Borderland
Page 26
21 Ibid., p. 94.
22 Byron, Russia, then Tibet, p. 40.
23 Ibid., p. 123.
24 John Steinbeck, A Russian Journal, London, 1994, pp. 53–4.
25 Mikhail Bulgakov, The White Guard, trans. Michael Glenny, London, 1971, p. 55.
26 Ibid., p. 62.
27 Ibid., p. 302.
CHAPTER TWO ♦ Poles and Cossacks: Kamyanets Podilsky
1 Adam Czartoryski, Memoirs of Prince Adam Cartoryski, London, 1888, vol. I, p. 38.
2 Sophia Kossak, The Blaze: Reminiscences of Volhynia 1917–1919, London, 1927, p. 13.
3 Norman Davies, Gods’ Playground: a History of Poland, Vol. I: The Origins to 1795, Oxford, 1981, p. 145.
4 Gillaume Le Vasseur, Sieur de Beauplan, A Description of Ukraine, Cambridge, Mass., 1993, p. 106.
5 Adam Zamoyski, The Polish Way, London, 1987, p. 164.
6 De Beauplan, Ukraine, p. 14.
7 Zamoyski, Polish Way, p. 161.
8 H. Luzhnytsky, Ukrainska tserkva mizh skhodom i zakhodom, Philadelphia, 1954, p. 307.
9 De Beauplan, Ukraine, p. 14.
10 Ibid., pp. 12–13.
11 Volodymyr Sichynskyi, Ukraine in Foreign Comments and Descriptions from the Vlth to the XXth Century, New York, 1953, P. 90.
12 De Beauplan, Ukraine, p. 11.
13 The Travels of Macarius: Extracts from the Diary of the Travels of Macarius, Patriarch of Antioch, written in Arabic by his son Paul, Archdeacon of Aleppo; in the years of their journeying 1652–1660, London, 1936, p. 21.
14 Sichynskyi, Ukraine in Foreign Comments, p. 57.
15 Ibid., p. 90.
16 Travels of Macarius, p. 16.
17 Subtelny, Ukraine: a History, Toronto, 1988, p. 127.
18 Davies, God’s Playground, Vol. I, p. 532.
19 Zbigniew Brzezinski, ‘The Premature Partnership’, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 73, No. 2, pp. 72, 80.
20 Interview with the author, November 1996.
CHAPTER THREE ♦ The Russian Sea: Donetsk and Odessa
1 Orest Subtelny, The Mazepists: Ukrainian Separatism in the Eighteenth Century, Boulder, 1981, p. 20.
2 Volodymyr Sichynskyi, Ukraine in Foreign Comments and Descriptions from the Vlth to the XXth Century, New York, 1953, p. 113.
3 Subtelny, The Mazeppists, p. 37.
4 Orest Subtelny, Ukraine: a History, Toronto, 1988, p. 164.
5 Ibid., p. 172.
6 Poems by Adam Mickiewicz, ed. George Noyes, New York, 1944.
7 Nikolai Gogol, Village Evenings near Dikanka and Mirgorod, trans. Christopher English, Oxford, 1994, p. 257.
8 Anton Chekhov, The Chekhov Omnibus: Selected Stories, trans. Constance Garnett and Donald Rayfield, London, 1994, p. 32.
9 Vincent Cronin, Catherine, Empress of All the Russias, London, 1978, p. 249.
10 Kyrylo Rozumovsky, quoted in Cronin, Catherine, p. 247.
11 Patricia Herlihy, Odessa: a History 1794–1914, Cambridge, Mass., p. 34.
12 Ibid., p. 115.
13 Mark Twain, The Innocents Abroad or the New Pilgrim’s Progress, London, 1897, p. 355.
14 Herlihy, Odessa, p. 123.
15 Alexander Pushkin, Eugene Onegin, trans. James Falen, Oxford, 1995, p. 223.
16 Isaac Babel, Collected Stories, trans. David McDuff, London, 1994, p. 59.
17 Zenon Kohut, Russian Centralism and Ukrainian Autonomy : Imperial Absorption of the Hetmanate, Cambridge, Mass., 1988, p. 263.
