Spillover

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by David Quammen

Indian Medical Service (IMS), 127–28

  Indonesia, 152, 163, 276, 277

  infectious disease:

  applied mathematics in research on, 129–35, 141–48

  artificiality of distinction between zoonotic and nonzoonotic, 137

  basic reproduction rate in, see R0

  Burnet on, 234–37

  critical community size in, 129–30, 349

  dead-end hosts and, 83, 164, 294, 343, 373, 480

  ecological disturbance and, 23, 40, 41

  as ecosystems, 247, 251

  emergent and re-emergent, 42–45

  eradication of, 517–18

  future of, 42, 45

  germ theory of, 130, 265, 517

  immunity to, 129–30

  and population size of hosts, 303–6

  recovery rate in, 305

  superspreaders of, 172–73, 176–77, 206, 519

  thresholds of, 36, 144, 480

  traditional wisdom and, 88–89

  infectious disease (continued)

  ubiquity of, 20

  see also epidemics; pandemics; specific diseases and pathogens

  Infectious Diseases of Humans (Anderson and May), 303

  Infectious Diseases Society of America (ISDA), 238–39, 259

  antitrust investigation of, 239

  infectivity, 130, 143–44, 146, 372

  loss of, 133–34

  pre- vs. postsymptomatic, 207–8

  influenza viruses, 237, 499, 512

  in birds, 313, 314, 505–6, 507–10

  characteristics of, 504, 507

  genomes of, 268, 307, 504

  mutation rate of, 506

  in pigs, 21, 39, 374, 507

  reassortment in, 506–8

  reservoir hosts of, 313, 505

  transmissibility of, 291

  as viruses, 24, 270

  as zoonoses, 14, 21, 42, 164, 505

  see also specific strains

  Institut Pasteur, 390

  interferon, 108

  intermediate roundleaf bat (Hipposideros larvatus), 201

  International Commission, 69–70

  International Primatological Society, 286

  intravenous drug users:

  AIDS in, 390, 391

  hepatitis B in, 388

  intrinsic evolvability, 512–13

  intubation, 173–74

  Ipoh, Malaysia, 314, 315, 317

  Islam, Arif, 334, 335, 339–42

  isolation, of viruses, 25, 38

  Ivanofsky, Dmitri, 265–66

  Ivindo River, 53, 54, 55, 87, 88, 111, 117

  Ixodes scapularis, see deer (blacklegged) tick

  Jaax, Nancy, 101

  Jamot, Eugène, 479, 480

  Jane Goodall Institute, 468, 472–73

  Japanese encephalitis (JE), 314–16, 317, 318

  Johannesburg, South Africa, 62

  Johnson, Karl, 37, 69–70, 74, 346

  on pathology of Ebola, 93–96

  in search for Ebola reservoir, 70–72, 77

  Jolo (boatman), 449, 450

  Jones, Kate E., 44

  Jones-Engel, Lisa, 277–81, 283–89

  Joosten, Astrid, 357–59, 360, 362–63, 364

  Journal of Infectious Diseases, 72, 75

  Journal of Virology, 194, 464

  Junin, 24, 270, 307

  Justin, Ekeme, 440

  juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, 241

  Kabila, Laurent, 418

  Kabongo, Jean-Marie M., 410–12, 421

  Kadéï River, 434

  Kakao people, 435–36

  Kanki, Phyllis, 394–98, 416

  Kapit, Malaysia, 154

  P. knowlesi infections in, 156–59

  Kaposi’s sarcoma, 386–87, 389

  Karesh, William B. “Billy,” 64–68, 89, 91, 122, 466

  Kasai River, 118

  Keele, Brandon F., 424–27, 428, 437, 472–73, 475, 476

  Kemp, Alan, 352, 354, 364

  Kenya, 399

  Kermack, William Ogilvy, 141–44, 146, 236, 303, 367, 518

  Khan, Rasheda, 378–79

  Khulna, Bangladesh, 335, 336, 339

  Kibale National Park, Uganda, 467

  Kika, Cameroon, 440, 449

  Kikwit, DRC, 72–75, 80, 91–92, 93, 113, 117

  Kinshasa (Léopoldville), DRC, 389

  emergence of AIDS pandemic in, 428–29, 430–31, 462, 463, 477–78, 481–84

  Kinshasa, University of, 410, 417

  Kisangani, DRC, 414, 418, 483

  Kitaka Cave, 85, 351–55, 358

  mark-recapture tagging of bats at, 355, 365

  Knowles, Robert, 149–50

  Koch, Robert, 131–32, 234, 263, 265, 517

  Koprowski, Hilary, 21, 414–15, 417, 418

  Korber, Bette, 409

  Korea, 24

  Kota language, 90

  Kowloon, China, 170, 193

  Krief, Sabrina, 139–40

  Ksiazek, Tom, 364–65

  Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 276

  Kuching, Malaysia, 153–54, 156–57

  Kyasanur Forest virus, 21, 313

  Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, 391

  Lacks, Henrietta, 184

  La Crosse virus, 346

  LAGA (Last Great Ape Organization), 432

  Lam, Sai Kit “Ken,” 315–16, 317, 318, 319

  Lancet, 160

  Laos, 163

  larch budmoths, 496

  Lassa virus, 21, 39, 40, 67, 270, 307, 313, 358

  LAV (lymphadenopathy virus), 392–93

  see also HIV

  Laver, William Graeme, 505–6

  Laveran, Alphonse, 128

  Leakey, Louis, 470

  least horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus pusillus), 201, 202, 206

  Leeuwenhoek, Anton van, 263

  Legionaire’s disease, 43–44

  Legionella pneumophila, 43–44

  Lentivirus, 297, 308

  Léopoldville, see Kinshasa, DRC

  Lepidoptera, outbreaks in, 495–96, 498

  crashes in, 498–503

  leprosy, 400–401, 478

  Leroy, Eric M., 54, 114–17, 118, 120–22, 370–73, 403

  Lesotho, 483

  Levy, Jay A., 393

  Li, Wendong, 194–95, 202

  Libreville, Gabon, 62, 119

  Lipkin, Ian, 514–15

  Lipu, China, 203–5

  Lister, Joseph, 131–32, 265

  Litchfield National Park, Australia, 366

  Little Mulgrave, Australia, 46, 48

  Liu, Weimin, 140–41

  Liu Jianlun, 174–75, 206

  Lloyd-Smith, J. O., 172

  Lobeke, Cameroon, 426

  Lobeke National Park, Cameroon, 435, 438

  Loeffler, Friedrich, 266

  logging, 67, 433–35, 439

  London, 1858 cholera outbreak in, 131

  Lonsdorf, Elizabeth, 474–75

  Los Angeles, Calif., early AIDS cases in, 385–86, 388, 389, 489

  Lossi Gorilla Sanctuary, 63, 64, 65, 91, 120, 124

  Lubumbashi, DRC, 483

  Luby, Stephen, 328–33, 375

  Luebo, DRC, 370–73

  Lumumba, Patrice, 484

  Luzon, Philippines, SARS in, 167

  Lymantria dispar (gypsy moths), 496, 499, 500–501, 520–21

  Lyme, Conn., 212, 241

  Lyme disease, 21, 23, 238–59, 511

  biogeography of, 256–59

  biological diversity and risk of, 255–56

  “chronic,” 238–39, 259

  and deer population levels, 246–47

  deer ticks as vector for, 212–13, 241–42, 255

  as ecosystem, 247, 251, 253–54

  prehistory of, 239–42

  as vector-borne disease, 238

  Lyme disease (continued)

  and white-footed mouse population levels, 252, 253–54

  Lyme Disease: The Ecology of a Complex System (Ostfeld), 246, 257

  lymphocytes, 488

  depleted
levels of, 385, 386–87, 474–75, 477

  see also T cells

  lyssaviruses, 351

  Macacine herpesvirus 1, see herpes B

  macaques:

  in AIDS research, 274

  bonnet, 149

  herpes B in, 272–79, 313

  at Hindu and Buddhist temples, 24, 276–77

  long-tailed (Macaca fascicularis), 77–78, 149, 157, 160, 162, 163, 276, 277–78

  malaria in, 148–53, 156, 157–58, 160

  pig-tailed, 149, 161, 162

  in polio research, 272–74

  precautionary slaughter of, 275–76, 286

  Reston virus in, 8, 77–78, 861

  rhesus (M. mulatta), 149, 162, 185, 401, 414

  SFV in, 24, 287–89

  SIV in, 395

  SV40 in, 414

  at Sylhet majars, 280–85

  MacArthur, Robert, 302–3

  Macau, China, 170

  MacDonald, George, 145–48, 172, 303, 518

  Machupo virus, 24, 38–39, 69–70, 270, 307, 346

  Mackay, Australia, 28, 29–30, 45

  Madagascar, 515

  mad cow disease, 23–24

  Madras, India, 128

  Makokou General Hospital, Gabon,

  57

  Makovetskaya, Nadezhda Alekseevna, 99–100

  Malacosoma, M. californicum (western tent caterpillar), 493–96

  M. disstria (forest tent caterpillar), 493–96, 520

  malaria, 127–28, 237, 381, 478

  Anopheles mosquito as vector of, 135–36, 138

  attempted eradication of, 133–34, 145–46, 147, 517–18

  cause of, see Plasmodium

  critical community size of, 138

  falciparum (malignant), 136–41, 418

  and invention of agriculture, 137–38, 139

  in nonhuman species, 135

  P. knowlesi, 149–53, 156–64, 381, 480, 514, 518

  reservoir hosts of, 161–62

  simian, 148–53

  as supposedly nonzoonotic, 135

  as zoonotic disease, 42, 140, 152, 158, 160

  malaria prophylaxis, 361–62

  Malaya, University of, 315–16, 317

  Malaysia:

  malaria in, 151–54, 156–63

  mass culling of pigs in, 320

  Nipah virus in, 21, 44, 314–25, 331, 334, 367

  Mambele, Cameroon, 426, 437–38

  Mambili River, 63, 64, 68, 89, 122

  “Manchester sailor,” 407–8

  mandrills, SIV in, 114

  mangabeys:

  red-capped, 464, 465

  sooty (Cercocebus atys), 399–401, 404, 406, 413

  Maramagambo Forest, 357–58, 361

  Marburg virus, 21, 22, 39, 40, 70, 92, 93, 116, 268, 307, 489

  bats as reservoirs of, 313, 351–65, 370, 372

  Martin, Lillian, 212, 214

  Marx, Preston, 480

  mass action principle of epidemics, 132

  MassTag PCR, 514

  mathematics, in infectious disease research, 129–35, 141–48

  May, Robert M., 302–6, 518

  Mayibout 2, Gabon, 53–54, 56–57, 60, 63, 72, 73, 80–81, 112–13, 114, 117, 443

  Mbah, Neville, 432, 439–40, 450

  Mbomo, Republic of the Congo, 89–91, 92, 118, 122–24

  M’Both, Thony, 56–57, 112–13, 114

  McCormack, Joseph, 29

  McCoy, George W., 215

  McKendrick, Anderson G., 141–44, 146, 236, 303, 367, 518

  McNeill, William H., 41, 296

  measles, 19, 67, 68, 88, 129, 264, 270, 349, 381

  immunity to, 129–30

  as nonzoonotic, 130

  reservoir hosts of, 313

  Medawar, Peter, 268, 271

  Médecins Sans Frontières, 89

  Megatransect (biological survey), 54, 59–60

  Mékouka, Gabon, 87–88

  Melaka virus, 314

  Menangle virus, 314, 367

  meningitis, 28, 240

  merozoites, 136, 138

  metapopulations, 367–68

  Metropole Hotel, Hong Kong, 174–75, 177, 193, 206

  Mexican free-tailed bats, 350

  Mexico, 486

  Miami, Fla., early AIDS cases in, 386–87, 389

  Microbiological Research Establishment (Porton Down), 97–98

  Millbrook, N.Y., 247–48, 252, 255, 257

  Ministry of Health, DRC, 370, 417

  Ministry of Health, Malaysia, 317

  Ministry of Health, Zaire, 73

  Minkébé forest, 56, 59, 60, 91, 111–12, 120

  Moba Bai complex, 64–68, 89, 91, 120, 122, 466

  Mobutu Sese Seko, 418, 484–85

  Mok, Esther, 175–77, 180–81

  molecular biology, 517

  molecular phylogenetics, 137, 422, 463, 488

  Moloundou, Cameroon, 439, 455

  Mombo Mounene 2, DRC, 371

  Mongo people, 139

  monkeypox, 21, 22–23, 40, 71–72, 313, 499

  Montagnier, Luc, 390–91, 392–93, 394, 397–98

  Montana, Q fever in, 220–21, 231

  Montgomery, Joel M., 327

  Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 386, 390, 486

  morbilliviruses, 19, 130

  Morse, Stephen S., 24

  mosquitoes:

  as disease vectors, 23, 43, 128–29, 135, 263, 266, 314–15, 346

  see also Anopheles mosquitoes

  mountain gorillas, 67, 68, 357, 360

  Moyen-Congo, see Congo, Republic of the

  Mozambique, 483

  “Mr. X,” 218, 237

  Muller, Martin, 467–68, 471

  mumps, 270

  Munga, Albert, 438

  Municipal Health Service, Den Bosch, 224

  Murphey-Corb, Michael Anne, 401–2

  Murray River, 298

  Muslims, 281–82

  mutation:

  of HIV-1, 420–21, 446, 482–83

  natural selection and, 271, 446, 507

  of viruses, 119, 270–71, 308, 309–10, 344, 345, 375, 506, 512

  Muyembe, Jean-Jacques, 417, 419, 421

  Mviri, Max, 432, 439–40, 449, 450–52

  Myanmar, 163

  Mycobacterium leprae, 400–401

  Myers, Judith H., 498–99

  myxoma virus, 298–302, 305–6

  N95 masks, 179, 200, 202, 376–77

  Naogaon District, Bangladesh, 326

  National Cancer Institute, 391

  National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis (March of Dimes), 274

