Ivan Fursin A junior partner with Dmytro Firtash in RosUkrEnergo, the opaque intermediary that sold gas to the Ukrainian utility which supplies Ukrainian households.
Yegor Gaidar The acting prime minister during Yeltsin’s first year as president of Russia. One of the architects of Russian shock therapy.
Viktor Gerashchenko The head of the Soviet and then the Russian Central Bank.
Vladimir Gusinsky One of the early oligarchs who created Most Bank and Media-Most, which became Russia’s first private TV network. After his NTV network attacked Putin, he was arrested and eventually fled into exile.
Mikhael Gutseriev The founder of the oil company Russneft. He was forced to sell the company to Oleg Deripaska after the government issued a warrant for Gutseriev’s arrest.
Ferenc Gyurcsany The prime minister of Hungary who is torn between joining with Russia or non-Russian groups in building a gas pipeline which would originate in the Caspian and Black Seas and transit through Europe.
Tony Hayward The successor to Lord John Browne as CEO of BP.
Mikhail Khodorkovsky Another of the original oligarchs who created the Menatep Bank, which in turn gained ownership of Yukos. Khodorkovsky was subsequently arrested and sentenced to 8 years in jail and Yukos was seized by the state.
Sergei Kiriyenko The prime minister of Russia from March 1998 until the financial crash of August 1998. Subsequently Putin appointed him the chairman of the Federal Atomic Energy Agency.
Helmut Kohl Chancellor of Germany from 1982 to 1998.
Alexander Korzhakov A KGB general who in 1985 became the head of presidential security when Boris Yeltsin was president. He was removed from office in 1996.
Konstantin Kosachëv Chairman of the International Affairs Committee of the Duma.
Alexei Kudrin Worked with Putin in the governor’s office in St. Petersburg and later accompanied Putin to Moscow to work in the central government. A technocrat, he eventually became the minister of finance.
Platon Lebedev A partner of Khodorkovsky in Menatep and Yukos who was also found guilty of tax evasion and sentenced to jail.
Alexander Litvinenko A former agent of the KGB who fled to London and was subsequently poisoned.
Andrei Lugovoi A former KGB agent who was accused of poisoning Litvinenko and who refused to return to London after he was elected to the Duma as a member of the Liberal Democratic Party.
Alexander Lukashenko The president of Belarus who some have described as the last dictator of Europe.
Igor Makarov A bicycle champion from Turkmenistan who founded ITERA, which started out as a trading company and at one point became the second largest producer of natural gas in Russia. Its headquarters are in Jacksonville, Florida.
Enrico Mattei CEO of the Italian energy company Eni.
Valentina Matviyenko The governor of St. Petersburg.
Alexander Medvedev Deputy Chairman of Gazprom.
Dmitry Medvedev Chairman of Gazprom and for a time Director of the Presidential Administration in the Kremlin and subsequently first deputy prime minister, who also worked with Putin in St. Petersburg when he was deputy governor.
Alexei Miller The CEO of Gazprom who worked with Putin when he was deputy governor of St. Petersburg.
Bruce Misamore Chief financial officer of Yukos, an American who previously worked for Marathon Oil in the United States.
Semion Mogilevich A shadowy figure accused by the FBI of criminal activity and being a mafia leader who is thought to be involved in the sale of gas to Ukraine.
Nursultan Nazarbayev The president of Kazakhstan.
Leonid Nevzlin A close friend and collaborator of Khodorkovsky who fled in exile to Israel before Khodorkovsky was arrested and Yukos was seized by the state.
Saparmurat Niyazov The leader of Turkmenistan until his death.
Ludwig and Robert Nobel Brothers who were among the first to develop Russia’s oil fields around Baku before World War I and the Revolution.
Nikolai Patrushev Head of the FSB, the successor to the KGB.
Vladimir Petukhov The mayor of an oil-rich city in Siberia where many Yukos operations were located. After complaining about Yukos’s failure to pay its taxes, he was found murdered.
Evgeny Primakov A former head of the KGB who was appointed prime minister in September 1998 after the financial collapse and who was removed in May 1999.
Lee Raymond CEO of Exxon-Mobil.
John D. Rockefeller One of the early developers of the oil industry in the United States and the founder of Standard Oil.
