Anxiety

by Daniel Freeman

  Hudson, J.L. and Rapee, R.M. (2009). Familial and Social Environments in the Etiology and Maintenance of Anxiety Disorders. In M.M. Antony and M.B. Stein (eds.), Oxford Handbook of Anxiety and Related Disorders. (New York: Oxford University Press).

  Hettema, J.M., An, S.S., Neale, M.C., Bukszar, J., van den Oord, E.J., Kendler, K.S., and Chen, X. (2006). Association Between Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Genes and Anxiety Disorders, Major Depression, and Neuroticism. Molecular Psychiatry, 11: 752–762.

  Hettema, J.M., Neale, M.C., and Kendler, K.S. (2001). A Review and Metaanalysis of the Genetic Epidemiology of Anxiety Disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158: 1568–1578.

  LeDoux, J. (1998). The Emotional Brain. (New York: Phoenix).

  Plaisier, I., de Bruijn, J.G.M., de Graaf, R., ten Have, M., Beekman, A.T.F., and Penninx, B.W.J.H. (2007). The Contribution of Working Conditions and Social Support to the Onset of Depressive and Anxiety Disorders among Male and Female Employees. Social Science and Medicine, 64: 401–410.

  Plomin, R., DeFries, J.C., McClearn, G.E., and McGuffin, P. (2008). Behavioral Genetics, 5th edn. (New York: Worth).

  Poulton, R., Andrews, G., and Millichamp, J. (2008). Gene-Environment Interaction and the Anxiety Disorders. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 258: 65–68.

  Smoller, J.W., Gardner-Schuster, E., and Misiaszek, M. (2008). Genetics of Anxiety. Depression and Anxiety, 25: 368–377.

  Stein, M.B., Schork, N.J., and Gelernter, J. (2008). Gene-by-Environment (Serotonin Transporter and Childhood Maltreatment) Interaction for Anxiety Sensitivity, an Intermediate Phenotype for Anxiety Disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology, 33: 312–319.

  Stein, M.B., Walker, J.R., Anderson, G., Hazen, A.L., Ross, C.A., Eldridge, G., and Forde, D.R. (1996). Childhood Physical and Sexual Abuse in Patients with Anxiety Disorders in a Community Sample. American Journal of Psychiatry, 153: 275–277.

  Warren, S.L., Huston, L., Egeland, B., and Sroufe, L.A. (1997). Child and Adolescent Anxiety Disorders and Early Attachment. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36: 637–644.

  Chapter 4

  Smits, J.A.J., Berry, A.C., Rosenfield, D., Powers, M.B., Behar, E., and Otto, M.W. (2008). Reducing Anxiety Sensitivity with Exercise. Depression and Anxiety, 25: 689–699.

  Spurr, J.M. and Stopa, L. (2002). Self-focused Attention in Social Phobia and Social Anxiety. Clinical Psychology Review, 22: 947–975.

  Wilson, J. (2008). Inverting the Pyramid: The History of Football Tactics (London: Orion).

  Chapter 5

  American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edn., Text Revision. (Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association).

  Barlow, D.H. (2002). Anxiety and its Disorders, 2nd edn. (New York: Guilford Press).

  Cook, M. and Mineka, S. (1990). Selective Associations in the Observational Conditioning of Fear in Rhesus Monkeys. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 16: 372–389.

  Curtis, G.C., Magee, W.J., Eaton, W.W., Wittchen, H.-U., and Kessler, R.C. (1998). Specific Fears and Phobias: Epidemiology and Classification. British Journal of Psychiatry, 173: 212–217.

  Davey, G. (2008). Psychopathology: Research, Assessment, and Treatment in Clinical Psychology (Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell).

  Doogan, S. and Thomas, G.V. (1992). Origins of Fear of Dogs in Adults and Children: The Role of Conditioning Processes and Prior Familiarity with Dogs. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 30: 387–394.

  Hettema, J.M., Annas, P., Neale, M.C., Kendler, K.S., and Fredrikson, M. (2003). A Twin Study of the Genetics of Fear Conditioning. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60: 702–708.

  Jones, M.K. and Menzies, R.G. (2000). Danger Expectancies, Self-Efficacy, and Insight in Spider Phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38: 585–600.

  Kendler, K.S., Myers, J., Prescott, C.A., and Neale, M.C. (2001). The Genetic Epidemiology of Irrational Fears and Phobias in Men. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58: 257–265.

