After the Reich
Page 85
Stalingrad: battle of (1942-3); German prisoners
Stange, Wilhelm
Starbroke, Captain
Starke, Gerhard
Starlinger, Professor Wilhelm
Stasi (Ministry of State Security, East Germany)
Stauffenberg, Colonel Graf Claus Schenk von
Steel, Christopher
Steele, General Sir James
Steengracht von Moyland, Freiherr Gustav Adolf von
Stegerwald, Adam
Stein, Frau von (Lehnsdorff’s aunt)
Steiner, Frank
Steinhardt (assistant mayor of Vienna)
Stelzl, Johann
Stephens, Colonel Robin
Stern, James: on post-war fatalities; observes boys playing at bombing; on Americans’ behaviour in Germany; sees German destruction; on black market; hears Ledenfels play Beethoven at Auden’s house; on plunder by Moroccans; on feral children; on Schmorrell family; visits Prince Fugger von Glött; and German knowledge of atrocities; and Fragebogen; on prostitutes; gives chewing gum to children; on Polish DPs; The Hidden Damage
Sternheim, Carl: Der Snob
Stettin
Stevens, Major Richard H.
Steyr (motor manufacturer)
Stiegelmar family
Stiller, Obersturmführer
Stillfried, Major
Stimson, Henry L.
Stolp (Słupsk)
Stolz, Otto
Storm, Ruth
Strachey, John
Strang, Sir William (later Baron)
Stránský, Jaroslav
Strasbourg
Strauss, Emil Georg von
Strauss, Richard; Die Metamorphosen
Streicher, Julius
Stremer Jewish Murder Case (Austria)
Stroop, Jürgen
Strüder, Dr (of Frankfurt)
Stuckart, Wilhelm
Stülpnagel, General Carl-Heinrich and Frau von
Stumm, Johannes
Stumpff, General Hans-Jürgen
Sturgkh, Graf Alfred
Stuttgart
Stutthof concentration camp
Styria
Sudetenland
Suhr, Otto
Suhrkamp, Peter
Sulzbach, Herbert
Summersby, Kay
Sunisch, Ernestine
Susmann, Herr (of Teupitz)
Svoboda, General Ludvik
Swabians (ethnic Germans in Hungary)
Sweet, Paul
Swinemünde
Switzerland: and Austrian territorial claims; responsible for German POWs
Szokoll, Major Carl; Die Rettung Wiens
T-Force (British)
Talizy: ‘Antifa’ school
Taylor, A. J. P.
Taylor, Colonel Telford
Tedder, Marshal of the RAF Arthurt Baron
Tegel: airfield opened
Teheran Conference (1945)
Tempelhof (Berlin airfield): Howley visits
Templer, General Sir Gerald
Tetschen, Czechoslovakia
Thadden, Elisabeth von
Thadden-Trieglaff, Frau von
theatre: in Soviet zone; in American zone; in Vienna
Thekla, Leipzig
Theresienstadt concentration camp
Thibaut, Jacques
Thierack, Otto-Georg
Thiess, Franz
Third Man, The (film)
Thomas, General Georg
Thomas, Captain Michael Alexander ( formerly Ulrich Holländer )
Thomasdorf camp, Czechoslovakia
Thompson, Commodore C. R.