18 Nikolai Gogol, Village Evenings, p. 221.
19 Subtelny, Ukraine, p. 210.
20 Stefan Zweig, Balzac, London, 1947, p. 360.
21 Kohut, Absorption of the Hetmanate, p. 291.
22 Sichynskyi, Ukraine in Foreign Comments, p. 197.
23 Kohut, Absorption of the Hetmanate, p. 274.
CHAPTER FOUR ♦ The Books of Genesis: Lviv
1 Joseph Roth, The Radetzky March, trans. Joachim Neugroschel, London, 1995, pp. 131, 152.
2 Norman Davies, God’s Playground: a History of Poland, Vol. II: 1795 to the Present, Oxford, 1981, p. 155.
3 Clifford Sifton, quoted in Orest Subtelny, Ukraine: a History, Toronto, 1988, p. 546.
4 Michael Hrushevsky, A History of Ukraine, ed. O. J. Frederiksen, New Haven, 1941, p. 480.
5 Alexander Pushkin, Eugene Onegin, trans. James Falen, Oxford, 1995, p. 70.
6 Pavlo Zaitsev, Taras Shevchenko: a Life, trans. George Luckyj, Toronto, 1988, p. 43.
7 Ibid., p. 55.
8 Ibid., p. 47.
9 Taras Shevchenko, Song Out of Darkness: Selected Poems, trans. Vera Rich, London, 1961, p. 38.
10 Zaitsev, Shevchenko, p. 59.
11 Ibid., p. 68.
12 Ibid., p. 63.
13 Ibid., p. 89.
14 Ibid., p. 144.
15 Shevchenko, Song Out of Darkness, p. 113.
16 Ibid., p. vii.
17 Paul Robert Magocsi, A History of Ukraine, Toronto, 1996, p. 369.
18 Subtelny, Ukraine, p. 315.
19 Ivan Franko, Poems and Stories, trans. John Weir, Toronto, 1956, p. 151.
20 Thomas Prymak, Mykhailo Hrushevsky: The Politics of National Culture, Toronto, 1987, p. 29.
21 Ibid., p. 31.
CHAPTER FIVE ♦ A Meaningless Fragment: Chernivtski
1 A. J. P. Taylor, The Habsburg Monarchy: 1809–1918, London, 1964, p. 284.
2 Gregor von Rezzori, The Snows of Yesteryear, trans. H. F. Broch de Rotherman, London, 1990, p. 98.
3 Ibid., p. 276.
4 Gregor von Rezzori, The Hussar, trans. Catherine Hutter, London, 1960, p. 8.
5 Von Rezzori, Snows of Yesteryear, p. 281.
6 Isaac Babel, Collected Stories, trans. David McDuff, London, 1994, p. 91.
7 Ibid., p. 222.
8 Ibid., p. 129.
9 Richard Pipes, Russia under the Bolshevik Regime 1919-1924, London, 1994, p. 109.
10 Orest Subtelny, Ukraine: a History, Toronto, 1988, p. 346.
11 Arnold Margolin, From a Political Diary: Russia, the Ukraine and America 1905–1945, New York, 1946, p. 30.
12 Thomas Prymak, Mykhailo Hrushevsky: The Politics of National Culture, Toronto, 1987, p. 158.
13 Ibid., p. 172.
14 Mikhail Bulgakov, The White Guard, trans. Michael Glenny, London, 1971, p. 57.
15 Ibid., p. 58.
16 Mikhail Bulgakov, Manuscripts Don’t Burn, ed. J. A. E. Curtis, London, 1991, p. 1.
17 Sholem Schwartzbard, ‘Memoirs of an Assassin’, in Lucy Dawido-wicz’s The Golden Tradition: Jewish Life and Thought in Eastern Europe, London, 1967, p. 455.
18 Alan Sharp, The Versailles Settlement: Peacemaking in Paris, 1919, London, 1991, pp. 26–7.
19 Margolin, Political Diary, p. 59.
20 Ibid., pp. 39–41.
21 Julia Namier, Lewis Namier, a Biography, Oxford, 1971, p. 144.
22 Ibid., pp. 144–5.
23 Mykola Neskuk, Volodymyr Repryntsev and Yevhen Kaminsky, ‘Ukraine in Foreign Documents and Strategies in the Twentieth Century’, Politichna Dumka 2–3. 95, p. 176.
24 Joseph Roth, The Radetzky March, trans. Joachim Neugroschel, London, 1995, p. 129.
25 Bruno Schulz, The Street of Crocodiles & Sanatorium Under the Sign of the Hourglass, trans. Celina Wieniewska, London, 1988, p. 249.
