Moral Origins

by Christopher Boehm

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  INDEX

  Aché safety net study 294–298, 301–303, 305

  adultery, see deviants

  Africa 14, 76, 79, 89, 102, 106, 118, 124, 131, 145, 160

  aggression (see also dominance) 72, 111, 130, 152, 166, 168, 196, 209, 236, 256, 308, 310, 321, 374

  Alexander, R. D. 30–31, 63–64, 166–167, 179–180, 187–188, 193–194, 209, 269, 293–295, 298, 308, 363–368, 374–376, 380–382, 385

  alpha males 23, 68, 95–96, 107, 111–112, 125, 138, 150–151, 156–157, 160, 162–163, 167, 366

  big-shot behavior 70, 240–241, 249, 294

  rebellion against 96, 99, 112–113, 130, 148, 150–151, 154, 156–157, 244

  altruism, biological (see also evolutionary theory; reciprocity) 52–53, 167, 184–190, 200–201, 264, 273, 276, 278, 289–290, 298, 303–304, 308, 313, 324, 329, 332, 349, 365–367, 369, 381, 385

  definition of 9, 55, 61

  genetics of 7–8, 59–60, 62, 65, 67, 69, 73–74, 166, 179, 184, 193–194, 199, 205, 211, 305–306, 310, 318, 322, 327, 331

  sacrifice 9, 12–13, 47

  theory of (see also Alexander R. D.; Trivers, R.; Williams, G.; Wilson, D. S.; Wilson, E. O.) 7–9, 13, 55, 57, 59–60, 69, 73, 80, 83, 91, 136, 176, 178, 180, 197, 205, 209–211, 217–218

  altruistic behavior (see also generosity) 59, 65, 73, 182, 187, 191–192, 194, 226, 234, 236, 272, 280, 294, 328

  American Sign Language (ASL) 116, 118–119, 121, 124, 126

  anatomically modern humans 82, 322, 339

  ancestors (see also Ancestral Pan; Common Ancestor) 23, 66, 90, 92, 97, 131, 133, 245, 268, 312

  Ancestral Pan 90–95, 100–101, 108, 113, 130, 133–136, 141, 147, 151–154, 160–161, 169, 210, 235, 308, 312, 319, 329–330, 349, 358

  anger, see emotions

  antisocial behavior 30, 128–129, 152

  apes, see bonobos; chimpanzees; gorillas

  archaeologists 76, 78, 98, 319

  archaic Homo sapiens 99, 134, 141–142, 144–146, 152, 155–156, 160–161, 163, 169, 312–313, 320, 336, 339

  arrows 253, 255, 259–262

  poisoned 259, 261, 352

  ASL, see American Sign Language

  authority 24, 34, 107–108, 255–256, 344

  balance of power 351, 355

  Balikci, A. 252, 256–257, 369, 374–376, 378–379, 385

  banishment, see punishment

  Batson, D. 364–366, 385

  biology 34, 56, 130, 332, 367, 385

  Biology of Moral Systems 166, 193

  Bird, D. W. 367, 376, 380

  Bird, R. B. 367, 376, 380

  blushing (see also emotions) 14, 20, 23, 32, 91, 98, 119–120, 130, 169, 173, 176, 223, 235, 321, 328–329, 339

  Boehm, C. 192, 203, 361, 364–366, 368–383

  Boesch, C. 372, 382

  Boesch-Achermann, H. 372

  bonobos 87, 91, 94–97, 100–101, 103, 107, 109–111, 113, 115–116, 119, 128, 130, 133, 137–141, 143, 151, 161, 169, 312, 318, 330, 382

  females 110–111

  males 108, 110, 122, 134, 148

  Bowles, S. 73, 327, 361–362, 364, 367–369, 372, 379, 382

  Boyd, R. 366, 368, 370, 375, 380

  brain functions 13–14, 23–24, 29, 31, 75, 78, 81, 101, 144–145, 153, 164, 172–173, 186, 212, 224, 279, 313, 315, 320–321, 333

  Briggs, J. 70–71, 216, 218, 224–226, 234, 246, 248, 368, 376–379

  bullies, see free riders

  Burroughs, W. J. 369, 372, 379, 383

  Bushmen (see also !Kung) 44, 46, 70, 78, 107, 109, 158, 189, 216, 218, 233, 253–254, 256, 258, 260, 268, 282, 287, 294, 376, 378

  Campbell, D. T. 191, 218, 363–366, 372–376, 381–382

  capital punishment, see punishment

  captive apes 105, 110–111, 115, 117, 121, 244

  Cephu (Pygmy) 37–47, 68, 73, 195, 199, 201, 208, 237, 244, 246, 263, 365

  cheaters, see free riders

  children 11–12, 25–26, 31, 35, 38, 42, 53, 58, 69, 98–99, 116–120, 124, 141, 171, 174, 186, 216, 218, 223–231, 233–236, 250, 252, 259, 277, 281–282, 288, 326, 348, 377

  inequality aversion 69, 327, 332

  infants 24, 224, 226, 228–229, 231–233

  moral socialization 118, 218, 222–224, 226, 234

  offspring 8, 56, 61, 86, 97, 118, 200, 204, 277, 307, 330, 366–367

  chimpanzees 21, 37, 87, 89–91, 94, 100–105, 108, 110–113, 115–118, 120, 122, 124, 128, 130, 133–134, 137–139, 143, 151, 161, 271, 312, 318, 321, 330, 355

  conflict management 120

  dominance behavior 95, 107–108

  females 104, 110, 112, 244

  intergroup behavior 93–94

  males 107, 111, 148, 356

  meat sharing, see sharing

  sexual behavior 97

  subordinate coalitions 96

  coding categories 190–191, 196–197, 202

  coevolution, see evolutionary theory (see also tweaking)