  Kessler, R.C., McGonagle, K.A., Zhao, S., Nelson, C.B., Hughes, M., Eshleman, S., Wittchen, H.-U., and Kendler, K.S. (1994). Lifetime and 12-Month Prevalence of DSM-III-R Psychiatric Disorders in the United States. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51: 8–19.

  Kessler, R.C., Chiu, W.T., Demler, O., and Walters, E.E. (2005). Prevalence, Severity, and Comorbidity of 12-Month DSM-IV Disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62: 617–627.

  LeDoux, J. (1998). Fear and the Brain: Where Have We Been and Where Are We Going? Biological Psychiatry, 44: 1229–1238.

  McLean, C.P. and Anderson, E.R. (2009). Brave Men and Timid Women? A Review of the Gender Differences in Fear and Anxiety. Clinical Psychology Review, 29: 496 –505.

  McManus, S., Meltzer, H., Brugha, T., Bebbington, P., and Jenkins, R. (eds.) (2009) Adult Psychiatric Morbidity in England, 2007: Results of a Household Survey. (NHS Information Centre for Health and Social Care).

  McNally, R.J. (1997). Atypical Phobias. In G.C.L. Davey (ed.), Phobias: A Handbook of Theory, Research and Treatment (Chichester: Wiley).

  Öhman, A. and Mineka, S. (2001). Fears, Phobias, and Preparedness: Toward an Evolved Module of Fear and Fear Learning. Psychological Review, 108: 483–522.

  Öst, L.-G. and Hugdahl, K. (1981). Acquisition of Phobias and Anxiety Response Patterns in Clinical Patients. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 19: 439–447.

  Pierce, K.A. and Kirkpatrick, D.R. (1992). Do Men Lie on Fear Surveys? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 30: 415–418.

  Plomin, R., DeFries, J.C., McClearn, G.E., and McGuffin, P. (2008). Behavioral Genetics, 5th edn. (New York: Worth).

  Spitzer, R.L., Gibbon, M., Skodol, A.E., Williams, J.B.W., and First, M.B. (eds.) (2002). DSM-IV-TR Casebook (Washington and London: American Psychiatric Association).

  Chapter 6

  American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edn., Text Revision. (Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association).

  Barlow, D.H. (2002). Anxiety and its Disorders, 2nd edn. (New York: Guilford Press).

  Blair, K., Geraci, M., Devido, J., McCaffrey, D., Chen, G., Vythilingam, M., Ng, P., Hollon, N., Jones, M., Blair, R.J.R., and Pine, D.S. (2008). Neural Response to Self- and Other Referential Praise and Criticism in Generalized Social Phobia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 65: 1176–1184.

  Clark, D.M. and Fairburn, C.G. (eds). Science and Practice of Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press).

  Dannahy, L. and Stopa, L. (2007). Post-event Processing in Social Anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45: 1207–1219.

  Gilbert, P. (2000). The Relationship of Shame, Social Anxiety and Depression: The Role of the Evaluation of Social Rank. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 7: 174–189.

  Hackmann, A., Surawy, C., and Clark, D.M. (1998). Seeing Yourself Through Others’ Eyes: A Study of Spontaneously Occurring Images in Social Phobia. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 26: 3–12.

  Hallett, V., Ronald, A., Rijsdijk, F., and Eley, T.C. (2009). Phenotypic and Genetic Differentiation of Anxiety-Related Behaviors in Middle Childhood. Depression and Anxiety, 26: 316–324.

  Heiser, N.A., Turner, S.M., Beidel, D.C., and Roberson-Nay, R. (2009). Differentiating Social Phobia from Shyness. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23: 469–476.

  Hirsch, C.R., Clark, D.M., Mathews, A., and Williams, R. (2003). Self-images Play a Causal Role in Social Phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41: 909–921.

  Lieb, R., Wittchen, H.-U., Höfler, M., Fuetsch, M., Stein, M.B., and Merikangas, K.R. (2000). Parental Psychopathology, Parenting Styles, and the Risk of Social Phobia in Offspring. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57: 859–866.

  Maner, J.K., Miller, S.L., Schmidt, N.B., and Eckel, L.A. (2008). Submitting to Defeat: Social Anxiety, Dominance Threat, and Decrements in Testosterone. Psychological Science, 19: 764–768.

