Halliburton and, 70, 79
Kazakhstan, gas pipeline and, 149, 154
Cherkesov, Viktor, 200
Chernogorneft oil fields, 69–70, 86
Chernomyrdin, Viktor, 48, 59–61, 100–101, 104–5, 140, 226
Chevron, 44, 86, 111–12
Chief Oil Committee (Glavny Nefitanoi Komitet), 27
China
economic blockades against, 221n77
gas to, 111, 162–63, 169, 186–87
GDP, 78, 90
increased demand/consumption in, 78–79, 90, 173, 180
investments abroad, 181, 205
petroleum to, 49, 111, 115
pipelines to, 111, 162–63
China National Petroleum Corporation, 163
CIA, 15. See also Casey, William
on banks, 109
output predictions by, 39, 43, 49–54, 56
Reagan, Casey and, 49–51, 226
CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States), 152
CITIC group of China, 163
Cleland, David, 99
Clinton, Bill, 192
CMEA. See Council of Mutual Economic Assistance
Cohen, Michael D., 197
Colbert, Jean-Baptiste, 173
Cold War, 15, 80, 180
COMECON. See Council of Mutual Economic Assistance
“The Coming Russian Boom” (Layard/Parker), 73, 81
communism
capitalism v., 58, 73
collectivization and, 29
Communist Party, Zyuganov and, 68, 229
concessions, 23, 49
for foreigners, 26–27, 39, 174
Conoco, 84–85
ConocoPhillips, 85–86
LUKoil and, 126
Theede and, 229
Constantinople, fall of, 17
consumer goods, 66
corn-hog cycle, 88
Council of Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA, COMECON), 44
Council of the People’s Commissars (CPK), 27
CPC. See Caspian Pipeline Consortium
CPK. See Council of the People’s Commissars
credit ratings, 81, 204
Crimean War, 19
Cuba, 14, 44, 221n77
cultural differences, 86–87
currencies
dollar, euro and ruble as world, 208
imports/exports and value of, 12, 14
reserves, 80–81, 91, 187, 203
Dagestan invasion, 94–95, 172
Danchenko, Igor, 99
Dart, Kenneth, 107, 108
debt, post-1998 recovery and, 75–77, 81, 91
de Gaulle, Charles, 99, 173
Degolyer-McNaughton, 87
Delay, Tom, 177, 178, 225
denationalization, of Baku, 25, 27
depressions, 23, 30, 32
Deripaska, Oleg, 226
Gutseriev, Russneft and, 124, 227
investment abroad, 204
Putin and, 124, 226
Rusal and, 181, 226
Deutsche-Russische Naptha Company, 28
Dienes, Leslie, 182
Dresdner Bank, 158–59, 229
drilling technology, 10–11
assistance with, 22, 26, 31, 79–80, 84, 91, 129, 174
planning, production, innovation and, 39–42
Dudley, Robert, 91, 226
Dutch Disease, 12–14, 190
Dutch East Indies, 21
EADS (Airbus parent company), 203
earth warming, 184, 207
Eastern Oil Company, 111
economic challenges, 202
economic crimes, 67, 101, 105
economic imperialism, 172–76
economy. See also balance of trade, Soviet; financial crash, of 1998; incentive systems; privatization; recovery
energy resources and, 11–15, 32, 48–49, 88–89
USSR collapse and, 49–54, 55–57
efficiency, problems with, 21, 39, 40
electricity
British, 168
disruptions in, 150
gas for, 182
nuclear energy for, 181
Embaneft, 27
Emba, oil fields at, 22, 27
embargoes
on Georgian imports, 150
oil, 25–26, 32, 44, 47, 82, 137
price cutting, OPEC and, 46–47, 82
energy reserves. See also specific countries
Grace on, 87, 183, 216n48, 217n51
size of, 90–92
as state secret, 87
energy resources
alternative, 89, 180–81
conservation of, 78–79
development of, 10–11, 21, 22, 24, 71, 181–84, 188
economy and, 11–15, 32, 48–49, 88–89
