At All Costs
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Felknor, Bruce, ed. The U.S. Merchant Marine at War, 1775–1945. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute, 1998.
Galea, Michael. Malta: Diary of a War, June 1940–August 1945. Malta: Publishers Enterprises, 1994.
Gannon, Michael. Operation Drumbeat. New York: Harper & Row, c. 1990.
Gilbert, Martin. Winston S. Churchill: Road to Victory, 1941–1945. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1986.
Goldberg, Mark H. Going Bananas: 100 Years of American Fruit Ships in the Caribbean. Kings Point, N.Y.: American Merchant Marine Museum, 1993.
Grech, Charles B. Raiders Passed. Malta: Midsea, 2002.
Green, William. Famous Fighters of the Second World War. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, c. 1975.
Greene, Jack, and Alessandro Massignani. The Naval War in the Mediterranean, 1940–1943. London: Chatham, 1999.
Griehl, Manfred. Junkers Ju 88: Star of the Luftwaffe. London: Arms and Armour, 1990.
Hague, Arnold. The Allied Convoy System, 1939–1945. St. Catherines, Ont.: Vanwell, 2000.
Higham, Charles. Trading with the Enemy. New York: Delacorte, 1983.
Hill, Roger. Destroyer Captain. London: Kimber, 1975.
Holland, James. Fortress Malta. New York: Miramax/Hyperion, 2003.
Holmes, Tony. Fighters of World War II (Jane’s Pocket Guide). London: Collins, 1999.
Ireland, Bernard. The War in the Mediterranean, 1940–1943. London: Arms and Armour; New York: Sterling, 1993.
Ismay, Hastings Lionel, Baron. Memoirs. New York: Viking, 1960.
Johnston, Tim. Tattered Battlements. London: Kimber, 1985.
Keegan, John, ed. Churchill’s Generals. New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1991.
Kersaudy, François. Norway 1940. London: Collins, 1990.
Kesselring, Albert. The Memoirs of Field-Marshal Kesselring. Novato, Calif.: Presidio, 1989.
Kimball, Warren F. Forged in War: Roosevelt, Churchill and the Second World War. New York: Morrow, 1997.
———. The Most Unsordid Act: Lend-Lease, 1939–1941. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1969.
King, Ernest J., Admiral. U.S. Navy at War, 1941–1945. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Navy Department, 1946.
Kooiman, William. The Grace Ships, 1869–1969. Point Reyes, Calif.: Komar, 1990.
Lamb, Charles. War in a Stringbag. London: Cooper, 1987.
Lloyd, Hugh Pughe, Sir. Briefed to Attack. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1949.
Macintyre, Donald G. R. The Naval War Against Hitler. London: Batsford, 1971.
Mackenzie, Hector. Observations. Edinburgh: Pentland, 1997.
Macksey, Kenneth. Kesselring: The Making of the Luftwaffe. London: Batsford, 1978.
Mahan, Alfred Thayer. The Life of Nelson. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute, 2001.
Mattesini, Francesco. La battaglia aeronavale di mezzo agosto. Rome: Edizioni dell’ Ateneo, 1986.
Mizzi, John A., and Mark Anthony Vella, eds. Malta at War, vols. 1, 2, and 3. Malta: Bieb Bieb.
Monsarrat, Nicholas. The Kappillan of Malta. London: Pan, 1975. Moore, Arthur R., Captain. A Careless Word…A Needless Sinking. Kings Point, N.Y.: American Merchant Marine Museum, 1983.
Moran, Charles McMoran Wilson, Baron. Churchill, Taken from the Diaries of Lord Moran. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1966.
Nel, Elizabeth Layton. Mr. Churchill’s Secretary. New York: Coward-McCann, 1958.
Pearson, Michael. The Ohio & Malta. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Cooper, 2004.
Poolman, Kenneth. Faith, Hope and Charity. London: Kimber, 1954.
Raeder, Erich, Admiral. Grand Admiral. New York: Da Capo, 2001.
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Roskill, Stephen W. Churchill and the Admirals. London: Collins, 1977.
———. The War at Sea, 1939–45. London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1976.
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MAGAZINES
Bartimeus. “Malta Invicta.” National Geographic (March 1943), pp. 375, 376, 378, 379, 386, 387, 388, 389, 390, 392, 393, 394, 395, 396, 398, 399, 400.
Bogart, Charles. “Operation Pedestal.” Steamboat Bill (Fall 1994).
Caruana, J. “Ohio Must Get Through.” Warship International 4 (1992), pp. 333–48.
Gault, Owen. “The Tanker That Saved Malta: SS Ohio.” Sea Classics (August and September 1997), pp. 32–42 and 56–62.
Gill, Brendan. “A Reporter at Large.” The New Yorker (July 3, 1943), pp. 43, 44, 46, 47.
Morganstierne, Wilhelm. “Norway, an Active Ally.” National Geographic (1942), pp. 333–57.
Randall, Edwin J. “Convoy to Malta.” The American Magazine (January 1943), pp. 18, 19, 80, 81, 84.