Thompson, Dorothy
Thon, Harry
Thorez, Maurice
Thuringia
Thurn und Taxis, Alexander, Prince
Thurn und Taxis, ‘Hansi’, Prince
Thurn und Taxis, Willy, Prince
Thyssen, Fritz
Tichy, Lieutenant
Tiessen, Heinz
Tietjen, Heinz
Tito, Josip Broz: friction with Soviet Russia; Stalin restrains; partisans in Carinthia; claims to Trieste; fights domobranci; summer palace; breach with Stalin
Tolbukhin, Marshal Fyodor Ivanovich
Tolomei, Ettore
Tomeš (Theresienstadt assistant commandant)
Toscanini, Arturo
Toynbee, Arnold
transit camps: in Silesia
treks: by refugees
Treuter, Dr Helmut
Trevor-Roper, Hugh; The Last Days of Hitler
Trier
Trieste: British-Yugoslav dispute over; reverts to Italy
Trizonia (British-French-US zones)
Troller, Georg Stefan
Trotha, General Ivo Thilo von
Trott, Adam von
Truka (Czech Little Fortress guard)
Truman, Harry S.: accepts Russian occupation of Mecklenburg and Saxony; Churchill sends ‘iron curtain’ telegram to; wariness of Soviet Russia; Doctrine; and German art treasures; and Morgenthau’s isolation; and trial of German war criminals; agrees to fall back to Yalta-agreed line; and exclusion of French at Potsdam; at Potsdam Conference; relations with Russians; relations with Churchill; accepts Morgenthau’s resignation; demands complete disarmament of Germany; and Polish frontiers; meets Bevin; ends Lease-Lend; and South Tyrol; supports holding Berlin; and Berlin blockade and airlift; federal officials dismissed and resign
Truscott, General Lucien
Tsarskoe Selo: Amber Room
tuberculosis (TB)
Tübingen
Tulln, Austria
Tulpanov, Sergey I. (‘the Colonel’ or ‘the Tulip’)
Tunner, Major General
Turks: population transfer (1913)
Turnwald, Wilhelm
typhus
Tyrol; see also South Tyrol
Udet, Colonel-General Ernst
Ukraine: kulaks in
Ulbricht, Walter: arrives in Berlin; and land reform; encourages culture; denies Russian rapes; and founding of GDR; provokes riots in Berlin; in East German government
Ulitzka, Carl
Ullstein publishing family
Ullstein, Heinz
Ullstein, Hermann
Union of Independents (Austrian party)
United Europe Congress, The Hague (May 1948)
United Nations: Declaration upholding Atlantic Charter; Charter
United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA)
United States of America: policy on occupation and treatment of Germany; advance and occupation in western Europe; refuses to recognise Renner regime in Austria; rapes by soldiers; rejects Dönitz government; black soldiers in Germany and Austria; and discovery and liberation of concentration camps; post-war deaths in Germany; conflict with Russians in Berlin; administers zone in Berlin; food plenty in Berlin; attitude to occupied Berlin; Berliners’ attitude to; liberation of western Czechoslovakia; United States of America - continued and Czech expulsions; sends food parcels to Europe; seizes German scientists; favours Adenauer; desire to withdraw from Germany; advance on Vienna; in Austria; administration in Vienna; radio stations; Jews serve in army; propaganda campaign in Germany; denazification programme; ban on fraternising with Germans; and German art treasures; art plunder and pillaging; retrieves and preserves stolen treasures; treatment of German POWs; prisoner-of-war camps; interrogation and torture methods; trial and punishment of Nazi war criminals; conduct of war; and Dachau trial; Bulganin declares enemy; policy on Germany at Potsdam Conference; possesses atom bomb; drops atom bombs; hostility to Soviet Russia; and Berlin airlift; post-war dismissals and resignations; see also American zone