exploration/discovery of, 18, 34, 38, 79, 90, 127–29
increased demand for, 77–79, 89–90
politics and, 3, 7, 11, 13, 14, 48–49, 84–85, 138, 163–64, 169
energy security, 3, 7
energy superpower, Russia as, 3, 7, 10, 14–16, 17–32, 97–98
early years, 17–18
energy price collapse impact on, 204
unrestrained, 170–209
Eni (Ente Nazionale Idrocarburi), 229
Gazprom and, 167
Mattei and, 45–46, 227
petroleum and, 136
pipelines and, 149, 156
Enron, 116, 147
environmental regulations, 113, 157. See also pollution
E.ON (German gas company), 229
Gazprom, Gerosgaz and, 222n87
Ruhrgas, Gazprom and, 167–68, 229, 230
E Petroleum Handesges oil company, 108
Epsilon Corporate Finance, 203
Estonia, 153, 159, 166
ethanol, 89, 181
Eural Trans Gas, 146–47, 226
Europe. See also Western Europe, gas supply to; specific countries
map of primary Russian gas pipelines to, 8f
reliance on Russian gas, 166t, 167–69
European Commission, 205
Evans, Donald, 176
exports. See also petroleum exports
duties, and transit fees on gas, 151, 159
Russian imports and, 92t
timber, 29
Exxon-Mobil
competition with, 97
Gazprom v., 142
Raymond and, 228
in Sakhalin, 72, 128–29, 131, 135
Yukos and, 86, 112–13, 115, 123
“faces in the snow” incident, 102
Fahd, King (of Saudi Arabia), 51
FBI, investigations by, 147–48
Federal Narcotics Control Service (FNCS), 200, 226
Federov, Boris, 140–41, 226
Feniks, 108
filling stations, 31, 126, 200
Derop, 28
Getty Oil, 3, 87, 125, 169, 204, 230
in United Kingdom, 45
financial crash, of 1998, 14, 60, 73–77, 93–94, 108, 227, 228
banks and, 74–77, 93, 170
GDP and, 74, 76, 107
stocks and, 73–77, 81, 94
Finansgroup Investment Fund, 228
Finland
crude oil from, 45
gas to, 2, 166, 168
petroleum to, 49
Firtash, Dmytro, 146–47, 226
flaring, natural gas, 42–43, 131–33, 184, 186
FNCS. See Federal Narcotics Control Service
FNK (Finansovaia Neftyanaia Kompaniia—Financial Oil Company), 65
FOP (Friends of Putin), 96, 139, 192, 200
double dipping by, 194–98
foreigners. See also specific companies/individuals
attitude towards, 70–71, 83, 127
car manufacturers, 202
concessions for, 26–27, 39, 174
help from, 31–32, 34
investments by, 87–88, 98
opening for, 83–85
return of, 26–29
Foreign Trade Organization (FTO), 68
France
nuclear energy and, 137, 181
pipelines and, 153
reliance on Russian gas, 166–67, 168
Fridman, Mikhail, 226
Alfa Bank and, 64, 66, 226
TNK and, 64, 66–67, 226, 230
Front Uni, 25–26
FSB, 195
Patrushev as head of, 196, 200, 228
Putin as head of, 93
Stepashin as head of, 228
struggles within, 200
FTO. See Foreign Trade Organization
Fursin, Ivan, 147, 226
Gaddy, Clifford, 98–99
Gaidar, Yegor, 50, 52, 53, 226
gas. See natural gas
Gas Exporting Countries’ Forum. See GECF
Gasunie (Dutch pipeline company), 167, 229
Gates, Bill, 59, 115
Gaz (auto plant), 204
Gaz de France, 167
Gazexport, 143
Gazoviki, 132, 184
Gazprom, 2
asset stripping and, 104, 139–41, 143
BP, Trinidad-Tabago facility and, 131–32, 179
Chernomyrdin and, 48, 59–61, 100–101, 104–5, 140, 226
ENI and, 167
E.ON, Gerosgaz and, 222n87
E.ON, Ruhrgas and, 167–68, 229, 230
Exxon-Mobil v., 142
Federov and, 140–41, 226
foreign investments, 205–6, 224n55
gas flow control by, 1–3, 7–9
government ownership of, 2–3
Hermitage Capital Management Fund and, 226
as “holy of holies,” 142–44
