Salomon, The Answers, 440.
36 Ibid., 442.
37 Ibid., 447.
38 Ibid., 453.
39 Hans Johnitz, ‘In amerikanischer und franzözischer Kriegsgefangenschaft’, in Benz and Schardt, eds, Kriegsgefangenschaft, 85-6.
40 Salomon, The Answers, 498.
41 Ibid., 505-6.
42 Schwerin von Krosigk, Memoiren, 258-9.
43 Salomon, The Answers, 536.
44 Schwerin von Krosigk, Memoiren, 259, 262.
45 Jan-Werner Müller, A Dangerous Mind: Carl Schmitt in Post-War European Thought, 3.
46 Salomon, The Answers, 541.
47 Papen, Memoirs, 578-9.
48 Salomon, The Answers, 542; Speer, Diaries, 25.
49 Salomon, The Answers, 543-4.
50 Webmaster Kriegsgefangener.de
51 Ian Sayer and Douglas Botting, Hitler’s Last General - The Case against Wilhelm Mohnke, London 1989, 265.
52 Preussen, Hohenzollern, 191-2; information from the late Prince Kraft zu Hohenlohe-Langenburg.
53 Herzogin Viktoria Luise, Ein Leben, 318.
54 Sayn-Wittgenstein, Streifzüger, 158.
55 Paul Schmidt, Hitler’s Interpreter, edited by R. H. C. Steed, London 1951, 280-1; Smith, ed., Clay Papers, II, 578.
56 Sayer and Botting, Mohnke, 269.
57 R. T. Paget, Manstein - His Campaigns and his Trial, London 1951, 109.
58 Sayer and Botting, Mohnke, 270-1, 282.
59 Bower, Blind Eye to Murder, 134.
60 Smith, ed., Clay Papers, II, 1054-5.
61 Gibson-Watt, An Undistinguished Life, 170.
62 Ruge, ed., Schulenburg, 62-5.
63 Ibid., 70.
64 Ibid., 66.
65 Ibid., 66-7.
66 Shepherd, After Daybreak, 55.
67 Maschke, Zusammenfassung, 210.
68 Ibid., 225.
69 David Irving, Göring - A Biography, London 1989, 478.
70 WW2 Memories Project - Le Marchant POW Camp; Terence Prittie in http://www.royalpioneercorps.co.uk/rpc/history germanguns.htm
71 Leighton-Langer, X, 239-42.
72 Brian Bond, ‘Brauchitsch’, in Correlli Barnett, ed., Hitler’s Generals, London 1990, 95.
73 Rowland Ryder, Ravenstein - Portrait of a German General, New York 1978, 170-1.
74 Ibid., 171.
75 Samuel W. Mitcham, Jnr, ‘Arnim’, in Barnett, ed., Hitler’s Generals, 353.
76 Böhme and Wolf, Aufzeichnungen, xiii.
77 Keeling, Gruesome Harvest, 24.
78 Glaser, ‘Kriegsgefangener’, 208-12, 215, 218, 225.
79 Böhme and Wolf, Aufzeichnungen, 170.
80 Ibid., 174.
81 Ibid., 174, 178.
82 Ibid., 175, 180-1.
83 Dahm, Frings, 27-8, 34.
84 Sayer and Botting, Mohnke, 90-1.
85 Ibid., 91.
86 Ibid., 95, 190, 265; Document, BBC Radio 4, 9 January 2006, dedicated a programme to British torturers, and mentioned Scotland in that context.
87 Sayer and Botting, Mohnke, 97.
88 Keeling, Gruesome Harvest, 24.
89 Meehan, Strange Enemy People, 27-8.
90 Ibid., 38.
91 Ibid., 70, 73, 76-7.
92 Ibid., 86.
93 Ibid., 68.
94 Ian Cobain, ‘The Interrogation Camp that Turned Prisoners into Living Skeletons’, Guardian, Saturday 17 December 2005. I am grateful to Nick Jacobs for drawing my attention to this article; Document, BBC Radio 4, 9 January 2006; see also Meehan, Strange Enemy People, 82-6, who saw the papers long before the newspapers or the BBC.