26 Ibid., p. 180.
27 Von Rezzori, Hussar, p. 326.
CHAPTER SIX ♦ The Great Hunger: Matussiv and Lukovytsya
1 Edward Daniel Clarke, quoted in Volodymyr Sichynskyi, Ukraine in Foreign Comments from the VIth to the XXth Century, New York, 1953, p. 187.
2 Robert Conquest, The Harvest of Sorrow, London, 1986, p. 104.
3 Vasiliy Grossman, Forever Flowing, trans. Thomas P. Whitney, London, 1973, pp. 148–9.
4 Petro Grigorenko, Memoirs, trans. Thomas Whitney, London, 1983, p. 14.
5 Viktor Kravchenko, I Chose Freedom, New York, 1946, p. 63.
6 OGPU memoranda, quoted in Conquest, Harvest of Sorrow, p. 72.
7 Orest Sub
telny, Ukraine: a History, Toronto, 1988, p. 419.
8 Ibid., p. 419.
9 Robert Conquest, The Great Terror, London, 1990, p. 253.
10 Ibid., p. 259.
11 Conquest, Harvest of Sorrow, p. 117.
12 Grossman, Forever Flowing, p. 143.
13 Kravchenko, I Chose Freedom, p. 63.
14 Ibid., pp. 88–90.
15 Ibid., pp. 91–2.
16 Ibid., pp. 104–5.
17 Conquest, Harvest of Sorrow, p. 138.
18 Ibid., p. 139.
19 Kravchenko, I Chose Justice, London, 1951, p. 80.
20 Conquest, Harvest of Sorrow, p. 229.
21 Ibid., p. 226.
22 Kravchenko, I Chose Freedom, p. 113.
23 Ibid., p. 118.
24 Grossman, Forever Flowing, p. 164.
25 Kravchenko, I Chose Justice, p. 75.
26 Grossman, Forever Flowing, p. 162.
27 Ibid., pp. 162–3.
28 William Henry Chamberlin, Russia’s Iron Age, London, 1935, p. 368.
29 Ibid., pp. 369, 88.
30 Arthur Koestler, The Yogi and the Commissar and other essays, London, 1965, p. 128.
31 Eugene Lyons, Assignment in Utopia, London, 1937, p. 574.
32 Koestler, Yogi and Commissar, p. 129.
33 Eugene Lyons, Assignment in Utopia, pp. 575–6.
34 Paul Hollander, Political Pilgrims: travels of Western intellectuals to the Soviet Union, China, and Cuba, Lanham, New York, London, 1990, p. 102.
35 Conquest, Harvest of Sorrow, pp. 314–5.
36 Robert Byron, First Russia, then Tibet, London, 1985, p. 116.
37 Lyons, Assignment in Utopia, pp. 428–30.
38 Conquest, Harvest of Sorrow, p. 316.
39 Lion Feuchtwanger, Moscow 1937, trans. Irene Josephy, pp. 28–9.
40 Ibid., pp. 83, 164, 174.
41 André Gide, Retouches à Mon Retour de l’URSS, Paris, 1937, p. 57.
42 Conquest, Harvest of Sorrow, p. 319.
43 Lyons, Assignment in Utopia, p. 572.
44 Ibid., p. 573-
45 Conquest, Harvest of Sorrow, p. 320.
CHAPTER SEVEN ♦ The Vanished Nation: Ivano-Frankivsk
1 Patricia Herlihy, Odessa: a History 1794–1914, Cambridge, Mass., 1986, p. 300.
2 Michael Hamm, Kiev: a Portrait 1800–1917, Princeton, 1993, p. 118.
3 Ibid., p. 124.
4 Herlihy, Odessa, p. 255.
5 Hamm, Kiev, p. 126.
6 Herlihy, Odessa, p. 306.
7 David Marples, Stalinism in Ukraine in the 1940 s, New York, 1992, p. 74.
8 Philip Friedman, Roads to Extinction: Essays on the Holocaust, New York and Philadelphia, 1980, p. 179.
9 Orest Subtelny, Ukraine: a History, Toronto, 1988, p. 479.
10 Samuel Drix, Witness: a Holocaust Memoir, London, 1995, p. xii.
11 Martin Gilbert, The Holocaust, London, 1986, p. 476.
12 Lucy Dawidowicz, The War against the Jews 1933–45, London, 1975, Appendix B, p. 479.
13 Marples, Stalinism in Ukraine, p. 58.
14 Friedman, Roads to Extinction, p. 201.
15 Ibid., pp. 186, 202.
16 Alexander Dallin, German Rule in Russia 1941–1945: a Study of Occupation Policies, London and Basingstoke, 1981, p. 427.