ITERA and, 61, 104–5, 141–42, 146–48, 183
Kovykta, TNK-BP and, 131–32, 162, 185, 229
Medvedev, A., and, 3, 143, 163, 169, 227
Medvedev, D., and, 104, 140, 141, 143, 202, 227
Miller and, 104, 140–42, 143, 146, 169, 190–91, 200, 227
Nord Stream and, 157–59, 167, 230
overcommitment and, 181–84
ownership of, 83
as partner, 202–3
Putin and, 83, 100–101, 104–5, 139–44, 190–91
reclaiming, 104–5
Rosneft and, 83, 173, 184, 186, 190–91
Ruhrgas and, 83, 168, 230
in Sakhalin, 129–33
Sibneft and, 123, 184, 186, 230
skyscraper built by, 198
as state unto itself, 185–87
tour/visit to, 1–2
Ukraine, Turkmenistan and, 146–48, 226
Vyakhirev and, 48–49, 60–61, 100–101, 104–5, 140–41, 146, 226, 229
Wintershall and, 157, 167, 230
Yukos and, 120–21
Gazprombank, 142
GazpromExport, 145
Gazprom Konsern, 100
Gazprom natural gas pipelines, 1–4, 7–10, 83, 132, 183–84. See also Blue Stream; Nord Stream; SEGP; South Stream
Baltic Sea bypass and, 156–59
construction cost of, 197
expansion abroad, 152, 153t, 154
Grace on, 132
pipelines in Asia and, 162–63
seeking way around, 149–52
Gazpromneft (formerly Sibneft), 121, 123, 186
GDP (gross domestic product)
China’s, 78, 90
financial crash and, 74, 76, 107
oil production and, 80t
recovery of economy and, 96–97
Russian v. U.S., 56
GECF (Gas Exporting Countries’ Forum),
165, 179, 206, 229
General Electric, 48, 137, 142
General Motors, 202, 204
Georgia
gas supplies to, 49, 168
import embargo, 150
pipelines and, 149–51, 152–54, 161–62
Tbilisi, 20, 149, 154, 161
Gerashchenko, Viktor, 226
purge and, 100, 104–5
Russian Central Bank and, 100, 104–5, 226
Gergiev, Valery, 93
Germany
Derop filling stations in, 28
exports to Nazi, 28–29, 30, 31
gas to, 2, 47, 82, 136–37, 153, 157–60, 166–68
nuclear energy and, 158
Russian kerosene consumption v., 21
Gerosgaz, 222n87
Getty Oil filling stations, 3, 87, 125, 169, 204, 230
Ghana, 44
Goldman Sachs, 75–76
Gololobov, Dmitry, 116, 118
Gonzales, Alberto, 222n9
Gorbachev, Mikhail
1985 perestroika campaign, 52
financial crash and, 93
on reform, 60, 106
Thatcher and, 209
Gorin, Sergei and Olga, 108
Gosbank, 105
Gosplan, 38, 57–58
government securities, 75–76
Grace, John, 39, 71, 197
on energy reserves, 87, 182, 216n48, 217n51
on Gazprom pipeline, 132
grain, 24, 29, 52
Great Britain
electricity, 168
gas to, 167, 168–69
oil exports to, 20
takeover and denationalization of Baku, 25, 27
Greece
gas supply to, 153
pipeline between Bulgaria and, 161–62
Gref, German, 96, 182, 192
Grozneft, 27
Grozny oil fields, 22, 27, 33
Guantanamo, 171
Guinea, 44
Gulf Oil (Chevron), 44
Gunvor (petroleum-selling company), 229
Gupta, Raj Kumar, 110
Gurov, W., 28
Gusinsky, Vladimir, 226
Media-Most and, 102, 103, 226
politics and, 102–4
purge and, 100, 102–4, 105
Gutseriev, Mikhael, 124, 200, 227
Gyurcsany, Ferenc, 155–56, 227
Halliburton, 70, 79
Harvard Management Company, 125
Hayward, Tony, 127, 227
Hermitage Capital Management Fund, 143, 226
Highrock Holding, 147–48
Hitler, Adolf, 33
How Russia Became a Market Economy (Aslund), 73
Hungary
gas pipelines and, 153–56, 168, 227
Gyurcsany and, 155–56, 227
NABUCCO, Austria and, 9–10, 155–56
reliance on Russian gas, 166
IMF. See International Monetary Fund
imperialism, economic, 172–76
imports
embargo on Georgian, 150
