6. Anthony Pitch, The Burning of Washington: The British Invasion of 1814 (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1998), p. 215.
7. Francis Gilmer, quoted in The Abbe Correa in American, 1812–1820, ed. Richard Davis (Philadelphia, PA: American Philosophical Society, 1955), p. 101.
8. Smith, Forty Years of Washington Society, p. 105.
9. Corbett's Weekly Register, May 7, 1814.
10. Hugh Howard, Mr. and Mrs. Madison's War: America's First Couple and the Second War of Independence (New York: Bloomsbury Press, 2012), p. 256.
11. Pitch, Burning of Washington, p. 162.
12. Allgor, Perfect Union, p. 323.
13. Paul F. Boller Jr., Presidential Wives: An Anecdotal History (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), p. 43.
14. National Intelligencer, September 7, 8, and 28, 1814; National Intelligencer, October 28, 1814.
15. Federal Republican, January 12, 1815.
16. Dolley Madison to Hanna Gallatin, December 26, 1814, in DMDE.
17. Howard, Mr. and Mrs. Madison's War, p. 271.
18. Thomas Johnson to Dolley Madison, January 19, 1815, in DMDE.
19. Allgor, Perfect Union, p. 332.
20. Paul Jennings, A Colored Man's Reminiscences of James Madison (Brooklyn, NY: George C. Beadle, 1865), p. 17.
21. Charles Ingersoll, Historical Sketch of the Second War between the United States and Great Britain (Philadelphia, PA: Lea and Blanchard, 1849), 2:65.
22. Jennings, Colored Man's Reminiscences, pp. 17–18.
23. Rutland, Presidency of James Madison, p. 187.
24. Constance McLaughlin Green, Washington: Village and Capital, 1800–1878 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1962), 1:75–80.
25. London Times, April 1817.
26. Rutland, Presidency of James Madison, pp. 192–93.
27. Henry Adams, History of the United States during the First Administration of James Madison (New York: Literary Classics of the United States, 1986), 9 vol. edition, 9:220–21, 240–41.
CHAPTER 22. HOME TO MONTPELIER
1. James Smith, ed., The Republic of Letters: The Correspondence between Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, 1776–1826 (New York: W. W. Norton, 1995), 2:1167.
2. Margaret Bayard Smith to Mrs. Kirkpatrick, March 13, 1814, in ibid., p. 94.
3. Margaret Bayard Smith to Susan Bayard Smith, February 26, 1809, in ibid., pp. 54–57.
4. William Eustis to James Madison, 1823, in The Writings of James Madison, by James Madison and Gaillard Hunt (New York: Russell and Russell, 1968), 9:135.
5. Ralph Ketcham, James Madison: A Biography (New York: Macmillan, 1971), p. 355.
6. Federalist No. 14, in The Papers of James Madison: Secretary of State Series, Presidential Series, Retirement Series, Personal Papers, ed. Robert Brugger et al. (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1986) (hereafter cited as PJM), 10:288.
7. Irving Brant, James Madison (Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill, 1941–1946), 6:420; James Paulding, “An Unpublished Sketch of James Madison,” Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 67 (October 1959): 435.
8. Gaillard Hunt, Life in America One Hundred Years Ago (New York: Harper Brothers, 1914), p. 19.
9. John Quincy Adams to James Madison, December 6, 1816, in Washburn Papers, Massachusetts Historical Society, 9:12.
10. Eliza Collins Lee to Dolley Madison, March 4, 1817, in Dolley Madison Papers, North American Women's Letters and Diaries, digital collection, doc. 40; William Johnson Jr., to Dolley Madison, 1817, in Dolley Madison Digital Edition, ed. Holly C. Shulman (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, Online Rotunda Edition, 2010–2013) (hereafter referred to as DMDE).
