Spillover

by David Quammen

356. “is only one of many such cave populations”: Towner et al. (2009), 2.

  372. “Patient C was the father of a 4-year-old girl”: Leroy et al. (2009), 5.

  372. “Thus, virus transmission may have occurred”: Leroy et al. (2009), 6.

  373. “In fact, it is highly likely that several other persons”: Leroy et al. (2009), 5.

  VIII. The Chimp and the River

  385. “profoundly depressed” in number: Gottlieb et al. (1981), 251.

  387. “strikingly similar to the syndrome of immunodeficiency”: Pitchenik et al. (1983), 277.

  387. written about as the man who “carried the virus out of Africa”: e.g., Wikipedia, “Gaëtan Dugas,” citing Auerbach et al. (1984), although Auerbach et al. do not make that assertion.

  387. vain but charming, even “gorgeous” in some eyes: Shilts (1987), 47.

  388. “I’ve got gay cancer”: Shilts (1987), 165.

  388. “Although the cause of AIDS is unknown”: Auerbach et al. (1984), 490.

  388. to the more resonant “Patient Zero” of his book: Shilts (1987), 23.

  389. “I’d better go home to die”: Shilts (1987), 6.

  391. “AIDS could not be caused by a conventional bacterium”: Montagnier (2000), 42.

  393. “more than 4000 individuals in the world”: Levy et al. (1984), 840.

  393. “Our data cannot reflect a contamination”: Levy et al. (1984), 842.

  396. “In 1985, the highest rates of HIV were reported”: Essex and Kanki (1988), 68.

  396. “must have evolved mechanisms”: Essex and Kanki (1988), 68.

  396. “not close enough to make it likely that SIV”: Essex and Kanki (1988), 69.

  399. HUMAN AIDS VIRUS NOT FROM MONKEYS: Mulder (1988), 396.

  399. sampled by the Japanese team, because it was “of Kenyan origin”: Fukasawa et al. (1988), 457.

  401. revealed that the virus was “endemic” among them: Murphey-Corb et al. (1986), 437.

  402. “These results suggest that SIVsm has infected macaques”: Hirsch et al. (1989), 389.

  414. with material direct from a “vaccinal sore”: Willrich (2011), 181.

  415. “The origin of the AIDS virus is of no importance”: Quoted in Curtis (1992), 21.

  415. “It’s distracting, it’s nonproductive, it’s confusing”: Quoted in Curtis (1992), 21.

  416. “The controversy surrounding the source of the Nile”: Hooper (1999), 4.

  421. “Our estimation of divergence times”: Worobey et al. (2008), 663.

  423. “the most persuasive evidence yet”: Weiss and Wrangham (1999), 385.

  428. “We show here that the SIVcpzPtt strain that gave rise”: Keele at al. (2006), 526.

  428. “In humans, direct exposure to animal blood”: Hahn et al. (2000), 611.

  428. “The likeliest route of chimpanzee-to-human transmission”: Sharp and Hahn (2010), 2492.

  429. “a hard mission field,” according to one Swedish missionary: Quoted in Martin (2002), 25.

  430. “a low-risk type of prostitution”: Pepin (2011), 90.

  437. “Until recently, the Bakweles have been using chimps”: From the typewritten, unpublished report of my anonymous source in Yokadouma.

  464. “survived their own AIDS-like pandemic”: Cohen (2002), 15.

  477. “that SIVcpz has a substantial negative impact”: Keele et al. (2009), 515.

  479. “The Congo contains various health institutions”: Beheyt (1953), quoted in Pepin (2011), 164.

  479. “The large number of patients and the small quantity of syringes”: Beheyt (1953), quoted in Pepin (2011), 164.

  481. “consisted of thousands of asymptomatic free women”: Pepin (2011), 161.

  485. “there must have been a very effective amplification mechanism”: Pepin (2011), 196.

  IX. It Depends

  496. “From the ecological point of view an outbreak”: Berryman (1987), 3.

  497. “When Homo sapiens passed the six-billion mark”: Wilson (2002), 86.

  498. “seems to imply a dominant force”: Myers (1993), 240.

  512. “The first criterion is the most obvious”: Burke (1998), 7.

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