  Mosing,
M.A., Gordon, S.D., Medland, S.E., Statham, D.J., Nelson, E.C., Heath, A.C., Martin, N.G., and Wray, N.R. (2009). Genetic and Environmental Influences on the Co-morbidity between Depression, Panic Disorder, Agoraphobia, and Social Phobia: A Twin Study. Depression and Anxiety, 26: 1004–1011.

  Siqueland, L., Kendall, P.C., and Steinberg, L. (1996). Anxiety in Children: Perceived Family Environments and Observed Family Interaction. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 25: 225–237.

  Stein, D.J. (2009). Social Anxiety Disorder in the West and in the East. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry, 21: 109–117.

  Wells, A. (1997). Cognitive Therapy of Anxiety Disorders: A Practice Manual and Conceptual Guide (Chichester: John Wiley).

  Wild, J., Clark, D.M., Ehlers, A., and McManus, F. (2008). Perception of Arousal in Social Anxiety: Effects of False Feedback During a Social Interaction. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 39: 102–116.

  Chapter 7

  American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edn., Text Revision. (Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association).

  Barloon, T.J. and Noyes, R., Jr. (1997). Charles Darwin and Panic Disorder. Journal of the American Medical Association, 277: 138–141.

  Barlow, D.H. (2002). Anxiety and its Disorders, 2nd edn. (New York: Guilford Press).

  Clark, D.M. and Fairburn, C.G. (eds). Science and Practice of Cognitive Behaviour Therapy. (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press).

  Craske, M.G., Lang, A.J., Mystkowski, J.L., Zucker, B.G., Bystritsky, A., and Yan-Go, F. (2002). Does Nocturnal Panic Represent a More Severe Form of Panic Disorder? Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 190: 611–618.

  Ehlers, A. (1993). Somatic Symptoms and Panic Attacks: A Retrospective Study of Learning Experiences. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 31: 269–278.

  Ehlers, A. and Breuer, P. (1992). Increased Cardiac Awareness in Panic Disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 101: 371–382.

  Eley, T.C., Stirling, L., Ehlers, A., Gregory, A.M., and Clark, D.M. (2004). Heart-beat Perception, Panic/Somatic Symptoms and Anxiety Sensitivity in Children. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42: 439–448.

  Goodwin, R.D., Fergusson, D.M., and Horwood, L.J. (2005). Childhood Abuse and Familial Violence and the Risk of Panic Attacks and Panic Disorder in Young Adulthood. Psychological Medicine, 35: 881–890.

  Kessler, R.C., Chiu, W.T., Jin, R., Ruscio, A.M., Shear, K., and Walters, E.E. (2006). The Epidemiology of Panic Attacks, Panic Disorder, and Agoraphobia in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 63: 415–424.

  Klein, D.F. (1993). False Suffocation Alarms, Spontaneous Panics, and Related Conditions: An Integrative Hypothesis. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50: 306–317.

  Lau, J.Y.F., Gregory, A.M., Goldwin, M.A., Pine, D.S., and Eley, T.C. (2007). Assessing Gene–Environment Interactions on Anxiety Symptom Subtypes Across Childhood and Adolescence. Development and Psychopathology, 19: 1129–1146.

  Plomin, R., DeFries, J.C., McClearn, G.E., and McGuffin, P. (2008). Behavioral Genetics, 5th edn. (New York: Worth).

  Rachman, S. (2004). Anxiety, 2nd edn. (Hove and New York: Psychology Press).

  Rapee, R., Mattick, R., and Murrell, E. (1986). Cognitive Mediation in the Affective Component of Spontaneous Panic Attacks. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 17: 245–253.

  Salkovskis, P.M., Clark, D.M., Hackmann, A., Wells, A., and Gelder, M.G. (1999). An Experimental Investigation of the Role of Safety-seeking Behaviours in the Maintenance of Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37: 559–574.

  Schmidt, N.B., Lerew, D.R., and Jackson, R.J. (1997). The Role of Anxiety Sensitivity in the Pathogenesis of Panic: Prospective Evaluation of Spontaneous Panic Attacks During Acute Stress. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106: 355–364.

  Smoller, J.W., Block, S.R., and Young, M.M. (2009). Genetics of Anxiety Disorders: The Complex Road from DSM to DNA. Depression and Anxiety, 26: 965–975.

  Chapter 8

  American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edn., Text Revision. (Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association).

  Barlow, D.H. (2002). Anxiety and its Disorders, 2nd edn. (New York: Guilford Press).