  Cold War 345, 351, 354

  Common Ancestor 84, 91–95, 97–101, 108, 115–116, 129, 136, 147

  community 9, 34, 111, 148, 201, 257, 264, 349, 351–352, 378

  conflict management 11, 15, 18, 44, 51, 77, 120, 134, 150, 155, 190, 193, 195, 209, 214, 242, 245, 247, 253–258, 265, 267, 272–273, 282, 289, 325, 333, 344–345, 347, 349, 351–353, 355, 357–359

  conscience (see also evolutionary conscience) 6, 13–14, 20, 22, 25, 27, 29–33, 55, 69, 73, 87, 93, 104, 114, 125, 128, 131, 149, 151–152, 164–165, 169, 172–175, 199, 201–203, 210, 223, 226, 242, 277, 289, 308–310, 318, 320, 324, 326, 329–330, 333, 339–340, 352

  inner voice vii, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17–18, 28, 32, 115

  self control 23, 29, 70–72, 130, 157, 161, 163, 168, 173, 176–177, 179, 264, 312, 319, 321

  and shame (see also emotions) 211, 317

  cooperation (see also hunting) 9, 11, 15, 18, 33–34, 37, 50–51, 53, 57, 60–63, 65, 80, 87, 167, 182, 185, 190, 192–194, 200, 203, 241, 247, 291, 302, 305, 311–312, 329–330, 334–335, 343, 381, 385

  costly signaling, see evolutionary theory

  criticism, see social control

  cultural transmission 99, 370

  culturally modern humans 17, 76, 79, 82, 87, 98, 135, 145–146, 154, 159, 163, 272, 289, 291, 301, 322, 360

  Damasio, A. 365, 370

  Darwin, C. vii, 2–9, 11–18, 20–21, 28, 30, 32, 53–55, 60, 100, 115, 118–119, 131, 162, 164–165, 173, 175, 179, 194, 212, 234, 316–317, 323–328, 331, 340–341, 363–366, 370, 374–375, 385

  de Waal, F. 6, 105, 111–112, 121, 129, 185, 244, 325, 36
1–364, 366, 370–372, 374, 380, 382

  death 59, 130, 147–148, 169, 172, 186, 227, 229, 261, 332, 360

  deviants (see also free riders; psychopaths) 15, 35, 42, 74, 85, 87, 104, 122, 129, 149, 165, 175, 177, 199, 203, 208, 215–216, 239, 244, 246, 252, 260–261, 263–265, 349–350

  adultery 32, 62, 65, 73, 174, 256–258

  bullies, see free riders

  cheaters, see free riders

  incest 46, 84, 171–172, 202, 235, 250–251, 257, 316, 324

  serious deviants 109, 112, 114, 157, 207

  thieves, see free riders

  docility selection, see evolutionary theory

  dogs, lack of conscience in 21–23, 122

  dominance behavior (see also aggression) 23, 66, 71–72, 86, 95, 107–108, 110, 113, 161, 172, 177, 235–236, 310, 330

  Draper, P. 376–378

  Durkheim, É. 68, 177, 184, 214, 243, 371, 374, 376

  egalitarian bands 10, 36, 66, 68, 70, 86, 204, 240, 263, 265, 304, 348, 356–357, 380

  egalitarianism (see also inequality aversion; subordinate coalitions) 10, 28–29, 35–37, 42–44, 46–47, 55, 66–72, 79–82, 85–86, 96, 106, 109, 142, 150–151, 153–159, 161, 163, 192, 201, 204, 214, 227, 235, 240, 249, 255, 260, 263, 265, 304, 308–309, 319–321, 323, 327, 336, 338, 340, 345–346, 348, 354–358, 380

  vigilance 69, 114, 160, 202, 204–205, 314

  egoism, biological (see also evolutionary theory) 10, 56, 142, 187, 267, 272–275, 277–278, 280, 290, 330, 335

  emotions 20, 23, 25–27, 29–30, 55, 83, 120–121, 123, 173, 201, 221, 224–225, 282, 294, 324, 364

  anger 85, 118, 222, 247–249, 254, 282

  empathy 18, 24–26, 29, 32–33, 55, 125, 129, 185, 277, 302, 325, 340, 359, 364, 366, 371, 385

  guilt 19–21, 116, 124–125, 208, 364

  indignation 44, 46, 112, 129

  moral emotions 21, 25–26, 100, 119, 123, 129, 217, 220, 233, 324, 326

  outrage 28–29, 35, 47, 67, 69, 72, 79, 81, 85–87, 96, 106–107, 109, 150–151, 153–154, 156–158, 161, 163, 177, 201, 227, 255, 260, 308–309, 319–320, 338, 345, 354–355, 358

  remorse 20, 23, 25, 27, 29, 120–121, 123

  shame 1, 14, 19–23, 25, 27, 31–33, 43, 87, 91, 101, 106, 116, 120, 122, 124, 128–130, 157, 169, 173, 176, 200, 211, 223, 233, 235, 254, 270, 317, 322–323, 328, 364

  sympathy 6–7, 13, 26, 32–33, 55, 58, 98, 129, 139, 141, 185, 210–211, 226, 263, 290, 294, 302, 305, 340, 348–349, 352, 364