95 Smith, ed., Clay Papers, II, 30-1.
96 Salomon, The Answers, 530-1; the events are substantiated by a film in the American archives that was seen by Jeremy Murray-Brown in July 1992 - untitled web document; see also Nicholas Bethell, The Last Secret, London 1974, and Tolstoy, Victims of Yalta; also Botting, Ruins; Keeling, Gruesome Harvest.
97 Salomon, The Answers, 534; Murray-Brown, op. cit.
98 Johnitz, ‘Kriegsgefangenschaft’, 102.
99 Böhme and Wolf, Aufzeichnungen, 285n.
100 Ibid., xiii; Smith, Die vermisste Million, 31.
101 Smith, Die vermisste Million, 32; Maschke, Zusammenfassung, 197.
102 Maschke, Zusammenfassung, 226.
103 Salomon, The Answers, 362.
104 Johnitz, ‘Kriegsgefangenschaft’, 102.
105 Böhme and Wolf, Aufzeichnungen, 427.
106 Ibid., 427, is another case.
107 Ibid., 391.
108 Ibid., 102, 114.
109 Ibid., 275, 279, 282.
110 Ibid., 284, 290.
111 Ibid., 290-2, 293-4; The Progressive, 14 January 1946, quoted in Keeling, Gruesome Harvest, 21.
112 Böhme and Wolf, Aufzeichnungen, 291.
113 Ibid., 217.
114 Ibid., 223-4.
115 Ibid., 219-22.
116 Ibid., 251-5.
117 Maschke, Zusammenfassung, 226.
118 Keeling, Gruesome Harvest, 18.
119 Maschke, Zusammenfassung, 224.
120 Ibid., 196-7.
121 Krockow, Hour of the Women, 202.
122 Herzogin Viktoria Luise, Ein Leben, 324-5.
123 Samuel W. Mitcham, Jnr, ‘Kleist’, in Barnett, ed., Hitler’s Generals, 259.
124 Ibid., 260.
125 Sayer and Botting, Mohnke, 236.
126 Ibid., 317.
127 Heinz Pust, ‘Als Kriegsgefangener in der Sowjetunion. Errinerungen 1945-1953’, in Benz and Schardt, eds, Kriegsgefangenschaft, 22, 29.
128 Friedrich, Schauplatz Berlin, 180-1.
129 Pust, ‘Sowjetunion’, 32.
130 Smith, ed., Clay Papers, I, 331.
131 Pust, ‘Sowjetunion’, 33-5.
132 Ibid., 43-4.
133 Ibid., 75-6.
134 Ibid., 81-2.
135 Smith, ed., Clay Papers, II, 789-80.
136 Maschke, Zusammenfassung, 225.
137 Ibid., 196-7.
138 Ibid.
139 Ibid., 225.
140 Ibid., 224.
141 Information from my friend Janez Fajfar, general manager of the Villa Bled Hotel, who showed me the room and Tito’s desk. The former POWs frequently returned to point out to their wives and children their portraits among the figures in the battle scene.
142 Maschke, Zusammenfassung, 197.
143 Friedrich, Schauplatz Berlin, 88.
144 Wolfgang Borchert, Das Gesamtwerk, Hamburg 1970, 102.
145 Ibid., 172.
CHAPTER 16: THE TRIALS
1 Davidson, Death and Life, 100 n. 4; Bower, Blind Eye to Murder, 29-30.
2 MacDonogh, The Last Kaiser, 422, 423, 424; Hilberg, Destruction, III, 1142.
3 Davidson, Death and Life, 105; Hilberg, Destruction, III, 1142; papers released by the National Archive at the end of 2005 show that Churchill had always been in favour of executing the Nazi leaders. The fact that only the second tier of Nazis were captured may have altered his thinking in favour of a trial: Sunday Times, 1 January 2006.
4 Paget, Manstein, 139.
5 Ibid., 155; this was from Paget’s defence submission.
6 Hilberg, Destruction, III, 1145.
7 Ibid.
8 Ibid., 1099.
9 Ibid., 1130-1, 1152.
10 Quoted in Paget, Manstein, 67, also 154.
11 Ibid., 68.
12 Smith, ed., Clay Papers, I, 441.
13 Paget, Manstein, 86-7.
14 Ibid., 69-70.
15 Ibid., 80.
16 Information from Ian Maxwell, who also informed the author that his father had told him that Trevor-Roper was called in to interrogate major war c
riminals.