11. Lucia Kantzow to Dolley Madison, June 26, 1818, in DMDE.
12. Ketcham, James Madison, p. 619.
13. Katherine Anthony, Dolley Madison: Her Life and Times (New York: Doubleday, 1949), p. 268.
14. Ibid.
15. Dolley Madison to Anthony Morris, August 20, 1839, in DMDE.
16. Ibid.; Margaret Bayard Smith to Mrs. Boyd, August 17, 1828, in The First Forty Years of Washington Society, by Margaret Bayard Smith, ed. Gaillard Hunt (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1906), pp. 232–37; H. D. Gilpin to his father, September 16, 1827, in Virginia Magazine of Biography and History 86 (October 1968): 449–70.
17. Paulding, “Unpublished Sketch of James Madison,” pp. 432–37.
18. Dolley Madison to a niece, in Anthony, Dolley Madison, p. 264.
19. Ibid.
20. Matthew Hyland, Montpelier and the Madisons: House, Home and American Heritage (Charleston, SC: History Press, 2007), p. 83.
21. James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, July 18, 1793, and July 20, 1793, in PJM, 15:113.
22. Ralph Ketcham, The Madisons at Montpelier: Reflections on the Founding Couple (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 2009), pp. 36–37.
23. Abigail Mayo to Dolley Madison, February 23, 1804, in DMDE; Dolley Madison to her niece Dolley Madison, March 10, 1830, in DMDE; Dolley Madison to Judith Smith, March 1, 1800, in DMDE.
24. Robert Scott, Diary of Robert Scott, October 26, 1829, private collection, Versailles, Kentucky; Ketcham, James Madison, p. 637.
25. Catherine Allgor, The Queen of America: Mary Cutts's Life of Dolley Madison (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2012), p. 162.
26. Ketcham, Madisons at Montpellier, pp. 32–33.
27. Hyland, Montpelier and the Madisons, p. 50.
CHAPTER 23. A NEW LIFE AMID THE FORESTS
1. Phoebe Morris to Dolley Madison, September 1824, in Dolley Madison Digital Edition, ed. Holly C. Shulman (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, Online Rotunda Edition, 2010–2013) (hereafter referred to as DMDE).
2. Dolley Madison to John Jackson, November 27, 1824, in ibid.; Frances Wright to Dolley Madison, July 26, 1825, in ibid.
3. Noel Gerson, The Velvet Glove: A Life of Dolley Madison (Nashville: Thomas and Nelson, 1975), p. 235; Matthew Hyland, Montpelier and the Madisons: House, Home, and American Heritage (Charleston, SC: History Press, 2007), p. 59.
4. Eliza Collins Lee to Dolley Madison, March 30, 1819, in DMDE.
5. Dolley Madison to Edward Coles, September 5, 1819, in Dolley Madison Papers, North American Women's Letters and Diaries, digital collection, doc. 33.
6. Dolley Madison to Mary Cutts, March 13, 1833, in DMDE.
7. Dolley Madison to Mary Cutts, August 1, 1833, in ibid.
8. Dolley Madison to Mary Cutts, November 4, 1833, in ibid.
9. Dolley Madison to Richard Cutts, August 11, 1833, in ibid.
10. Dolley Madison to Mary Cutts, March 1833, in ibid.
11. James Paulding, “An Unpublished Sketch of James Madison,” Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 67 (October 1959): 432–37.
12. Virginia Moore, The Madisons: A Biography (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1979), p. 393.
13. Dolley Madison to Mary Cutts, August 1, 1833, in DMDE.
14. Dolley Madison to Richard Cutts, 1824, in ibid.
15. Dolley Madison to Anna Cutts, June 6, 1829, in ibid.
16. James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, February 24, 1826, in The Writings of James Madison, by James Madison and Gaillard Hunt (New York: Russell and Russell, 1968), 9:244.
17. Dolley Madison to Richard Cutts, August 16, 1832, in DMDE.
18. James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, June 1831, in Madison and Hunt, Writings of James Madison, 4:565.