17 Leon Weliczker Wells, The Janowska Road, London, 1966, p. 92.
18 Subtelny, Ukraine, p. 472.
19 Pavlo Oliynyk, Zashiti, Kiev, 1995, p. 63.
20 Weliczker Wells, Janowska Road, p. 26.
21 Ibid., p. 28.
22 Oliynyk, Zashiti, p. 67.
23 Nikita Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers, trans. Strobe Talbot, ed. Edward Crankshaw, London, 1971, p. 129.
24 Weliczker Wells, Janowska Road, p. 29.
25 Ibid., p. 279.
26 Marples, Stalinism in Ukraine, pp. 39–40; and Subtelny, Ukraine, p. 454.
27 Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers, p. 125.
28 Alan Clark, Barbarossa: the Russian-German Conflict 1941–45, London, 1995, p. 44.
29 Oliynyk, Zashiti, p. 76.
30 Daniel Goldhagen, Hitler’s Willing Executioners, London, 1996, p. 149.
31 Weliczker Wells, Janowska Road, pp. 37–8.
32 Ibid., pp. 40–41.
33 Ibid., p. 41.
34 Gilbert, Holocaust, p. 173.
35 Ibid., p. 171.
36 Ibid., pp. 197–8.
37 Ibid., p. 212.
38 Friedman, Roads to Extinction, p. 190.
39 Alexander Werth, Russia at War, London, 1964, p. 787.
40 Ibid., p. 613.
41 Oliynyk, Zashiti, p. 75.
42 Ibid., p. 76.
43 Weliczker Wells, Janowska Road, p. 117.
44 Ibid., p. 239.
45 Oliynyk, Zashiti, p. 75.
46 Subtelny, Ukraine, p. 467.
47 Dallin, German Rule, p. 127.
48 Ibid., p. 123.
49 Ibid., p. 459.
50 Friedman, Roads to Extinction, pp. 199–200.
51 John Armstrong, Ukrainian Nationalism, Colorado, 1990, pp. 56–7.
52 Oliynyk, Zashiti, p. 87.
53 Clark, Barbarossa, p. 143.
54 Dallin, German Rule, p. 418.
55 Ibid., p. 415.
56 Ibid., p. 415.
57 Ibid., p. 427.
58 Ibid., p. 422.
59 Ibid., pp. 452, 453.
60 Armstrong, Ukrainian Nationalism, p. 89.
61 Oliynyk, Zashiti, p. 86.
CHAPTER EIGHT ♦ The Wart on Russia’s Nose: Crimea
1 Edward Daniel Clarke, Travels in Various Countries of Europe, Asia and Africa: Part the First – Russia, Tatary and Turkey, London, 1811, pp. 537–8.
2 Alan Fisher, The Crimean Tatars, Stanford, 1978, pp. 10–11.
3 Gillaume Le Vasseur, Sieur de Beauplan, A Description of Ukraine, Cambridge, Mass., 1993, p. 44.
4 Baron de Tott, Memoirs of the Baron de Tott on the Turks and the Tatars, vol. I, London, 1785, p. 478.
5 Ibid., p. 475.
6 Ibid., p. 482.
7 Ibid., p. 371.
8 Ibid., p. 372.
9 Ibid., pp. 449–5O.
10 Fisher, Crimean Tatars, p. 69.
11 Ibid., p. 17.
12 Thomas Milner, The Crimea, its Ancient and Modern History: the Khans, the Sultans, and the Tsars, with notices of its scenery and population, London, 1855, p. 182.
13 Clarke, Russia, Tatary and Turkey, pp. 454–5.
14 Ibid., p. 465.
15 Ibid., pp. 502–3.
16 Ibid., p. 480.
17 Figures from Andrew Wilson, The Crimean Tatars: a Situation Report on the Crimean Tatars for International Alert, pp. 6, 36.
18 Fisher, Crimean Tatars, p. 114.
19 Ibid., p. 132.
20 Ibid., p. 137.
21 Robert Conquest, The Nation Killers, London, 1970, p. 99.
22 Ibid., pp. 64–5.
23 Vera Tolz, ‘New Information About the Deportation of Ethnic Groups in the USSR during World War II’, in World War 2 and the Soviet People, ed. John and Carol Garrard, London, 1993, pp. 167–8.