17 Leighton-Langer, X, 235.
18 Ibid.
19 West, The Meaning of Treason, 132-3.
20 Papen, Memoirs, 551.
21 Peter Padfield, Himmler - Reichsführer SS, London, 1990, 610.
22 Ibid., 609-11; Anthony Read, The Devil’s Disciples - The Lives and Times of Hitler’s Inner Circle, London 2003, 914-15.
23 Willi Frischauer, Goering, London 1950, 277.
24 Irving, Göring, 465-70; Frischauer, Goering, 274-6.
25 Irving, Göring, 470-1, 478; Goering, My Life with Goering, London 1972, 136.
26 Frischauer, Goering, 280.
27 Read, The Devil’s Disciples, 3.
28 Speer, Diaries, 65.
29 Papen, Memoirs, 541.
30 Speer, Diaries, 3.
31 Irving, Göring, 477, 480.
32 Papen, Memoirs, 563.
33 Hilberg, Destruction, III, 1157.
34 Speer, Diaries, 37.
35 Papen, Memoirs, 546.
36 Karl Dönitz, Mein Wechselvolles Leben, Zurich, Berlin and Frankfurt 1968, 212-14.
37 Dos Passos, Tour of Duty, 296-7.
38 Speer, Diaries, 3.
39 Peter Padfield, Hess - The Führer’s Disciple, London 1995, 303-4, 312.
40 Hilberg, Destruction, III, 1156.
41 Irving, Göring, 484.
42 Ibid., 489; Papen, Memoirs, 574.
43 Friedrich, Schauplatz Berlin, 146.
44 Dos Passos, Tour of Duty, 298-9.
45 Papen, Memoirs, 559.
46 Dos Passos, Tour of Duty, 301, 305.
47 Hilberg, Destruction, III, 1149.
48 Irving, Göring, 487.
49 Padfield, Hess, 310-11; G. M. Gilbert, Nuremberg Diary, New York 1947, 45-6.
50 Frischauer, Goering, 291.
51 Ibid., 295; Gilbert, Nuremberg Diary, 50.
52 See Peter Maguire, Law and War, New York 2001. I am grateful to Sebastian Cody for directing me to this work.
53 Hilberg, Destruction, III, 1149; Tom Lampert, Ein einziges Leben - Geschichten aus der NS-Zeit, Munich 2003, 204-29, portrays von dem Bach as a man suffering from psychosomatic illness as a result of the demands made upon him by Himmler.
54 Irving made this statement in The Reichsmarschall’s Table, BBC Radio 4, 15 March 2005, written and presented by Giles MacDonogh, and produced by Dennis Sewell.
55 Irving, Göring, 492-3; Frischauer, Goering, 292; Walter Görlitz, ‘The Desk Generals - Keitel, Jodl and Warlimont’, in Barnett, ed., Hitler’s Generals, 153-4.