Leonid Roketsky The governor of the Tyumen region who at the same time was chairman of the Tyumen Oil Company.
Rothschild brothers International bankers and early investors and developers of oil production in the Baku region.
Mikhail Saakashvili The president of Georgia who earlier attended Columbia University in New York.
Gerhard Schroeder The chancellor of Germany who promoted the building of Nord Stream, a Russian-German pipeline, and then became the chairman of the board of directors.
Igor Sechin A former KGB agent who became deputy chairman of the Kremlin administration while simultaneously serving as chairman of the Board of Directors of Rosneft.
Igor Shuvalov An economic adviser to Putin.
Oleg Shvartsman A shadowy figure who runs the $36-billion Finansgroup Investment Fund. This fund is reputed to manage the assets of high-ranking government officials who have funneled government assets into their own accounts.
Alexander Smolensky An early oligarch who created the SBS/AGRO bank and with Berezovsky became an owner of Sibneft.
Anatoly Sobchak Putin’s professor in law school who became governor of St. Petersburg and appointed Putin as his deputy.
Sergei Stepashin The former head of the FSB who served as prime minister from May 1999 to August 1999 and subsequently became head of the Duma Audit Chamber.
Sergei Storchak The deputy minister of public finance in charge of administering and investing the country’s stabilization fund. He was arrested on charges of embezzlement in late 2007 as part of what was thought to be an effort by some of the siloviki to gain control of the billions of dollars held in that fund.
Steven Theede An American who worked for ConocoPhillips and was later appointed as chief operating officer of Yukos.
Gennady Timchenko A long-time friend of Putin who with Putin is rumored to share the ownership of Gunvor, a company selling petroleum.
Andrei Vavilov A former deputy finance minister who became the predominant owner of Northern Oil, a company he eventually sold to Rosneft for a very expensive price.
Viktor Vekselberg An early oligarch who became a major partner in Renova, which has major holdings in Tyumen Oil. He also became one of the owners of SUAL, one of the country’s aluminum manufacturers. He also financed the purchase of the Fabergé eggs so they could be returned to Russia and paid for the return of the bells of the Danilov Monastery from Harvard University.
Rem Vyakhirev The president of Gazprom until he was not reappointed in 2001. Formerly he was the Deputy Minister of the Gas Industry.
Matthias Warnig A former Stasi Secret Police agent who befriended Putin when they were both stationed in East Germany. Waring later ran the Dresdner Bank office in St. Petersburg and was selected to head the Nord Stream pipeline project in the Baltic Sea.
Kurt Weldon A ten-term congressman from Pennsylvania whose daughter became the public relations principal for ITERA.
Grigory Yavlinsky An economist who worked for both Yeltsin and Gorbachev and who later became the head of the Yabloko political party.
Viktor Yushchenko The president of Ukraine.
Gennady Zyuganov The head of the Communist Party in Russia.
Companies
Arcelor A Benelux steel company that for a time considered forming a partnership with a Russian company.
Blue Stream A natural gas pipeline from Russia to Turkey under the Black Sea.
Eni / Ente Nazionale Idrocarburi An Ita
lian energy company that became a major purchaser of Soviet oil and gas.
E.ON A German natural gas company that bought up Ruhrgas and has partnered with Gazprom in several projects.
Gasunie A Dutch pipeline company that is partnering in the construction of the Nord Stream gas pipeline in the Baltic Sea.
GECF The Organization for Gas Exporting Countries which is a forum for gas producers. It as yet lacks the powers of an OPEC-type organization.
ITERA For a time, Russia’s second-largest producer of natural gas. It is headquartered in Jacksonville, Florida.
Kharyaga An oil field located in Timan-Pechora, a northern province. The French company Total has the operating concession.
Kovykta A gas field located in northern Siberia. BP has the operating concession, but it failed to fulfill the terms of the production agreement with the state. As a penalty it was forced to provide an ownership share to Gazprom.
LUKoil A private oil company put together by Vagit Alekperov. ConocoPhillips now owns 20 percent of its stock. LUKoil purchased the Getty Oil filling station network.
Menatep The bank created by Khodorkovsky.
MOL A Hungarian natural gas utility.
NABUCCO A pipeline that the European Union is seeking to build as a way of bypassing Russian-controlled gas pipelines to Europe.