  Borkovec, T.D., Ray, W.J., and Stöber, J. (1998). Worry: A Cognitive Phenomenon Intimately Linked to Affective, Physiological, and Interpersonal Behavioral Processes. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 22: 561–576.

  Davey, G.C.L. and Wells, A. (eds.) (2006). Worry and its Psychological Disorders: Theory, Assessment and Treatment. (Chichester: John Wiley).

  Kendler, K.S., Gardner, C.O., Gatz, M., and Pedersen, N.L. (2007). The Sources of Co-morbidity Between Major Depression and Generalized Anxiety Disorder in a Swedish National Twin Sample. Psychological Medicine, 37: 453–462.

  Meyer, T.J., Miller, M.L., Metzger, R.L., and Borkovec, T.D. (1990). Development and Validation of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28: 487-495.

  Moffitt, T.E., Caspi, A., Harrington, H., Milne, B.J., Melchior, M., Goldberg, D., and Poulton, R. (2007). Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Depression: Childhood Risk Factors in a Birth Cohort Followed to Age 32. Psychological Medicine, 37: 441–452.

  Muris, P., Meesters, C., Merckelbach, H., Hülsenbeck, P. (2000). Worry in Children is Related to Perceived Parental Rearing and Attachment. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38: 487-497.

  Paulesu, E., Sambugaro, E., Torti, T., Danelli, L., Ferri, F., Scialfa, G., Sberna, M., Ruggiero, G.M., Bottini, G., and Sassaroli, S. (2010). Neural Correlates of Worry in Generalized Anxiety Disorder and in Normal Controls: A Functional MRI Study. Psychological Medicine, 40: 117–124.

  Peasley-Miklus, D. and Vrana, S.R. (2000). Effect of Worrisome and Relaxing Thinking on Fearful Emotional Processing. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38: 129 –144.

  Plomin, R., DeFries, J.C., McClearn, G.E., and McGuffin, P. (2008). Behavioral Genetics, 5th edn. (New York: Worth).

  Rachman, S. (2004). Anxiety, 2nd edn. (Hove and New York: Psychology Press).

  Tallis, F., Davey, G. and Capuzzo, N. (1994). The Phenomenology of Non-Pathological Worry: A Preliminary Investigation. In G. Davey and F. Tallis (eds.) Worrying: Perspectives on Theory, Assessment and Treatment. (Chichester: Wiley)

  Vasey, M.W. and Borkovec, T.D. (1992). A Catastrophizing Assessment of Worrisome Thoughts. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 16: 505–520.

  Chapter 9

  Abramowitz, J.S., Wheaton, M.G., and Storch, E.A. (2008). The Status of Hoarding as a Symptom of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46: 1026–1033.

  Abramowitz, J.S., Taylor, S., and McKay, D. (2009). Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Lancet, 374: 491–499.

  American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edn., Text Revision. (Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association).

  Barlow, D.H. (2002). Anxiety and its Disorders, 2nd edn. (New York: Guilford Press).

  Berrios, G. and Porter, R. (eds.) (1995). A History of Clinical Psychiatry: The Origin and History of Psychiatric Disorders. (London: Athlone Press).

  Briggs, E.S. and Price, I.R. (2009). The Relationship between Adverse Childhood Experience and Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms and Beliefs: The Role of Anxiety, Depression, and Experiential Avoidance. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23: 1037–1046.

  Cath, D.C., van Grootheest, D.S., Willemsen, G., van Oppen, P., and Boomsma, D.I. (2008). Environmental Factors in Obsessive-Compulsive Behavior: Evidence from Discordant and Concordant Monozygotic Twins. Behavior Genetics, 38: 108–120.

  Dougherty, D.D., Baer, L., Cosgrove, G.R., Cassem, E.H., Price, B.H., Nierenberg, A.A., Jenike, M.A., and Rauch, S.L. (2002). Prospective Long-Term Follow-Up of 44 Patients who Received Cingulotomy for Treatment-Refractory Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159: 269–275.

  K
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  Klinger, E. (1996). The Contents of Thoughts: Interference as the Downside of Adaptive Normal Mechanisms in Thought Flow. In I. G. Sarason, G. R. Pierce, and B. R. Sarason (eds.), Cognitive Interference: Theories, Methods, and Findings. (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates).

  Mataix-Cols, D., Wooderson, S., Lawrence, N., Brammer, M.J., Speckens, A., and Phillips, M.L. (2004). Distinct Neural Correlates of Washing, Checking, and Hoarding Symptom Dimensions in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61: 564–576.