  National Geographic, 55, 135, 470

  National Institute for Communicable Diseases, South Africa, 352

  National Institutes of Health, 221

  Natural History of Infectious Disease (Burnet), 236

  natural hosts, see reservoir hosts

  natural selection, 302

  mutation and, 271, 446, 507

  zoonoses and, 23, 345

  Nature, 44, 116, 140–41, 172, 399, 421, 423

  ndumbas, see free women

  Negley, Diane, 105, 107, 109

  Negri Sembilan, Malaysia, 314–15, 317

  Netherlands, 357, 363

  Q fever in, 222, 223–34

  neuraminidase, 504

  neurosyphilis, 149, 150

  New England Journal of Medicine, 386

  New England Regional Primate Research Center, 395

  New Guinea, 515

  New Iberia, La., 400

  New South Wales, Australia, 298

  convict colony at, 37

  New Straits Times, 315

  Newton, Isaac, 118

  New York, N.Y.:

  early AIDS cases in, 386, 388

  psittacosis in, 214

  New York Times, 486

  Next Big One, 42, 208, 289–90, 322, 503

  as zoonosis, 511–13

  ngangas (traditional healers), 61, 62, 63

  Ngbala, Cameroon, 447, 455

 
Ngoko River, 438, 439, 445, 449–50

  Nigeria, 22

  Nijmegen, Netherlands, 229–30, 232–33

  Nine Mile (CCC camp), 220–21

  Nipah virus, 21, 24, 39, 44, 130, 179, 270, 307, 365, 381, 512

  in Bangladesh, 325–42, 375–79, 514

  bats as reservoirs of, 323–25, 327, 331–32, 334, 351, 367, 514–15

  case fatality rate of, 316, 330

  human-to-human transmission of, 325, 326, 328, 330, 375–79

  in Malaysia, 314–25, 331, 334, 367

  in pigs, 314, 316–17, 319–20, 322, 367

  spillover mechanism of, 324–25

  Nishihara, Tomo, 55–56

  Njiforti, Hanson, 435

  Nki National Park, Cameroon, 435

  “Noble Goals, Unforeseen Consequences” (Pepin), 478

  noninvasive sample collecting, 140, 423–24, 467, 470–71

  Noord-Brabant province, Netherlands, 223–34, 357

  Nottingham, University of, 465, 466

  NPVs (nuclear polyhedrosis viruses), 499–503, 520

  nucleotides, 154, 156, 159, 268, 270, 309

  ocular larva migrans, 21

  Odzala National Park, ROC, 89, 91

  Okware, Sam, 85–86

  Ondzie, Alain, 66–67, 91, 123

  ookinetes, 136

  opepe (epidemic), 90

  opportunity, spillover and, 162, 278, 326, 343–45, 375, 378, 429, 431, 445, 484, 488, 516–17

  oral candidiasis, 385–86, 389, 489

  oral polio vaccine (OPV) hypothesis, 413–17, 421–22, 480–81

  Origins of AIDS, The (Pepin), 478

  orthomyxoviruses, 512

  Oryctolagus cuniculus (European rabbit), 298–302

  Ostfeld, Richard S., 245–58

  Oubangui-Chari, FEA, 479

  Oubangui River, 423

  Ouesso, ROC, 438, 439, 447, 450–52, 453, 456–58

  outbreaks (population explosions):

  crashes in, 498, 520

  human population growth as, 496–97, 503

  in Lepidoptera, see Lepidoptera, outbreaks in

  population density and, 499

  Padma River, 326

  Pakistan, 22

  pandemics:

  emerging diseases and threat of, 21, 507, 517

  see also AIDS; epidemics; infectious disease; Spanish influenza pandemic

  Panum, Peter, 264–65

  papillomaviruses, 270

  parakeets (budgerigars), 216, 237

  paramyxoviruses (Paramyxoviridae), 19, 27, 30, 130, 318, 512

  parasites, 40

  Parasitology, 304–5

  parrot fever, see psittacosis

  Pasteur, Louis, 131–32, 234, 263, 265, 295, 517

  pathogenicity, see virulence

  pathogens:

  antibiotic-resistant, 239

  ecology and evolution of, 235–37, 302–10, 344–45, 366–69, 499, 515–17

  habitual hosts of, 20, 41

  see also bacteria; viruses

  pathogens, emergent, 38–39

  definition of, 42–43

  human population growth and, 41

  mutation of, 375

  as preponderantly zoonotic, 43–44

  as unintended results of human activity, 39–42, 45, 161–62, 164, 237, 258, 343, 344–45

 

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