Nefteyugansk One of the main producing sites for Yuganstneftegas which was the main producing unit for Yukos until it was taken over by Rosneft.
NEGP The North European Gas Pipeline, now called Nord Stream.
Nord Stream The pipeline Gazprom is building in the Baltic Sea connecting Russia to Germany designed to bypass Poland and Ukraine.
Norex A Canadian oil development company that was pushed out of its development work in Russia by Tyumen Oil.
Norilsk Nickel A major producer of nonferrous metals controlled by Vladimir Potanin.
OGEC The Organization of Gas Exporting Countries, a possible OPEC.
OMV An Austrian utility company which is seeking control of MOL.
OneksimBank The bank formed by Vladimir Potanin.
Renova A U.S. company controlled by Blavatnik and Vekselberg which has major holding in TNK and SUAL, among others.
Romaskino For a time one of the world’s largest oil wells.
Rosneft The state-owned oil company that took over most of Yukos’s assets.
Ruhrgas A German natural gas distribution company that early on cooperated with Gazprom and owns shares in Gazprom. It was bought up by E.ON.
Samotlor A major oil-producing site in Russia.
SEGP A natural gas pipeline Gazprom is seeking to build from Turkey to Western Europe.
Sibneft The Russian oil company privatized by Berezovsky, who in turn brought in Abramovich, who in turn sold it to Gazprom.
South Stream Yet another natural gas pipeline which if built would transport gas in Southern Europe and compete with NABUCCO.
TNK-BP A 50/50 joint venture formed by BP and Tyumen Oil.
Tyumen Oil (TNK) One of the privatized oil companies; controlled by Fridman, Blavatnik, and Vekselberg, which formed a joint venture with BP.
Volga-Urals One of the oil fields developed along the Volga.
Wingas A natural gas joint venture formed between Wintershall, the German company, and Gazprom.
Wintershall A German natural gas distribution which has entered into several joint ventures with Gazprom.
Yukos For a time, the largest privatized oil company in Russia until it was taken over from Khodorkovsky; much of it was taken over by Rosneft.
Index
Abkhazia, 149
Abramoff, Jack, 177, 225
Abramovich, Roman, 225
Sibneft and, 104, 112, 123–24, 225, 230
sports team purchase by, 204
Access Industries, 66, 225
Aeroflot, 103, 134, 174, 203
Afghanistan, 50–54
Africa, 181
Agroprombank, 67–68
Albats, Yevgenia, 195
Albright, Madeleine, 70
Alekperov, Vagit, 61, 65, 85, 125, 197, 225, 230
Alfa Bank, 64, 66, 107, 226
Algeria
gas from, 4, 7, 47, 166, 178, 179
GECF and, 179
OGEC and, 164, 165
Alitalia, 203
Alkion Securities, 65
Allison, Graham, 52
aluminum industry, 110
Amoco, BP and, 70, 86
Ananenkov, Alexander, 183
Anderson, Richard J., 165
Anglo-Persian Oil Company (today’s BP), 25, 44
Anglo-Suisse, 84
APG. See associated petroleum gas
ARAMCO Consortium, 21
Arcelor (Benelux steel company), 203, 229
Arctic locations, 71–72. See also Sakhalin
Arkos, 28
Armenia, 150, 152
Arosgas Holding, 147
Asia, pipelines in, 162–64. See also specific countries
Asiatic Petroleum, 28
Aslund, Anders, 73
asset stripping, 79
Gazprom and, 104, 139–41, 143
Yukos and, 107, 111, 112
associated petroleum gas (APG), 186
auction royalty system, for oil production, 23
Austria, 168
NABUCCO, Hungary and, 9–10, 155–56
pipeline and, 9–10, 153, 154
reliance on Russian gas, 166