Unverzagt, Wilhelm
Upper Austria
Upper Silesia
uranium: mined in Erzgebirge
Üxküll-Gyllenbrand, Gräfin Alexandrine von
Vaihingen
Valchař (Czech Little Fortress guard)
Vansittart, Robert, Baron
Vassiltchikov, Princess Marie (‘Mi
ssie’)
Veesenmayer, Edmund
Veltheim, Hans-Hasso von
Veltheim, Otti von
venereal diseases
Venlo Incident (1939)
Vereinigung der Verfolgten des Naziregimes (VVN)
Vermehren, Isa
Versailles, Treaty of (1919)
Victoria, Princess
Victoria Louise, Princess (Duchess of Brunswick)
Vienna: partition and occupation; falls to Red Army; foreign workers in; looting; under Soviet occupation; women raped; cultural life; May Day parade (1945); destruction; housing; rationing and food supply; Western Allies advance on; zoned between Allies; concern for return to normality; administration under occupying powers; Soviet monument in; communist failure in 1945 election; lawlessness and banditry in; discussed at Potsdam Conference; food shortage in British sector; in severe winter (1946-7); blockade threatened; see also Austria
Vietinghoff, General Heinrich von
Vilfan, Josef
Villach, Carinthia
Vlasak Karel
Vlasov, General Andrei
Vogel, Hans
Voikova (Russian camp)
Voizard (governor of Tyrol-Vorarlberg)
Volga Germans
Volkspolizei (Vopos)
Volkswagen factory, Wolfsburg
Völpel, Gustav
Vom Ghetto zur Freiheit: Die Zukunft der Juden im befreiten Österreich (pamphlet)
Vorarlberg
Voroshilov, Kliment Yefremovich
Vorys, John
Voss, Admiral Hans Erich
Vrša, Commandant
Vyshinsky, Andrei
Wabra, Dr Franz
Wagner, Franz
Wagner, Friedelind
Wagner, Hans
Wagner, Josef
Wagner, Richard
Wagner, Wieland
Wagner, Winifred; trial
Wagner, Wolfgang
Waite, Air Commodore Reginald Newnham
Wallenberg (village)
Wallenberg, Major Hans
Walser, Martin
Walter, Bruno
Wandel, Paul
Warlimont, General Walther
Warner, Major Frederick (born Manfred Werner)
Warsaw Uprising (1944)
Waterhouse, Ellis
Watt, Donald Cameron
Watzka, Maximilian
Watzke, Anton
Wechsberg, Joseph
Wedel, von (Prussian escapee)
Wedgwood, Colonel Josiah Clement (later 1st Baron)
Weeks, General Sir Ronald
Wegener, Paul
Wegner, Franz
Weidling, General Helmuth
Weimar
Weimar, Grand Duchess of
Weinberger, Lois
Weinhand, Franz
Weis, Franz
Weisenborn, Günther; Berliner Requiem
Weiss, Dany
Weiss, Grigori
Weiss, Martin
Weiss, ‘Uncle Toni’
‘Weisse Rose’ Movement
Weissenheim, Austria
Weizsäcker, Carl Friedrich von
Weizsäcker, Ernst von
Weizsäcker, Richard von; Vier Zeiten: Erinnerungen
Wellesz, Egon
Wells, Dr C. J. I.
Wendt, Erich
Wensich, Franz
Werewolves
Werl, near Dortmund
Werner, Dr Arthur
Werth, Alexander
Wesen, Hans
West, F. C.
West Germany see German Federal Republic
Western European Union
Wetzelsdorf, Austria
Weygand, General Maxime
White, Harry Dexter
Wichmann, Lily
Wiechert, Ernst
Wiesbaden
Wiesbaden Manifesto
Wieselmann, Flight Sergeant
Wiesenstein, Haus, Silesia
Wiesner (Czech camp commandant)
Wilhelm Gustloff (ship)
Wilhelmina, Queen of the Netherlands
Wilkinson, Colonel Alexander
Wilkinson, Peter
Willenbucher, Dr
William II, Kaiser
Williams, Charles: Adenauer
Williams, Air Marshal Sir Thomas Melling
Wilson, Woodrow
Wilton Park, Buckinghamshire
Winchell, Walter
Winckelnkemper, Peter
Winterton, Major-General Sir John
Wirths (prisoner in Russia)
Wisliceny, Dieter
Witgenstein, Werner
Witzleben, Field Marshal Erwin von
Woermann, Ernst
Wolf, Markus
Wolff, Jeanette
Wolff, Karl
Wolfsberg, Austria
Wollin, Poland
Woman in Berlin, A (anon.)