exports, currency value and, 12, 14
Russia as oil importer, 39, 49, 53
Russian exports and, 92t
Russian, to U.S., 3–4, 7
incentive systems, 30, 39–43
income, per capita, Russia v. Portugal’s, 96
India, 25, 44
increased demand/consumption in, 78, 90, 173, 180
PSAs with, 72
industrial production, recovery and, 95t, 96–97, 171
inflation, 13, 56, 57, 58, 66, 74, 79
Inkombank, 107
International Energy Agency, 89, 132
International Energy Authority, 79
International Monetary Fund (IMF), 75–76, 207–8
INTERROS, 68–69
Iran, 13, 46, 186
gas reserves of, 139
GECF and, 179
OGEC and, 164, 165
Iraq, 46
LUKoil in, 126
U.S. and, 52, 71, 199, 207, 208–9
Isaikin, Anatoly, 193
Israel, 49
Italy
gas to, 153, 166–67, 168
oil imports, 28
ITERA, 229
Gazprom and, 61, 104–5, 141–42, 146–48, 183
Makarov and, 104, 146, 147, 177, 227
U.S. grant to/raid of, 177, 222n9
Weldon’s daughter and, 177, 229
Ivanov, Sergei, 192, 193, 196
Ivanov, Viktor, 192, 193
&n
bsp; Ivan, story about, 67
Ivan the Terrible, 17
Izvestia, 202
Jamestown Foundation, 102
Japan, 12
conservation in, 79
pipelines in, 162, 163
PSAs with, 72
in Sakhalin, 26, 72, 128–30, 185
Jetts gas stations, 126
John Brown Engineering, 48, 138
Johnson, Alan, 169
Johnson, Simon, 56
Karaganov, Sergei, 163–64, 187
Kaufman, Daniel, 56
Kazakhstan
Cheney, gas pipeline and, 149, 154
pipelines and, 7, 149–50, 153–54, 160–61, 163, 181, 186
Kazmunai, 163
kerosene, 17–19, 21
Kharyaga oil field, 71, 132–33, 135, 229
KhimProm, 193
Khodorkovsky, Mikhail, 227
Lebedev and, 116, 120, 227
Menatep and, 64, 76, 106–9, 227, 230
in Nefteyugansk, 65
Nevzlin and, 228
Petukhov and, 65, 108–9
politics and, 103
purge and, 100, 103, 105–20, 123
Yukos and, 64, 65, 72, 76, 79, 86, 100, 105–20, 123, 135, 227, 230
Khrushchev, Nikita, 41, 142
King, William, 99
Kiriyenko, Sergei, 94, 109, 227
“kiting their checks,” 74
Koch, Roland, 205
Kogalym oil field, 61
Kohl, Helmut, 52, 136, 227
Kolesov, Sergei, 108
Korneyeva, Valentina, 108
Korzhakov, Alexander, 65, 102, 227
Kosachev, Konstantin, 208, 227
Kosciusko-Morizet, Jacques, 111
Kostina, Olga, 108
Kovykta, 131–32, 135, 162, 174, 185, 229
krisha (roof ), 113
Kryshtanovskaia, Olga, 192
Kudrin, Alexei, 96, 192, 201, 227
Kumarin, Vladimir, 200
Kursk nuclear submarine, 103
Kuryer (cooperative), 66
Kuwait, 46
land claims, Russian, 207
Langepaz oil field, 61
Latvia, 49, 153, 159, 166, 168
Layard, Richard, 73, 81
Lebedev, Platon, 115, 116, 117, 120, 227
Lend Lease contracts, 27, 33
Lenin, Nikolai, 12, 174
Lenz, petroleum reserve data and, 87
Libya, 13
Lietuvos Dujos, 168
life expectancy, 198
Lithuania, 49, 153, 159, 166, 168
Litvinenko, Alexander, 208, 227
LNG (liquified natural gas)
spot market for, 139, 165, 179, 181
tankers for, 47–48, 82, 138
to U.S., 4, 7, 132, 179, 206
Loans for Shares, 64–65, 76, 106, 146
Potanin and, 63–65, 68
Rosneft and, 62, 64–65, 121–22
Long Term Capital Management (LTCM), 76–77
Loze, Bernard, 110–11
LTCM. See Long Term Capital Management
Lugar, Richard, 164
Lugovoi, Andrei, 208, 227
Lukashenko, Alexsander, 151, 227
LUKoil, 230
Alekperov and, 61, 65, 85, 125, 197, 225, 230
ConocoPhillips and, 126
Getty Oil filling stations purchased by, 3, 87, 125, 169, 204, 230
Petrostate:Putin, Power, and the New Russia Page 31