Azerbaijan. See also Baku, Azerbaijan
gas and, 9, 151, 153–55, 160–61
independent state of, 25
petroleum production in, 34
Azneft, 27
Badger, 27
Baikal Finance Group, 120, 122
Bakhmina, Svetlana, 116, 117, 225
Baku, Azerbaijan
kerosene from, 17–19
occupation/control of, 24–25, 27, 33
oil production in, 17–25, 27, 30, 31, 34, 39, 40, 228
pipelines and, 20, 26, 149, 154, 160–61
Second, 31
balance of trade, Soviet, 29–31
Balggand-Bacton pipeline (Netherlands-Great Britain), 167
Balkan Energy Cooperative Summit, 49
Balkans, 154. See also Trans-Balkan Oil Pipeline
Balkenende, Peter, 167
Baltic Sea pipeline, 156–60, 161, 167
Baltic states, 2, 166. See also specific states
Balzer, Harley, 97
banks, 66–69. See also specific banks
CIA on, 109
financial crash and, 74–77, 93, 170
Loans for Shares and, 64–65
Luxembourg, 120, 206
mafia control of, 109
Barents Sea, 83, 85, 130–31
Barnsdall Corporation, 26
Basayev, Shamil, 94
BASF (chemical corp.), 157, 167
Batumi, 20, 23, 26
Belarus
gas to, 49, 144–45, 151–53, 156, 159, 168, 183
Lukashenko and, 151, 227
Belkovsky, Stanislav, 225
Bell Petrole, 28
Beltransgaz, 152
Berezovskoe gas field, 38
Berezovsky, Boris, 225
Abramovich, Sibneft and, 104, 112, 123, 225, 230
Chechnia and, 94–95, 172
ORT and, 65, 103, 123, 225
politics and, 102–4
purge and, 100–104, 105
Putin and, 100–104, 105, 123, 172, 225
Sibneft and, 65, 68, 103, 112, 123, 174, 228, 230
Smolensky, Sibneft and, 65, 68, 228
Yeltsin and, 103
Berlin Blockade, of 1948, 137
Biotek, 200
Birol, Fatih, 89
Black Hundreds, 23
black market, 58, 101, 105, 148
Blair, Tony, 70, 126
Blavatnik, Leonard, 225
Access Industries and, 66, 225
Renova and, 230
TNK and, 66–67, 230
Bloo
mberg, Michael, 115
Blue Stream (Russia-Turkey gas pipeline), 155–56, 229
Bogdanchikov, Sergei, 114–15, 190–91, 200, 225
Bogdanov, Vladimir, 61, 65, 124, 197, 225
bonds, financial crash and, 74–76
Bosnia, 49
Bosporus Strait, Istanbul, 161
BP. See British Petroleum
BP/AMOCO, 70, 86
Bratsvo (“Brotherhood”) pipeline, 138
Brent oil, prices for, 14
Britain. See Great Britain
British-Mexican Petroleum, 28
British Petroleum (BP), 26. See also TNK-BP
Browne and, 91, 127, 226, 227
Haywood and, 227
Kovykta and, 131–32, 135, 162, 174, 184–85, 185, 229
pipelines and, 154–55, 161
Trinidad-Tabago facility, Gazprom and, 131–32, 179
Tyumen Oil and, 226
Browder, Earl, 143, 226
Browder, William, 143, 226
Browne, Lord John, 91, 127, 226, 227
Bruckhard, Bergmann, 168
Buffet, Warren, 115
Bulbov, Aleksandr, 200, 226
Bulgaria
gas to, 10, 153, 154, 156
pipeline between Greece and, 161–62
Bunge, A. A., 20
Burevestnik Yacht Club, 194
Burgas-Alexandroupolis pipeline, 161–62
Bush, George W.
Evans and, 176
G-8 briefing and, 7
Putin and, 208–9
Texas mafia and, 192
Butov, Vladimir, 84–85, 226
Campbell, Robert, 40
Canada
gas to U.S. from, 7, 139, 179
oil sands in, 180
capitalism
communism v., 58, 73
Soviet control and, 27–29, 31, 45
Carey, Sarah, 110
cars
foreign manufacturers, 202
hybrids/flex-fuel, 180–81
Case, Karl, 190
Casey, William, 49–54, 226
Caspian Pipeline Consortium (CPC), 161
Caspian Sea pipeline, 156, 160–62, 221n73
Centragas Holding, 147
Centrica, 168, 169, 224n55
Ceyhan, Turkey, 149, 154, 160–61
Ceylon (Sri Lanka), 44
Chavez, Hugo, 90, 152
Chechnia, 55–56, 94–95, 102, 172, 199
Cheney, Dick, 71, 115
Petrostate:Putin, Power, and the New Russia Page 30