56 Speer, Diaries, 13.
57 Papen, Memoirs, 551-3.
58 Frischauer, Goering, 296.
59 Papen, Memoirs, 565.
60 Irving, Göring, 495; Frischauer, Goering, 297.
61 Frischauer, Goering, 295; Read, The Devil’s Disciples, 9.
62 Frischauer, Goering, 297.
63 Hilberg, Destruction, III, 1136.
64 Speer, Diaries, 52.
65 Ibid., 45.
66 Ibid., 499.
67 Skrjabina, Allies on the Rhine, 77.
68 Helmuth Auerbach, ‘Que faire de l’Allemagne’, in Manfrass and Rioux, eds, France-Allemagne, 293.
69 Speer, Diaries, 4.
70 Friedrich, Schauplatz Berlin, 147.
71 Hilberg, Destruction, III, 1151.
72 Ibid., 11, 14.
73 Werner Maser, Nürnberg, Tribunal der Sieger, Munich and Zurich 1979, 7; Read, The Devil’s Disciples, 923.
74 Speer, Diaries, 11.
CHAPTER 17: THE LITTLE FISH
1 Smith, ed., Clay Papers, I, 247 and n. 3; Buscher, War Crimes Trial Program, 30.
2 Smith, ed., Clay Papers, I, 420.
3 Maser, Nürnberg, 434-42.
4 Speer, Diaries, 26.
5 Ibid., 32.
6 Ibid., 35.
7 Eberle and Uhl, eds, Das Buch Hitler, 236.
8 Mühlen, Krupp, 195.
9 Ibid., 200.
10 Hans Laternser, Verteidigung deutsche Soldaten: Pläydoyers vor Alliierten Gerichten, Bonn 1950, 111, 126, 146-7, 153.
11 Ibid., 339.
12 Smith, ed., Clay Papers, I, 262, 310.
13 Mühlen, Krupp, 213.
14 Ibid., 220.
15 Ibid., 214.
16 Wachsmann, Hitler’s Prisons, 343.
17 Carl Haensel, Das Gericht vertagt sich. Tagebuch eines Verteidigers bei den Nürnberger Prozessen, Wiesbaden and Munich 1980, 17.
18 Margret Boveri, Der Diplomat vor Gericht, Berlin and Hanover, 1948, 44.
19 Weizsäcker, Vier Zeiten, 119; Boveri, Der Diplomat vor Gericht, 18.
20 Weizsäcker, Vier Zeiten, 121.
21 Quoted in Boveri, Der Diplomat vor Gericht, 17-18.
22 Ibid., 29.
23 Weizsäcker, Vier Zeiten, 122.
24 Boveri, Der Diplomat vor Gericht, 17.
25 Weizsäcker, Vier Zeiten, 122; Boveri, Der Diplomat vor Gericht, 18.
26 Weizsäcker, Vier Zeiten, 125-6.
27 Paget, Manstein, 171.
28 Ibid., 169-72. It should be said that this sort of argument has always been very pleasing to the revisionists, and that Paget is quoted and lauded on David Irving’s website for saying that the figure of six million murdered Jews was incorrect; Hilberg, Destruction, III, 1158.
29 Earl F. Ziemke, ‘Rundstedt’, in Barnett, ed., Hitler’s Generals, 201.
30 See Shepherd, After Daybreak, 166-75.
31 Tighe, Gdansk, 201.
32 Eberle and Uhl, eds, Das Buch Hitler, 238-9; MacDonogh, Prussia, 376.
33 Paget, Manstein, 77.
34 Ibid., 78, 79.
35 Shelford Bidwell, ‘Kesselring’, in Barnett, ed., Hitler’s Generals, 288.
36 Berber, Dachau, 200.
37 Sayer and Botting, Mohnke, 278.
38 Smith, ed., Clay Papers, II, 1041-3.
39 Buscher, War Crimes Trial Program, 38.
40 Smith, ed., Clay Papers, II, 880-1, 889.
41 Ibid., 1007; Robert Wistrich, Who’s Who in Nazi Germany, London 1995, 142-3.
42 Sayer and Botting, Mohnke, 283; Smith, ed., Clay Papers, II, 671.
43 Sayer and Botting, Mohnke, 91-2.
44 Ibid., 183n.
45 Ibid., 226.
46 Ibid.
47 Hamann, Winifred Wagner, 420-1.
48 Ibid., 423-5.
49 Ibid., 428-9.
50 Ibid., 438.
51 Ibid., 352.
52 Ibid., 345.
53 Idem, 356-8.
54 Fürstenau, Entnazifizierung, 231.
55 Maser, Nürnberg, 433; Wachsmann, Hitler’s Prisons, 344.
CHAPTER 18: PEACEMAKING IN POTSDAM
1 Hanna Grisebach quoted in Inge Hoeftmann and Waltraud Noack, eds, Potsdam in alten und neuen Reisebeschreibungen, Düsseldorf 1992, 226.
2 Hanna Grisebach, Potsdamer Tagebuch, with an Afterword by Hilde Domin, Heidelberg 1974, 23.
3 Ibid., 22.
4 Ibid., 48.
5 Ibid., 29, 32.
6 Quoted in Hoeftmann and Noack, eds, Potsdam, 235.
7 Grisebach, Tagebuch, 35.
8 Ibid., 38-9.
9 Ibid., 44.
10 Zhukov, Reminiscences, II, 438.
11 See Ingeborg Fleischhauer, Die Chance des Sonderfriedens: Deutsch-sowjetische Geheimgespräche 1941-1945, Berlin 1986; Hugh Trevor-Roper, The Last Days of Hitler, 7th edn, London 1995, 29; MacDonogh, Translator’s Preface to Eberle and Uhl, The Hitler Book, xx.