Robertson, Terence. “The Ordeal of the Ohio.” The Saturday Evening Post (January 9, 1960), pp. 14, 15, 75, 76, 77.
“World Battlefronts.” Time (October 26, 1942), pp. 25, 26, 27, 28.
NEWSPAPERS
Smart, Norman. Daily Express [London] (August 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, and 20, 1942).
Thorpe, Arthur. The Daily Telegraph [London] (August 14 and 17, 1942).
Daily Mail [London] (August 17 and 18, 1942).
The Times [London] (August 13, 14, and 15, 1942).
The New York Times (various issues, 1940–42).
DOCUMENTARIES
“Running the Gauntlet.” Produced and directed by Crispin Sadler (2004).
“True Stories: Convoy.” Produced by Noreen Molloy for BBC4 television (c. 1995).
JOURNALS, DIARIES, TRANSCRIPTS, UNPUBLISHED MEMOIRS, REPORTS, CORRESPONDENCE, COMMENTARY
George Amyes
Dennis Cooke
Francis Dales
Desmond Dickens
Anthony Kimmins
Frederick Larsen
John Follansbee, “Swans in the Maelstrom”
Douglas Hunter Gray
Captain Dudley Mason
Ray Morton
Frank Pike
Kaptein Helmut Rosenbaum
Allan Shaw
Theodore Roosevelt Thomson (Captain Tommy Thomson) James Wyld
INTERVIEW
S
Don Allen (veteran, HMS Ledbury)
George Amyes (veteran, HMS Eagle)
Rusty Bailie (cousin of Francis Dales; family historian)
Frank Balcombe (veteran, HMS Eagle)
Alan Barnett (veteran, SS Waimarama)
Reg Coaker (veteran, HMS Bramham)
Dennis Cooke (veteran, RAF Malta)
Simon Cusens (organizer, Operation Pedestal reunions)
Clifford H. Dales (son of Francis Dales)
Kitty Dales (Mrs. Bertram Dales, sister-in-law of Francis Dales) Marjorie Dales (Mrs. Francis Dales)
Joe Darmanin (child veteran, siege of Malta)
Miriam Devine (child veteran, siege of Malta)
Tony DiMicoli (child veteran, siege of Malta)
Francis J. Dooley (former shipmate of Captain Fred Larsen)
John Follansbee (son of John “Jack” Follansbee)
Peter Forcanser (veteran, SS Santa Elisa)
Andrew Forrest (veteran, HMS Penn)
Les Goodenough (veteran, HMS Eagle)
Rollin Hansen (former shipmate of Francis Dales)
Mary Stone Hargrove (childhood friend of Francis Dales) Sandra Larsen Hosay (daughter of Fred Larsen)
Charles Johnson (childhood friend of Francis Dales)
Eleanor Johnson (childhood friend of Francis Dales)
James Johnson (veteran, SS Santa Elisa)
Bill Kooiman (author; veteran of the Grace Line)
Jan F. Larsen (son of Fred Larsen)
Minda Larsen (Mrs. Fred Larsen)
Scott Larsen (grandson of Fred Larsen)
Captain Warren Leback (former Grace Line shipmate of Captain Tommy Thomson)
Ron Linton (veteran, SS Dorset)
Donna Dales Lovett (daughter of Francis Dales)
Peg Thomson-Mann (daughter of Captain Thomson)
Captain Arthur Moore (author; veteran, U.S. Merchant Marine) Ray Morton (veteran, SS Ohio)
Harold Myers (veteran, SS Almeria Lykes)
Dr. John Nixon (veteran, HMS Ledbury)
George Nye (veteran, SS Santa Elisa)
Danny O’Mara (veteran, SS Brisbane Star)
Frank Pike (veteran, SS Santa Elisa)
Ray Polidano (Malta Aviation Museum Foundation)
Peter Rothwell (veteran Spitfire pilot, RAF Malta)
Allan Shaw (veteran, SS Ohio)
Freddie Treves (veteran, SS Waimarama) J. T. Turner, Jr. (former employer of Francis Dales)
Charles Henry Walker (veteran, HMS Ledbury)
ROYAL NAVY LETTERS OF PROCEEDING, FROM THE NATIONAL ARCHIVES, LONDON
Operation Pedestal
Rear Admiral Harold Burrough, Commander, Force X
Admiral R. Leatham, Vice Admiral, Malta
Rear Admiral A. L. St. G. Lyster, Commander, Fleet Air Arm
Air Vice Marshal Keith Park, Commanding Air Officer, RAF Mediterranean
Acting Vice Admiral Neville Syfret, Commander of the Fleet
HMS Ashanti: Commander R. G. Onslow
HMS Bramham: Lieutenant Eddie Baines
HMS Cairo: Commander C. C. Hardy
HMS Eagle: Captain Lachlan D. Mackintosh
HMS Eskimo: Commander E. G. Le Geyt
HMS Furious (Operation Bellows): Captain T. O. Bulteel
HMS Indomitable: Captain Tom Troubridge
HMS Ithuriel: Lieutenant Commander D. H. Maitland-Makgill-Crichton
HMS Kenya: Captain A. S. Russell
HMS Ledbury: Lieutenant Commander Roger Hill
HMS Manchester: Sub-Lieutenant F. H. Munro
HMS Nigeria: Captain S. H. Paton
HMS Pathfinder: Commander E. A. Gibbs
HMS Penn: Lieutenant Commander J. H. Swain