19. Ibid.
20. James Madison to J. K. Paulding, April 1831, in ibid., 4:173–77.
21. Dolley Madison to Payne Todd, July 6, 1826, in DMDE.
22. Ralph Ketcham, The Madisons at Montpelier: Reflections on the Founding Couple (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 2009), pp. 133–39.
23. Dolley Madison to Sarah “Sally” Coles Stevenson, February 20, 1820, in DMDE.
24. Dolley Madison to Anna Cutts, August 22, 1820, in ibid.
25. Dolley Madison to Anna Cutts, April 3, 1818, in ibid.
26. Margaret Page to Dolley Madison, August 19, 1817, in ibid.
27. Jackie Blount to Dolley Madison, July 28, 1817, in ibid.
28. Kitty Rush to Dolley Madison, November 24, 1820, in ibid.
29. Maria Scott to Dolley Madison, August 30, 1820, in ibid.; Ellen Coolidge to Dolley Madison, April 24, 1820, in ibid.; Dolley Madison to Eliza Collins Lee, August 27, 1820, in ibid.; Dolley Madison to Eliza Collins Lee, April 21, 1819, in ibid.; Dolley Madison to Caroline Eustis, January 22, 1819, in ibid.
30. Ellen Coolidge to Dolley Madison, April 24, 1820, in ibid.
31. Dolley Madison to Sarah “Sally” Coles Stevenson, February 1820, in ibid.
32. Eliza Longueville to Dolley Madison, November 15, 1823, in ibid.
33. Dolley Madison to her niece Dolley, March 30, 1830, in ibid.
34. General James Taylor to Dolley Madison, January 2, 1831, in ibid.; Dolley Madison to Anna Cutts, June 6, 1829, in ibid.
35. Dolley Madison to Anna Cutts, April 23, 1827, in ibid.
36. James Smith, ed., The Republic of Letters: The Correspondence between Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, 1776–1826 (New York: W. W. Norton, 1995), pp. 233–37.
37. Harriet Martineau, Retrospect of Western Travel (1838; repr., New York: Greenwood Press, 1969), 1:150–51, 189–99.
38. Ibid.
39. Ibid.
40. Ibid.
41. Ibid.
42. Ibid.
43. James Madison to Ed Coles, August 27, 1834, in Madison and Hunt, Writings of James Madison, 9:542.
44. Martineau, Retrospect of Western Travel, 1:150–51.
45. James Madison to Hubbard Taylor, August 15, 1835, in Madison and Hunt, Writings of James Madison, 4:577–584; Ketcham, Madisons at Montpelier, pp. 156–57.
46. Dolley Madison to Mary Cutts, March 10, 1835, and October 1835, in DMDE.
47. Charles Ingersoll, “A Visit to Mr. Madison,” in Ketcham, Madisons at Montpelier, pp. 165–71.
48. Ibid.
49. Catherine Allgor, A Perfect Union: Dolley Madison and the Creation of the American Nation (New York: Henry Holt, 2006), p. 357; Dolley Madison to Edward Coles, April 16, 1834, in DMDE; Dolley Madison to Anna Cutts, May 15, 1832, in DMDE.
50. Hyland, Madisons at Montpelier, p. 59.
51. Sally d'Yrugo to Dolley Madison, June 20, 1812, in Dolley Madison Papers, digital, North American Women's Letters and Diaries, doc. 39.
52. Dolley Madison to Anna Cutts, May 1812, in DMDE.
CHAPTER 24. PAYNE TODD
1. Dolley Madison to Payne Todd, April 12, 1823, in Dolley Madison Digital Edition, ed. Holly C. Shulman (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, Online Rotunda Edition, 2010–2013) (hereafter referred to as DMDE).
2. John Quincy Adams, Memoirs of John Quincy Adams (Philadelphia, PA: J. P. Lippincott, 1874–1877), note on September 18, 1814, 3:32; Catherine Allgor, The Queen of America: Mary Cutts's Life of Dolley Madison (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2012), p. 183.
