Spillover

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by David Quammen


  rodents as, 346

  transmissibility and, 292–93, 518

  Vektor research center, 100

  Vibrio cholerae, 131

  Victoria, Australia, 298

  Vietnam, 163

  SARS in, 162, 163, 207

  virions, 268–69, 291, 293, 308, 318, 443, 444, 501

  virologists, 25, 40

  virosphere, 40, 306, 307–8

  virulence, 24, 129, 290–91, 295–302

  and evolution of host-virus relationship, 295–98, 396

  transmissibility and, 301–2, 305

  see also specific pathogens

  Virunga Volcanoes, 67, 68

  Virus (Montagnier), 391

  viruses, 23, 263–310

  antibiotics as ineffective on, 24, 211, 269

  bacteria vs., 211

  bats as reservoirs of, 313–14, 345–51

  capsids of, 268, 269, 270

  challenges faced by, 268

  characteristics of, 263–69

  DNA, 41, 270, 307–10

  ecology of, 344–45, 366–69

  envelope of, 269, 504

  evolution of, 24, 36–37, 82, 206, 264, 287, 292, 297, 299, 302–10, 322, 343, 344–45

  as “filterable,” 265, 267

  genomes of, 268, 306–10, 504

  geographical dissemination of, 366

  human-to-human transmission of, 325, 326, 328, 330, 372–73, 374–81, 507

  isolation of, 25, 38

  mutation of, 270–71, 308, 309–10, 344, 345, 375, 506, 512

  as obligate intracellular parasite,

  267

  as parasitic organisms, 40–41, 264, 267

  population sizes of, 308

  replicability of, 266, 267, 271, 291, 308, 344, 345

  reservoir hosts of, 271, 313–14

  RNA, 41, 119, 270–71, 307–10, 322, 344, 420, 424–25, 504, 512

  simplicity of, 268

  size of, 267–68

  transmissibility of, see transmissibility

  virions of, 268–69, 291, 293, 308, 318, 443, 444, 501

  virulence of, see virulence

  viruses (continued)

  as zoonoses, 267

  see also pathogens

  virus hunters, 25–26

  viruslike particles (VLPs), 101–2

  visna virus, 297

  Vivian (Buy’em–Sell’em), 449–50

  Vonnegut, Kurt, 24

  Voyager, 446–48, 453–62

  Wagner-Juaregg, Julius, 150–51, 157

  Walsh, Peter D., 119–22

  Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, 217

  Warfield, Christian, 109, 110, 111

  Warfield, Kelly L., 100–111, 363, 426

  Washington Post, 212, 214

  Webster, Robert G., 505–11, 512

  wedge-tailed shearwater (Puffinus pacificus), 505

  Weers, Ineke, 224

  Wei Shangzheng, 203–5, 206

  western gorillas, 67–68

  Plasmodium in, 140–41

  West Nile virus, 21, 22, 39, 230, 270, 292, 307, 314, 346, 511

  “wet markets,” 188–89, 191, 197–98

  white-footed mouse, 257

  deer ticks and, 248–49, 251, 252, 255

  population levels of, 248, 252, 253–54

  white-tailed deer, 246–47, 250, 252–53

  whooping cough, 130

  Wild Flavor (yewei), 187–88, 191, 197–98, 205, 433

  wildlife carers, 30, 33–34

  Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), 64, 66, 67

  Wilkes-Barre, Pa., 214

  Wilson, Edward O., 497

  Wisconsin, Lyme disease in, 244

  Wolfe, Nathan, 514

  World Health Organization (WHO), 22, 71, 89, 97, 352, 370, 373, 484, 505, 513, 518

  malaria eradication campaign of, 145–46, 147

  SARS and, 168–69, 171–72, 177, 181

  World Organization for Animal Health, 513

  World War I, 214, 221–22

  World Wildlife Fund, 434–35

  worms, 23, 24

  Worobey, Michael, 412–13, 417–23, 428, 463, 480, 486–88

  Wrangham, Richard, 467, 471

  Yale University School of Medicine, 212, 241

  Yambuku, DRC, 69–72, 73, 76, 97, 117

  as locus of original Ebola spillover, 119–22

  Yang Jian, 199–202

  Yaoundé, Cameroon, 432–33

  yaws, 481

  Yee Sin, Leo, 179

  yellow fever, 21, 23, 24, 237, 270, 307, 313, 314

  attempted eradication of, 263, 266, 517

  as re-emergent disease, 43

  as vector-borne, 266, 292

  Yerkes National Primate Research Center, 274–75

  Yersin, Alexandre, 517

  Yevstigneyev, Valentin, 99–100

  yewei (Wild Flavor), 187–88, 191, 197–98, 205, 433

  Yokadouma, Cameroon, 434–36

  Yolanda (chimpanzee), 473–77

  Zaire, see Congo, Democratic Republic of the

  Zaireanisation, 485

  Zaire ebolavirus, see Ebola virus

  Zambia, 483

  Zhongshan, China, 170, 171–72

  Zhou Zuofeng, 172, 173–74

  Zhu, Guangjian, 199–201

  Zhu, Tuofu, 408–9

  Zhu (Pearl) River, 170

  Zinsser, Hans, 267, 295–96, 300

  zoonosis(es), 20–21

  amplifier hosts of, 34, 36, 191, 195, 236, 314, 316–17, 319–20

  definition of, 13–14

  ecology and evolution of, 344–45, 515–17

  hiding abilities of, 22–23, 74–75

  as majority of human pathogens, 43–44

  modern emergence of, 38–39, 183, 237

  natural selection and, 23, 345

  Next Big One as, 511–13

  nonzoonotic diseases contrasted with, 137

  reasons for study of, 381

  reservoir hosts of, see reservoir hosts

  transmissibility of, 38, 164, 191, 236–37; see also spillover

  types of, 23–24

  viruses as, 267

  ZR59, 409, 420–21, 431, 463, 482, 488

  A NOTE ABOUT THE AUTHOR

  DAVID QUAMMEN is the author of four books of fiction and seven acclaimed nonfiction titles, including The Reluctant Mr. Darwin and The Song of the Dodo, which was awarded the John Burroughs Medal for natural history writing. He has been honored with an Academy Award in Literature by the American Academy of Arts and Letters and is a three-time recipient of the National Magazine Award. Quammen holds honorary doctorates from Montana State University, where he served as the Wallace Stegner Chair of Western American Studies from 2007 to 2009, and Colorado College. He is a contributing writer for National Geographic magazine and lives with his wife, Betsy Gaines, in Bozeman, Montana.

  Copyright © 2012 by David Quamman

  Small portions of this book have appeared previously, in different form,

  in National Geographic and Outside magazines.

  Maps by Daphne Gillam, www.handcraftedmaps.com.

  All rights reserved

  First Edition

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  Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

  ISBN: 978-0-393-06680-7

  eISBN: 978-0-393-23922-5

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