Spillover
Page 63
rodents as, 346
transmissibility and, 292–93, 518
Vektor research center, 100
Vibrio cholerae, 131
Victoria, Australia, 298
Vietnam, 163
SARS in, 162, 163, 207
virions, 268–69, 291, 293, 308, 318, 443, 444, 501
virologists, 25, 40
virosphere, 40, 306, 307–8
virulence, 24, 129, 290–91, 295–302
and evolution of host-virus relationship, 295–98, 396
transmissibility and, 301–2, 305
see also specific pathogens
Virunga Volcanoes, 67, 68
Virus (Montagnier), 391
viruses, 23, 263–310
antibiotics as ineffective on, 24, 211, 269
bacteria vs., 211
bats as reservoirs of, 313–14, 345–51
capsids of, 268, 269, 270
challenges faced by, 268
characteristics of, 263–69
DNA, 41, 270, 307–10
ecology of, 344–45, 366–69
envelope of, 269, 504
evolution of, 24, 36–37, 82, 206, 264, 287, 292, 297, 299, 302–10, 322, 343, 344–45
as “filterable,” 265, 267
genomes of, 268, 306–10, 504
geographical dissemination of, 366
human-to-human transmission of, 325, 326, 328, 330, 372–73, 374–81, 507
isolation of, 25, 38
mutation of, 270–71, 308, 309–10, 344, 345, 375, 506, 512
as obligate intracellular parasite,
267
as parasitic organisms, 40–41, 264, 267
population sizes of, 308
replicability of, 266, 267, 271, 291, 308, 344, 345
reservoir hosts of, 271, 313–14
RNA, 41, 119, 270–71, 307–10, 322, 344, 420, 424–25, 504, 512
simplicity of, 268
size of, 267–68
transmissibility of, see transmissibility
virions of, 268–69, 291, 293, 308, 318, 443, 444, 501
virulence of, see virulence
viruses (continued)
as zoonoses, 267
see also pathogens
virus hunters, 25–26
viruslike particles (VLPs), 101–2
visna virus, 297
Vivian (Buy’em–Sell’em), 449–50
Vonnegut, Kurt, 24
Voyager, 446–48, 453–62
Wagner-Juaregg, Julius, 150–51, 157
Walsh, Peter D., 119–22
Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, 217
Warfield, Christian, 109, 110, 111
Warfield, Kelly L., 100–111, 363, 426
Washington Post, 212, 214
Webster, Robert G., 505–11, 512
wedge-tailed shearwater (Puffinus pacificus), 505
Weers, Ineke, 224
Wei Shangzheng, 203–5, 206
western gorillas, 67–68
Plasmodium in, 140–41
West Nile virus, 21, 22, 39, 230, 270, 292, 307, 314, 346, 511
“wet markets,” 188–89, 191, 197–98
white-footed mouse, 257
deer ticks and, 248–49, 251, 252, 255
population levels of, 248, 252, 253–54
white-tailed deer, 246–47, 250, 252–53
whooping cough, 130
Wild Flavor (yewei), 187–88, 191, 197–98, 205, 433
wildlife carers, 30, 33–34
Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), 64, 66, 67
Wilkes-Barre, Pa., 214
Wilson, Edward O., 497
Wisconsin, Lyme disease in, 244
Wolfe, Nathan, 514
World Health Organization (WHO), 22, 71, 89, 97, 352, 370, 373, 484, 505, 513, 518
malaria eradication campaign of, 145–46, 147
SARS and, 168–69, 171–72, 177, 181
World Organization for Animal Health, 513
World War I, 214, 221–22
World Wildlife Fund, 434–35
worms, 23, 24
Worobey, Michael, 412–13, 417–23, 428, 463, 480, 486–88
Wrangham, Richard, 467, 471
Yale University School of Medicine, 212, 241
Yambuku, DRC, 69–72, 73, 76, 97, 117
as locus of original Ebola spillover, 119–22
Yang Jian, 199–202
Yaoundé, Cameroon, 432–33
yaws, 481
Yee Sin, Leo, 179
yellow fever, 21, 23, 24, 237, 270, 307, 313, 314
attempted eradication of, 263, 266, 517
as re-emergent disease, 43
as vector-borne, 266, 292
Yerkes National Primate Research Center, 274–75
Yersin, Alexandre, 517
Yevstigneyev, Valentin, 99–100
yewei (Wild Flavor), 187–88, 191, 197–98, 205, 433
Yokadouma, Cameroon, 434–36
Yolanda (chimpanzee), 473–77
Zaire, see Congo, Democratic Republic of the
Zaireanisation, 485
Zaire ebolavirus, see Ebola virus
Zambia, 483
Zhongshan, China, 170, 171–72
Zhou Zuofeng, 172, 173–74
Zhu, Guangjian, 199–201
Zhu, Tuofu, 408–9
Zhu (Pearl) River, 170
Zinsser, Hans, 267, 295–96, 300
zoonosis(es), 20–21
amplifier hosts of, 34, 36, 191, 195, 236, 314, 316–17, 319–20
definition of, 13–14
ecology and evolution of, 344–45, 515–17
hiding abilities of, 22–23, 74–75
as majority of human pathogens, 43–44
modern emergence of, 38–39, 183, 237
natural selection and, 23, 345
Next Big One as, 511–13
nonzoonotic diseases contrasted with, 137
reasons for study of, 381
reservoir hosts of, see reservoir hosts
transmissibility of, 38, 164, 191, 236–37; see also spillover
types of, 23–24
viruses as, 267
ZR59, 409, 420–21, 431, 463, 482, 488
A NOTE ABOUT THE AUTHOR
DAVID QUAMMEN is the author of four books of fiction and seven acclaimed nonfiction titles, including The Reluctant Mr. Darwin and The Song of the Dodo, which was awarded the John Burroughs Medal for natural history writing. He has been honored with an Academy Award in Literature by the American Academy of Arts and Letters and is a three-time recipient of the National Magazine Award. Quammen holds honorary doctorates from Montana State University, where he served as the Wallace Stegner Chair of Western American Studies from 2007 to 2009, and Colorado College. He is a contributing writer for National Geographic magazine and lives with his wife, Betsy Gaines, in Bozeman, Montana.
Copyright © 2012 by David Quamman
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