3. Ralph Ketcham, James Madison: A Biography (New York: Macmillan, 1971), pp. 600–601; Katherine Anthony, Dolley Madison: Her Life and Times (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1949), pp. 251–55.
4. Anthony, Dolley Madison, p. 252.
5. Eliza Collins to Dolley Madison, July 15, 1817, in DMDE; Fanny Rose to Dolley Madison, March 19, 1822, in DMDE.
6. Anthony, Dolley Madison, pp. 361–63.
7. Ibid., p. 251.
8. Virginia Moore, The Madisons: A Biography (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1979), p. 380.
9. A. Morris to Dolley Madison, July 14, 1820, in DMDE.
10. Phoebe Morris to Dolley Madison, July 15, 1820, in ibid.
11. Dolley Madison to Payne Todd, July 20, 1832, in ibid.
12. Dolley Madison to Payne Todd, May 24, 1821, in ibid.
13. Ibid.; Edward Coles to Dolley Madison, February 22, 1832, in DMDE.
14. Sophie Bache to Dolley Madison, September 25, 1825, in ibid.
15. Dolley Madison to Payne Todd, April 27, 1828, in ibid.
16. Sarah “Sally” Coles Stevenson to Dolley Madison, December 1820, in ibid.
17. Edward Coles to Dolley Madison, February 22, 1816, in ibid.
18. Dolley Madison to Payne Madison, December 2, 1824, in ibid.
19. Dolley Madison to Anna Cutts, December 1822, in ibid.; Dolley Madison to Payne Todd, December 2, 1834, in ibid.
20. Dolley Madison to Payne Todd, July 16, 1827, in ibid.
21. Land records, Orange County, November 12, 1838, and March 29, 1839, in ibid.
22. James Madison to Payne Todd, November 13, 1825, in Anthony, Dolley Madison, pp. 274–75.
23. James Madison to Payne Todd, February 15, 1826, in DMDE.
24. James Madison to Payne Todd, April 26, 1826, in James Madison Papers, Library of Congress.
25. Dolley Madison to Dolley Cutts, July 30, 1826, in DMDE.
26. Dolley Madison to Anna Cutts, Jun, 1821, in ibid.
27. John Coles Payne to Payne Todd, October 12, 1836, in ibid.
28. Ibid.; Dolley Madison to Payne Todd, May 24, 1821, and April 9, 1823, in ibid.
29. Dolley Madison to Thomas Parke, May 9, 1809, in ibid.
30. Ketcham, James Madison, pp. 614–16.
31. Dolley Madison to Payne Todd, July 20, 1834, in DMDE.
32. Dolley Madison to Payne Todd, May 28, 1821, in ibid.
33. Edward Coles to W. C. Rives, 1857, in Rives Papers, Library of Congress.
CHAPTER 25. THE MADISONS
1. David Brion Davis, Slavery in the Age of Revolution, 1770–1823 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1975), pp. 106, 125, 128.
2. James Madison to Edmund Randolph, March 10, 1784, in The Writings of James Madison, by James Madison and Gaillard Hunt (New York: Russell and Russell, 1968), 2:31.
3. James Madison to John Parrish, June 6, 1790, in Cox-Parrish-Wharton Papers, Historical Society of Pennsylvania; Ralph Ketcham, James Madison: A Biography (New York: MacMillan, 1971), p. 315.
4. Patrick Henry to Robert Pleasants, January 18, 1773, in Friend Anthony Benezet, by George S. Brookes (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press,1937), pp. 443–44; Patrick Henry to Anthony Benezet, January 18, 1773, in Benezet Letters, Friends House, London; Davis, Slavery in the Age of Revolution, pp. 196–97; Thomas Jefferson, The Life and Selected Writings of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Adrienne Koch and William Peden (New York: Modern Library, 1993), pp. 278–79.
