Spillover

Home > Other > Spillover > Page 62
Spillover Page 62

by David Quammen


  see also zoonosis(es)

  Patient Zero (Gaëtan Dugas), 387–89, 407, 443, 489

  Pearl River Delta, 170, 187

  Peeters, Martine, 403–4, 425, 427–28, 465, 471

  Peiris, Malik, 184–87, 190, 191, 194, 207

  penicillin, 482

  Pennsylvania State University, 306

  Pepin, Jacques, 478, 479–82, 484, 485, 486

  Peterson, Dale, 434

  Petri, Julius, 265

  Philippines, 276

  A. leucosphyrus in, 163

  Reston virus in, 78, 86–87

  Phillip, Arthur, 37, 38

  Phoenix sylvestris (sugar date palm), 329

  phylogeny, of SIV and HIV, 426–27

  picornaviruses, 35

  pigs:

  flu viruses in, 21, 39, 313, 374, 507

  FMD in, 35–36

  Malaysian culling of, 320

  Nipah in, 314, 316–17, 319–20, 322, 367

  Pitchenik, Arthur E., 487–88

  Pitu (bat catcher), 334, 339, 341

  plague, 102, 237, 243, 290

  lethality rate of, 63

  as zoonosis, 21, 42, 517

  Plagues and Peoples (McNeill), 296

  plasmapheresis, 485–86

  Plasmodium, 135–36, 137

  genetic diversity of, 137

  life history of, 135–36

  P. falciparum, 135, 136–41, 146, 148, 154, 164, 418

  P. gallinaceum, 138

  P. knowlesi, 149–53, 156–64, 381, 480, 514, 518

  Plasmodium (continued)

  P. malariae, 135, 148, 154, 158, 159

  P. ovale, 135, 148

  P. reichenowi, 138–39

  P. vivax, 135, 148–49, 150–51, 154, 162, 164

  spillover of, 137, 138–39

  see also malaria

  “Plasmodium knowlesi Malaria in Humans Is Widely Distributed and Potentially Life Threatening” (Cox-Singh et al.), 160–61

  Platt, Geoffrey S., 97–99

  Plowright, Raina, 366–70

  “Pneumocystis Pneumonia—Los Angeles” (Gottlieb), 386

  pneumonia, 67, 381

  atypical, 171–72, 173, 176, 224

  bacterial, 330

  Pneumocystis jirovecii, 385–86, 387, 389, 408, 487

  poliomyelitis, 35, 67, 272, 276, 290, 292

  eradication of, 21, 22, 518

  vaccine for, 274, 413–17, 421–22, 480–81

  polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification, 107–8, 115–16, 154, 158–59, 183–84, 193–94, 227, 409, 425

  Poon, Leo, 186–87, 191, 192–94

  population cycles, see outbreaks

  population density, 144, 236, 325, 330, 478, 499, 515

  outbreaks and, 499

  population growth, human:

  emerging pathogens and, 41

  as outbreak, 496–97

  Port-au-Prince, Haiti, 485, 486

  Porton Down (Microbiological Research Establishment), 97–98

  post-Lyme disease syndrome, 239

  poultry, 138, 313, 327

  H5N1 in, 182, 507, 509–10

  poxviruses, 270

  Presnyakova, Antonina, 100

  Preston, Margaret, 28–29, 45

  Preston, Mark, 28–29, 45, 49

  Preston, Richard, 77–78, 92–94, 95

  Prevention of Malaria, The (Ross), 133

  prions, 23–24

  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 487

  Proceedings of the Royal Society, 369

  prostitutes, 397, 478, 481, 483

  see also free women

  protein receptors, 443

  protists, 23, 24, 40, 128, 135

  psittacosis (parrot fever), 212, 213–19, 236–37

  Pteropus, see flying foxes

  Puffinus pacificus (wedge-tailed shearwater), 505

  Python Cave, 357–58, 359, 361, 364

  Q fever, 211–12, 213, 219–34, 243, 264

  Qinghai Lake, 510

  quantum mechanics, 118

  Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda, 360, 361

  Queensland, racing industry in, 30, 32–33

  Queensland Department of Primary Industries (DPI), 17–18, 26, 27, 30, 49

  Animal Research Institute of, 26

  Queensland Health Department, 18, 34, 219

  R0 (basic reproduction rate), 146–48, 172, 305, 349, 374, 518

  of AIDS, 390, 429, 431, 445, 462

  of SARS, 206

  rabbits, myxoma virus in, 298–302, 305–6

  rabies, 21, 24, 236, 263, 264, 268–69, 270, 286, 307, 489, 517

  lethality of, 296

  transmissibility of, 291, 294, 296–97

  raccoon dog, 189, 191–92

  Radhakrishnan, Anand, 154, 156

  Rahman, Mahmudur, 328

  Rail, Vic, 14–15, 17, 18, 19, 29, 43, 45

  horse stable of, 15–16, 18, 26, 27, 29, 31–32, 38, 45, 53, 211

  Rajang River, 154, 157

  Rajbari District, Bangladesh, 326–27, 376

  Raphael, Jane, 473–74

  Rask, Grethe, 389, 407

  rat farms, 203–5

  Rats, Lice and History (Zinsser), 267, 295

  Real, Leslie, 119, 121, 304

  reassortment, in viruses, 506–8, 512

  recombination, 506, 512

  in HIV-1, 482

  in SIV, 465–66

  red-capped mangabeys, 464, 465

  Reed, Patricia “Trish,” 67–68, 76

  Reed, Walter, 266

  Reid, Peter, 15–17, 19–20, 27–28, 29, 33, 45

  relapsing fever, 243

  replicability, of viruses, 266, 267, 271, 291, 308, 344, 345

  reservoir competence, 251–52, 256, 257

  reservoir hosts, 23, 36, 38, 43, 191, 313–14, 512, 518

  as asymptomatic, 271

  of ebolaviruses, 68, 69, 70–72, 74, 75, 76, 82, 85, 86, 112, 114, 115–16, 118–19, 121–22, 370

  equilibrium of viruses and, 271–72

  of Hendra, 27, 30–32, 37, 43, 45, 48, 115

  of Machupo, 70

  of rabies, 31

  of SARS, 192–96, 199–202, 206

  Reston, Va., 77–78

  Reston Primate Quarantine Unit, 77–78

  Reston virus, 77–78, 81, 86–87

  retroviruses, 270, 512

  characteristics of, 391, 443

  HIV as, 288, 391

  rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta), 149, 162, 185, 401, 414

  rheumatoid arthritis, 102, 108

  rheumatology, 241

  Rhinolophus (horseshoe bats), 194–95, 201

  R. pusillus (least horseshoe bat), 201, 202, 206

  Rich, Stephen M., 138–39

  Rickettsia burnetii, see Coxiella burnetii

  R. prowazekii, 215

  R. psittaci, 216, 237, 238

  Rift Valley fever, 21, 230

  rinderpest virus, 19

  risk, calculation of, 131

  Ritter, Dr., 213

  River, The: A Journey to the Source of HIV and AIDS (Hooper), 415–16

  RIVM (National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Netherlands), 225, 226–27

  RNA:

  attributes of, 156, 270–71

  in retroviruses, 391, 443

  viral, 41, 119, 270–71, 307–10, 322, 344, 420, 424–25, 504, 512

  RNAlater, 424–25, 474

  Roberts, William, 265

  Rocky Mountain Laboratory, 220–21, 243

  Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 243

  Rocky Mountain Virology Club, 346–47

  rodents, as virus reservoirs, 313

  Roest, Hendrik-Jan, 230–33

  Rollin, Pierre, 93, 94, 352, 355

  Rolling Stone, 415

  Rosicrucianism (La Rose Croix), 90

  Ross, Campbell, 127

  Ross, Ronald, 127–28, 133–35, 144, 145, 153, 236, 303

  “theory of happenings” of, 133–35

  rotavirus diarrhea, 381
r />   rotaviruses, 101

  roundworms, 24

  Rousettus aegyptiacus (Egyptian fruit bat), 352–53, 355–56, 358, 372

  Royal Society, 416–17, 480

  rubella (German measles), 294

  Russia, Ebola accidents in, 97, 99–100

  Russian Ministry of Defense, 99

  Rwanda, 67, 414

  Sabah, Malaysia, 160

  Sabin, Albert B., 21, 273, 274, 414

  Salk, Jonas, 21, 274, 414

  Salk vaccine, 414

  Salvarsan, 150

  Sanderson, John Burdon, 265

  San Francisco, Calif., early AIDS cases in, 387–88, 393

  Sangeh Monkey Forest, 277–78, 286, 288

  Sangha River, 42, 428, 429, 438, 439, 445, 447, 450, 458, 477, 479

  Sanno (Shinto deity), 277

  Santiago, Mario L., 423–24, 427–28, 467, 471, 472

  Sarawak, Malaysia, 153–54, 160

  SARS, 21, 39, 44, 167–208, 365, 511, 512

  bats as reservoirs of, 194–96, 199–202, 206, 313, 334, 347, 351, 514–15

  geographical dissemination of, 168, 175–76

  lethality of, 167, 168, 291

  as lucky escape, 206–7

  R0 of, 206

  search for cause of, 182–85

  superspreaders of, 172–73, 176–77, 206, 519

  symptoms of, 171, 207

  unanswered questions about, 206–8

  WHO and, 168–69, 171–72, 177, 179

  as zoonotic disease, 189–90

  SARS-CoV virus, 24, 185–86, 189, 192, 206, 270, 307, 351, 512

  genome of, 268

  search for reservoir hosts of, 192–96, 199–202, 206, 313

  transmissibility of, 291, 374, 519

  SARS-like coronavirus, 194–96, 199–200, 206

  schizonts, 136

  Schountz, Tony, 347–48, 350

  Science, 63, 191, 195, 392, 395, 396, 427–28

  Science Citation Index, 304

  Scrimenti, Rudolph J., 241

  scrub typhus, 21

  Selvey, Linda, 33–34, 36

  Senegal, 397, 399, 402

  seroprevalence, 32

  sexual mores, AIDS and, 429, 463, 478

  Shah Jalal, Hazrat, 282

  Sharp, Paul, 465

  sheep:

  FMD in, 35–36

  as measles reservoir, 313

  sheep ticks, 240

  Shelter Island, N.Y., 244

  Shenzhen, China, 170, 171, 188, 189

  Sherman live traps, 248

  Shilts, Randy, 387–88, 486, 489

  shingles, 308

  Shinto, 277

  shrews, deer ticks and, 249, 250, 251, 252

  simian foamy virus (SFV), 24, 287–89, 343

  simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), 114, 395–97

  in African green monkeys (SIVagm), 396–97, 398–99, 401

  genome of, 398–99, 463

  in greater spot-nosed monkeys (SIVgsn), 464, 465

  in macaques (SIVmac), 401–2

  prevalence rates of, 426

  recombination in, 465–66

  in red-capped mangabeys, 464, 465

  in sooty mangabeys (SIVsm), 399–402, 404, 406, 413

  simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), in chimpanzees (SIVcpz), 401, 404–5, 406, 415, 437, 443

  age of, 465–66

  Gombe study of, 466–77

  as HIV-1 progenitor, 395–96, 423, 424, 425, 426–27, 428, 437, 446, 477

  sexual transmission of, 472

  vertical transmission of, 472

  virulence of, 463–64, 465, 466

  Simond, Paul-Louis, 517

  Singapore:

  Nipah virus in, 317

  SARS in, 175–77, 179–81, 207

  Singapore General Hospital, 177

  Singapore Ministry of Health, 177, 179

  Singh, Balbir, 153–54, 156–64, 516

  Sin Nombre virus, 39

  SIR model of epidemics, 143–44, 303, 367, 368

  Slammer (USAMRIID containment suite), 106–10, 426

  sleeping sickness (trypanosomiasis), 24, 463, 478–81

  small bent-winged bat, 194

  Small House in the Field Bamboo Rat Raising Farm, 203–5, 206

  smallpox, 88, 264, 266, 290, 414

  Bernoulli’s cost-benefit analysis of, 130–31

  eradication of, 21–22, 517–18

  Snow, John, 131

  sooty mangabey (Cercocebus atys), 399–401, 404, 406, 413

  sorcery, Ebola as, 87–91, 122

  South Africa, 352, 364, 399, 483, 505, 507

  South China Morning Post, 189–90

  Southeast Asia, 276

  malaria in, 147, 163

  Southern Journal of Medicine, 240

  South Sudan, Republic of, 69, 86

  Spanish influenza pandemic (1918–19), 214, 263, 504

  presymptomatic infectivity of, 207–8

  total fatalities from, 21, 503

  spillover:

  definition of, 43

  ecology of, 344–45, 366–69, 515–17

  frequency of, 39–40, 310

  host-virus relationship in, 272, 343

  likelihood of, 367, 369

  opportunity and, 162, 278, 326, 343–45, 375, 378, 429, 431, 445, 484, 488, 516–17

  reverse (anthroponosis), 67

  as unintended result of human activity, 39–42, 45, 161–62, 164, 237, 258, 343, 515–16

  see also zoonosis(es); specific diseases

  spirochetes, 150, 213, 240

  sporozoites, 136, 138

  Spumavirus, 287

  squirrels, as virus reservoirs, 313

  Sri Lanka (Ceylon):

  A. leucosphyus in, 163

  malaria resurgence in, 147

  1934–35 malaria epidemic in, 145, 146, 147

  Stanley Pool, 430–31

  Stanleyville, see Kisangani, DRC

  Steere, Allen C., 241, 242, 244

  Sterna hirundo (common tern), 505, 507

  Streptococcus pneumoniae, 172

  streptomycin, 482

  Sudan:

  Ebola outbreaks in, 60, 69, 72, 76, 77, 86, 97

  rabies in, 297

  Sudan ebolavirus, 60, 69, 72, 76, 77, 86, 97

  Gulu outbreak of, 60, 81–82, 85, 88–89, 92, 93

  lethality rate of, 76, 81–82

  Sufism, 282

  sugar date palm (Phoenix sylvestris),

  329

  Sukarno, 152

  sulphur-crested cockatoos, 218

  Sungai Nipah, Malaysia, 317

  superspreaders, 172–73, 176–77, 206, 375–76, 519

  Surma River, 279

  susceptible populations:

  depletion of, 129, 132, 134, 143, 144

  susceptible populations (continued)

  increased density of, 236, 478

  threshold density of, 144

  SV40 virus, 414

  Swanepoel, Bob, 352, 364

  Swaziland, 483

  swine fever, 226

  swine flu, 21, 39, 374

  Sylhet, Bangladesh, 279–85

  Sylvain (boatman), 440, 449, 450

  Sylvilagus (cottontail rabbits), 299

  Symons, Lisa, 15

  syphilis, 149, 150, 240, 480, 481–82

  syringes, reuse of, AIDS and, 390, 391, 463, 478–82, 489

  Taal, Jaap, 357–59, 360

  Taï Forest virus, 79–80, 82, 87

  Taï National Park, Côte d’Ivoire, 79

  Tandala, DRC, 76–77, 117

  Tangail District, Bangladesh, 328–29

  Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, 175–77, 179–81, 207

  Tanzania, 424

  Taylor, Rick, 360–61

  T cells (thymus-dependent lymphocytes), 385–86, 389, 392, 443

  Tchuialeu, Moïse, 432, 440

  temples, as zoonotic venues, 24

  tent caterpillars:

  forest (Malacosoma disstria), 493–96, 520

  population cycle
s in, 498

  western (M. californicum), 494

  Terio, Karen, 474–76

  tetanus, 414

  Teuwen, Dirk, 417, 421

  Thailand, 163, 519

  T-helper cells, 392

  “Theory and Classification of Outbreaks, The” (Berryman), 496

  “Theory of the Eradication of Malaria” (MacDonald), 146

  thresholds, of infectious diseases, 36, 144, 480

  thymine, 156, 270, 306

  ticks:

  deer, see deer (blacklegged) tick

  sheep, 240

  as virus hosts, 313

  Time Asia, 187

  Tioman virus, 314

  Tio people, 460

  TMRCA (time to most recent common ancestor), 421

  tobacco mosaic disease, 265–66

  Toronto, Canada, SARS in, 167, 175, 207

  Towner, Jonathan S., 84–85, 352–56, 364–65, 370, 372

  toxocariasis, 24

  traditional wisdom, infectious disease and, 88–89

  transmissibility, 38, 164, 191, 236–37, 308, 507

  airborne, 228–29, 259, 291, 294, 325, 350

  blood-borne, 292–93, 388, 391

  efficiency of, 374–75

  human-to-human, 325, 326, 328,

  330, 372–73, 374–77, 388, 507, 510

  oral-fecal, 291–92, 507–8

  sexual, 293–94, 310

  vector-borne, 292, 346

  vertical (mother-to-offspring), 294, 310, 472

  virulence and, 301–2, 305

  see also spillover; specific diseases and pathogens

  transmission rate (ß), 374

  Treponema pallidum, 150–51

  trophozoites, 136

  Tryon Island, 505

  Trypanosoma brucei, 24, 478

  trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness), 463, 478–81

  tryparsamide, 480

  tsetse flies, 24, 478, 481

  tuberculosis (TB), 67, 68, 237, 265, 381, 487

  as re-emergent disease, 43

  tussock moths, 496

  Typhoid Mary, 172

  typhus, 215, 381

  UCLA Medical Center, 385–86

  Uganda:

  AIDS in, 519

  Bundibugyo virus in, 84–87

  Ebola virus in, 85

  ebolavirus panic in, 85–86, 90

  Marburg virus in, 85, 351–65

  rabies in, 296–97

  Sudan ebolavirus in, 60, 81–82, 85, 88–89

  Uganda Ministry of Health, 84, 85, 89

  UNESCO, 484

  United States Agency for International Development, 513

  Unwin, Ray, 15, 17, 45, 49

  uracil, 156, 306, 309

  Urbani, Carlo, 168, 169

  urine sampling, 424, 467, 471

  USAMRIID (US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases), 74, 78, 97, 100, 101, 102–10, 363

  Slammer at, 106–10, 426

  Van Diemen’s Land (Tasmania), 37

  varicella zoster virus, 308

  variola virus, 21–22

  vectors:

  deer ticks as, 212–13, 241–42, 255

  mosquitoes as, 23, 43, 128–29, 135, 263, 266, 314–15, 346

 

‹ Prev