24 Ibid., pp. 165–6.
25 Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers, trans. Strobe Talbot, ed. Edward Crankshaw, London, 1971, p. 540.
CHAPTER NINE ♦ The Empire Explodes: Chernobyl
1 David Remnick, Lenin’s Tomb, New York, Toronto and London, 1993, p. 245.
2 See David Marples, The Social Impact of the Chernobyl Disaster, London, 1988, pp. 12–19, for an excellent account of the technicalities.
3 Yuri Shcherbak, Chernobyl: a Documentary Story, trans. Ian Press, London, 1989.
4 Ibid., p. 33.
5 Ibid., p. 42.
6 Ibid., pp. 41–2.
7 Ibid., p. 44.
8 Ibid., p. 46.
9 Ibid., p. 21.
10 Ibid., p. 56.
11 Marples, Impact of the Chernobyl Disaster, p. 191.
12 Orest Subtelny, Ukraine: a History, Toront
o, 1988, p. 489.
13 Taras Kuzio and Andrew Wilson, Ukraine: Perestroika to Independence, London, 1994, p. 43.
14 Vyacheslav Chornovil, The Chornovil Papers, New York, 1968, p. 21.
15 Petro Grigorenko, Memoirs, trans. Thomas Whitney, London, 1983, p. 437.
16 Anatoly Marchenko, My Testimony, trans. Michael Scammell, London, 1969, p. 120.
17 Subtelny, Ukraine, p. 53.
18 Kuzio and Wilson, Ukraine, p. 105.
19 Ibid., p. 111.
20 Ibid., p. 112.
21 Solomea Pavlychko, Letters from Kiev, trans. Myrna Kostash, New York, 1992, p. 14.
22 Ibid., pp. 6–7.
23 Ibid., p. 40.
24 Ibid., pp. 77–9.
25 Ibid., p. 84.
26 Ibid., p. 138.
27 Kuzio and Wilson, Ukraine, p. 158.
28 Ibid., p. 161.
29 Economist, 7 May 1994.
CHAPTER TEN ♦ Europe or Little Russia! Ukraina
1 Daniel Kaufmann, ‘Diminishing Returns to Administrative Controls and the Emergence of the Unofficial Economy: a Framework of Analysis and Application to Ukraine,’ World Bank, Kiev, 1994.
2 Daniel Kaufmann, ‘The Missing Pillar of a Growth Strategy for Ukraine: Institutional and Policy Reforms for Private Sector Development,’ Harvard Institute of International Development and the World Bank, October 1996, p. 6.
3 Interview with the author, November 1996.
4 Interview with the author, November 1996.
5 Nikolai Gogol, Taras Bulba, in Village Evenings Near Dikanka and Mirgorod, trans. Christopher English, Oxford, 1994, p. 251.
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
The standard surveys, covering Ukraine from prehistoric times to the present, are Orest Subtelny’s Ukraine: a History (Toronto 1988), and Paul Magocsi’s equally magisterial A History of Ukraine (Toronto, 1996.)
George Vernadsky’s Kievan Russia, volume two of his multi-volume A History of Russia (New Haven 1948), is a thorough, though now rather dated, account of medieval Rus. James Billington’s The Icon and the Axe (London 1966) gives an original overview of Rus art and culture; Richard Pipes’s Russia under the Old Regime (London 1974) traces the effects of Mongol suzerainty.
For the history of Polish rule in Ukraine, I relied on Norman Davies’s two-volume God’s Playground (Oxford 1981) and Adam Zamoyski’s The Polish Way (London 1987). Roman Szporluk’s After Empire: What? in Daedalus, vol.123, no.3, stresses Ukraine’s enduring Polish ties. Subtelny’s The Mazepists (Boulder 1981) details the rise and fall of Mazeppa, and Robert Massie’s Peter the Great (London 1981) includes a lively account of the events surrounding the battle of Poltava. Geoffrey Hosking’s Russia: People and Empire (London 1997) throws new light on tsarist imperialism. On Shevchenko’s career, I used Pavlo Zaitsev’s Taras Shevchenko: a Life, written in the 1930s and reprinted by the University of Toronto Press in 1988; translations of Shevchenko’s poetry are taken from Vera Rich’s Song Out of Darkness (London 1961). Hugh Seton-Watson’s Nations and States (London 1977) and John Armstrong’s Ukrainian Nationalism (Colorado 1990) thoughtfully analyse modern Ukrainian nationalism.