5. Dolley Madison to Dolley Cutts, July 30, 1826, in Dolley Madison Digital Edition, ed. Holly C. Shulman (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, Online Rotunda Edition, 2010–2013) (hereafter referred to as DMDE).
6. Sarah “Sally” Coles Stevenson to Dolley Madison, June 21, 1833, in ibid.
7. Edward Coles to Thomas Jefferson, July 31, 1814, in Governor Edward Coles (Springfield: Trustees of the Illinois State Historical Library, 1920), pp. 158–60.
8. Davis, Slavery in the Age of Revolution, p. 204.
9. Virginia Gazette, July 24, 1774.
10. Davis, Slavery in the Age of Revolution, p. 197.
11. Samuel Allinson to Patrick Henry, October 12, 1774, in Rutgers University special collections (general revolutionary papers collection); Davis, Slavery in the Age of Revolution, p. 398; Thomas Paine, “African Slavery in America,” in Davis, Slavery in the Age of Revolution, p. 279.
12. Max Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1937), 3:256.
13. David Rice, A Kentucky Protest against Slavery: Slavery Inconsistent with Justice and Good Policy—Proved by a Speech, Delivered in the Convention, Held at Danville, Kentucky (New York, 1812), p. 13.
14. Memorial from Benjamin Rush and others, Pennsylvania Abolitionist Society, February 12, 1813, in The Papers of James Madison: Secretary of State Series, Presidential Series, Retirement Series, Personal Papers, ed. Robert Brugger et al. (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1986) (hereafter cited as PJM), presidential ser. 6:1
3–14.
15. Farrand, Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, 3:211.
16. Connecticut Courant, December 12, 1796.
17. Davis, Slavery in the Age of Revolution, p. 336.
18. James Madison to his father, September 8, 1783, in PJM, 7:304.
19. Harriet Martineau, Retrospect of Western Travel (1838; repr., New York: Greenwood Press, 1969), 1:192.
20. Paul Jennings, A Colored Man's Reminiscences of James Madison (Brooklyn, NY: G. C. Beadle, 1865), pp. 17–18; James Madison to Edward Coles, October 3, 1834, in James Madison Papers, University of Virginia.
21. Ralph Ketcham, The Madisons at Montpelier: Reflections on the Founding Couple (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 2009), pp. 41–43.
22. James Madison to Frances Wright, September 1, 1825, in Madison and Hunt, Writings of James Madison, 3:224–29.
23. James Madison to Robert Walsh, November 27, 1819, in ibid., 8:443.
24. Dolley Madison to Eliza Law, October 17, 1804, in DMDE; John Tayloe III to Dolley Madison, December 29, 1808, in DMDE; Francis Scott Key to Dolley Madison, June 30, 1810, in DMDE.
25. James Madison to Edward Coles, October 3, 1834, in The Last of the Fathers: James Madison and the Republican Legacy, by Drew R. McCoy (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989), p. 258.
26. James Madison to Henry Clay, June 1833, in James Madison Papers, Library of Congress.
27. Spotsylvania County Order Book, September 6, 1832 entry, p. 151.
28. James Madison to Mordecai Collins, November 5, 1790, in PJM, 13:302–303.
29. James Madison Jr. to James Madison Sr., July 28, 1787, in PJM, 10:118.
30. Jennings, Colored Man's Reminiscence, pp. 17–18.
31. Davis, Slavery in the Age of Revolution, p. 419.
32. Ketcham, Madisons at Montpelier, pp. 45–46; Dolley Madison to Anna Cutts, July 23, 1818, in DMDE.
33. Dolley Madison to Anna Cutts, December 1822, in DMDE; Dolley Madison to Anna Cutts, May 3, 1806, in DMDE.
34. Presumed Dolley Madison note, 1837, in DMDE; Matthew Hyland, Montpelier and the Madisons: House, Home, and American Heritage (Charleston, SC: History Press, 2007), p. 92.
35. Henry Moncure to Anna Cutts, June 17, 1843, in Dolley Madison Papers, Library of Congress.
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