HMS Somali: Commander E. N. Currey
HMS Wolverine: Lieutenant Commander Peter Gretton
SS Almeria Lykes: Lieutenant Commander H.D.S. Marshall, liaison officer
SS Brisbane Star: Lieutenant E. D. Symes, liaison officer
SS Clan Ferguson: Mr. A. H. Black, second officer
SS Deucalion: Captain Ramsay Brown
SS Dorset: Captain Jack Tuckett
SS Dorset: Lieutenant P. T. Bernard, liaison officer
SS Empire Hope: Captain Gwilym Williams
SS Glenorchy: Mr. B. H. Skilling, second officer
SS Melbourne Star: (signature illegible), liaison officer
SS Ohio: Lieutenant D. E. Barton, liaison officer
SS Port Chalmers: A. G. Venables, commander (RN retired), Commodore of the Merchant Fleet
SS Rochester Castle: Captain Richard Wren
SS Rochester Castle: Lieutenant E. J. Reisfield, liaison officer
SS Santa Elisa: Lieutenant Commander A. Barnes, liaison officer
SS Waimarama: Mr. John Jackson, third wireless operator
SS Wairangi: Captain H. R. Gordon
Boarding of Italian Submarine
HMS Ithuriel: Lieutenant J. R. Evans
Operation Statue (the towing of Ohio by tugboats)
HMS Robust: Commander H. J. Jerome
J. P. Pilditch, commander (RN retired), Assistant King’s Harbour Master
Operation Harpoon/Vigorous
Admiral Henry Harwood, Commander in Chief, Mediterranean
HMS Cairo: Acting Captain C. C. Hardy
HMS Partridge: Lieutenant Commander W. A. Hawkins
SS Kentucky: Captain C. J. Roberts
SS Kentucky: Lieutenant Huntley, liaison officer
SS Troilus: J. P. Pilditch, commander (retired), Commodore of the Convoy
Operation Hats
HMS Illustrious: Captain Denis Boyd
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
SAM MOSES is the author of the acclaimed race-driving memoir Fast Guys, Rich Guys and Idiots. He began writing as a U.S. Navy seaman on a heavy cruiser in action off Vietnam, and was for eighteen years a feature writer for Sports Illustrated. He lives with his two sons in White Salmon, Washington.
ALSO BY SAM MOSES
Fast Guys, Rich Guys and Idiots
Copyright © 2006 by International Transactions, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Published in the United States by Random House, an imprint of The Random House Publishing Group, a division of Random House, Inc., New York.
RANDOM HOUSE and colophon are registered trademarks of Random House, Inc.
Grateful acknowledgment is made to the following for permission to reprint previously published material:
CONSTABLE & ROBINSON LTD.: Excerpts from Churchill: The Struggle for Survival by Lord Moran (Constable & Robinson, 2006). Reprinted by permission of Constable & Robinson Ltd.
HOLLY GILL: Excerpts from “A Reporter at Large” by Brendan Gill (The New Yorker, July 3, 1943). Reprinted by permission of Holly Gill.
HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY AND CURTIS BROWN LIMITED: Excerpts from Memoirs of the Second World War by Winston Churchill, copyright © 1959 by Houghton Mifflin Company and copyright renewed 1987 by Lady Mary Soames. Rights outside of the United States are controlled by Curtis Brown Limited, London. Reprinted by permission of Houghton Mifflin Company and Curtis Brown Limited.
PERISCOPE PUBLISHING LTD.: Excerpts from Destroyer Captain by Roger Hill. Reprinted by permission of Periscope Publishing Ltd., Penzance, Cornwall, UK.
MARY JEANNE SUPPIGER: Excerpts from The Malta Convoy by Gerhart S. Suppiger, Jr., Commander U.S.N.R. Reprinted by permission of Mary Jeanne Suppiger.
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA
Moses, Sam
At all costs: how a crippled ship and two American merchant mariners turned the tide of World War II / by Sam Moses.
p. cm.
1. World War, 1939–1945—Campaigns—Mediterranean Sea. 2. World War, 1939–1945—Transportation—Mediterranean Sea. 3. World War, 1939–1945—Naval operations, American. 4. World War, 1939–1945—Naval operations, British. 5. Merchant marine—United States—History. 6. Naval convoys—Mediterranean Sea—History. 7. Larsen, Frederick August, 1915– 8. Dales, Francis
. 9. World War, 1939–1945—Norway. I. Title.
D772.M23M67 2006 940.54'21585—dc22 2006040425
www.atrandom.com
eISBN: 978-1-58836-561-3
v3.0