12 Eberle and Uhl, Das Buch Hitler. See in particular the editors’ Afterword, 495-6.
13 Zhukov, Reminiscences, II, 429, 453.
14 Ibid., 430.
15 Ibid., 435.
16 Smith, ed., Clay Papers, I, 17.
17 Zhukov, Reminiscenses, II, 433.
18 Smith, ed., Clay Papers, II, 19.
19 Balfour and Mair, Four Power Control, 39.
20 Young, France, 61.
21 Smith, ed., Clay Papers, II, 18, 21; Bullock, Bevin, 17.
22 Zhukov, Re
miniscences, II, 434, 437.
23 Kardorff, Aufzeichnungen, 331, 334.
24 Bullock, Bevin, 17.
25 Henry H. Adams, Harry Hopkins, New York 1977, 391.
26 Averall Harriman Foreword to ibid., 19.
27 Zhukov, Reminiscences, II, 440.
28 Adams, Hopkins, 392.
29 Ibid., 382.
30 Ibid., 377.
31 Henke, ‘Potsdam’, 57-9.
32 Smith, ed., Clay Papers, II, 22-4.
33 Henke, ‘Potsdam’, 52-3; Naimark, Russians in Germany, 146.
34 Henke, ‘Potsdam’, 54.
35 Akinscha and Koslow, Beutekunst, 99-100.
36 Goedde, GIs and Germans, 11-12.
37 Quoted in Boveri, Tage, 157, 170.
38 Smith, ed., Clay Papers, I, 50-1.
39 Ritchie, Faust’s Metropolis, 629, mentions the geraniums; Harry S. Truman, Memoirs, 2 vols, vol. I: 1945, Year of Decisions, London 1955, 268, the other flora.
40 Zhukov in Hoeftmann and Noack, eds, Potsdam, 240.
41 Zhukov, Reminiscences, II, 441-3.
42 Grisebach, Tagebuch, 49-50.
43 Zhukov, Reminiscences, II, 441.
44 Truman, Memoirs, I, 258.
45 Ibid., 262.
46 Morgan, Byrnes, Clay, 94.
47 Truman, Memoirs, I, 266, 265.
48 Truman in Hoeftmann and Noack, eds, Potsdam, 245.
49 Truman, Memoirs, I, 265.
50 Foschepoth, ‘Potsdam’, 71-2.
51 Ibid., 72-4.
52 Truman in Hoeftmann and Noack, eds, Potsdam, 246; Truman, I, 267.
53 Friedrich, Schauplatz Berlin, 85.
54 Truman, Memoirs, I, 279.
55 Byrnes, Speaking Frankly, 68.
56 Truman, Memoirs, I, 270.
57 Ibid., 275.
58 Grisebach, Tagebuch, 47.
59 Kardorff, Aufzeichnungen, 337; Amanda Holden, The New Penguin Opera Guide, London, 2001, 1037.
60 Truman, Memoirs, 278.
61 Ibid.
62 Ibid., 281, 285.
63 Ibid., 286; Byrnes, Speaking Frankly, 68-9; Davidson, Death and Life, 64.
64 Byrnes, Speaking Frankly, 79-80; Truman, Memoirs, I, 293.
65 Truman, Memoirs, I, 293.
66 Ibid., 294.
67 Ibid.
68 Ibid., 295.
69 Ibid.
70 Ibid., 296.
71 Bullock, Bevin, 24.
72 Ibid., 22.
73 Truman, Memoirs, I, 297.
74 Ibid., 297-8.
75 Ibid., 300.
76 De Zayas, Nemesis at Potsdam, 50.
77 Truman, Memoirs, I, 303, 305; Byrnes, Speaking Frankly, 76.
78 Truman, Memoirs, I, 315-16.
79 Ibid., 317; Bullock, Bevin, 25.
80 Truman, Memoirs, I, 322-3.
81 Peter Weiler, Ernest Bevin, Manchester and New York 1993, 144-5.
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