women: raped ; attracted to conquerors& n; commit suicide; clear Berlin rubble; and hairdressing; abused in Prague; work for Allies; as voters in Austrian election; dehumanisation of Jewish; and ban on fraternising; in Berlin elections
Worden, Blair
Württemberg
Würzburg
Wyand, Paul
Xavier, Prince of Bourbon-Parma
Yalta Conference (1945): Roosevelt attends; defines Allied zones; allocates former Teutonic regions to Poland; agrees deportation of Russian citizens; and use of German POWs as forced labour; and Polish boundaries; Truman promises to accept agreement; agreement on Ruhr reparations to Russia
Yorck, Marion, Gräfin
Ysenburg, Prince
Yugoslavia: dispute with Britain over Trieste; ethnic Germans expelled; claims part of Carinthia; vetoes Austria’s aid from UNRRA; nationals deported; threat to Venezia-Giulia; German POWs in; Stalin refuses to discuss at Potsdam; Soviet Russia backs demands for reparations
Yurasov, Vladimir
Zabern incident (1913)
Zaglauer (Austrian hangman)
Zahn, Werner
Zborowski, Helmut von
Zelder, Irene
Zelenka, Professor (of Prague)
Zerbst
Zetterberg, Frau
Zheltov, Colonel-General A. S.
Zhukov, Marshal Georgi Konstantinovich: in occupation of Berlin; at signing of German surrender; authorises formation of German anti-fascist parties; control in Berlin; protects Hauptmann; Patton disparages; and Soviet art; tells Stalin of Hitler’s suicide; and return of Russian POWs; protests at supposed British reserving of German army; and Allied agreement on Berlin; at Potsdam Conference; given US Legion of Merit; meets Clay; on Attlee at Potsdam Conference; on Polish border agreement; and Western arming of Germans
Ziemer, Gerhard: Deutsche Exodus
Zimmermann (killer)
Zitzewitz, Elvira von
Zöberlein, Hans
Zuckmayer, Alice
Zuckmayer, Carl: and German awareness of moral bankruptcy; emigrates and flees to USA; sees destruction in Germany; on Werewolves; admires Russian contribution to arts; on German attitude to Americans; and revival of professional life; and German women’s attitude to German men; criticises US policy in Germany; reports on state of theatre and film; on Austrian culture; and German children’s behaviour; and success of Neue Zeitung; on German opponents of Hitler; on Jewish DPs; and German collective guilt; and denazification; witnesses food demonstration in Munich; advocates treating Germans with kindness; on black market; on man-in-street; on Polish theft of circus pig; on German ovens; on severe winter (1946-7); Deutschlandbericht für das Kriegsministerium der Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika; Der Hauptmann von Köpenick; Des Teufels General
Zuffenhausen camp
Zühlsdorff, Volkmar von
Zweig, Arnold
a Gerhard Ziemer gives the figure of 2,280,000, Alfred de Zayas 2,211,000.
b To some extent he based the book on his own family. As a teenager the author was privileged to meet his two brothers. One had literally shot himself
in the foot to avoid fighting Hitler’s war.
c At this stage the Soviet share included eastern Germany within its 1937 borders. Much of this was later hived off and awarded to Poland.
d This is disputed. Michael Balfour says Morgenthau wrote the first draft: Michael Balfour and John Mair, Four Power Control in Germany and Austria 1945-1946, Oxford 1956, 20 n3.
e This was an Anglo-American brassière: the French word applies to a baby garment, and has no lumps.
f Once again Bavaria was seen as the harmless part of Germany. The monster was always Prussia.
g The assistant Soviet commander in Germany, Sokolovsky, specifically mentioned the Herrenvolk to justify the rapes. (See Norman M. Naimark, The Russians in Germany - A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945-1949, Cambridge, Mass. and London 1995, 79.)
h In February 1943 Hitler drove past a group of Russian slave-labourers working on the road outside Zaporozhe. Filled with loathing he remarked, ‘It is quite right to make Slavs do this, these robots! Otherwise they would have no right to their share of the sun!’ Henrik Eberle and Matthias Uhl, eds, The Hitler Book, translated by Giles MacDonogh, London 2005, 102.
i A variant on a Venetian dish, risibisi (rice and peas), and popular in Vienna. The author came across it as a child, at a rare surviving Jewish home in the 2nd Bezirk.
j Schärf had suffered at the hands of Dollfuss’s Corporate State when he had been put in the concentration camp at Wöllersdorf, and again under the Nazis when he had spent a few months in captivity after the Anschluss.
k From Parteigenosse: Party comrade of member of the Nazi Party (NSDAP).