empathy, see emotions
environments 2–3, 76, 80, 82, 102, 268, 317, 364, 379
ethnocentrism 19, 135–136, 357, 359
ethnographers 72, 77, 83, 85, 191, 216, 218, 223, 282, 300–301
ethnographies 14, 80, 192, 201, 206, 214–216, 254, 258, 280, 294, 300, 326
ethos 71, 214, 221, 300
evolutionary conscience (see also conscience; protoconscience) 15, 30, 37, 53, 68, 71, 83, 98, 100, 106, 113, 129–130, 155, 157, 162, 168, 170, 175–176, 241, 291, 311–313, 322, 336
evolutionary economists (see also Bowles, S.; Fehr, E.; Gintis, H.) 9, 326–327
evolutionary theory (see also altruism; egoism; nepotism) 6, 9, 30, 54, 59, 63, 65–66, 73–74, 94, 98, 100, 129, 136, 141, 152–153, 157, 163, 173, 180, 209, 295, 297, 301, 304, 320, 325, 327, 330, 339, 373, 385
coevolution 234
costly signaling 189, 328, 367, 381
docility selection 2, 58–59, 339
evolutionary scenarios 5, 144, 153, 161, 264, 321–322, 328, 340
evolutionary scholars 54–55, 57, 65, 204, 209
focus (in genetic selection) 9, 16, 164, 191, 223, 240, 300, 303, 322, 324–325
free-rider suppression, see free riders
group selection 9, 30, 54, 59, 66, 94, 98, 100, 129, 152–153, 163, 173, 301, 320, 327, 330, 339, 373, 385
kin selection 8, 11, 53, 55–57, 194, 295, 304, 325, 339, 366, 380, 385
misplaced nepotism 6, 327, 330, 339, 373, 385
mutualism 62, 204, 209, 305, 339
punctuated evolution 162, 279, 316
reciprocal altruism 63, 65, 73–74, 163, 180, 209, 295, 301, 304, 325, 339, 385
runaway selection 188, 307
selection-by-reputation vii, 64, 74, 293–295, 297, 299, 301, 303, 305–307, 309, 311, 313
executions, see punishment
exile, see punishment
exploitation 25–26, 36, 66, 131, 142, 196–197, 248
extrafamilial generosity, see generosity
families, see kinship
famine (see also scarcity) 77, 81, 87, 268, 272, 274–275, 277–279, 289, 291
normal subsistence 268, 276, 290, 334
Fehr, E. 365, 368, 375, 382
females 26, 61, 65, 85–86, 97, 107–108, 110–112, 125, 137, 140, 144, 166, 179, 188, 246, 254, 307, 309, 319–320, 336, 366
fieldwork 70, 186, 206, 214, 223
fights 138–139, 257, 260, 262, 271, 288, 299, 352, 366
fitness, see reproductive success
Flack, J. 363–364, 366, 370–374, 381–382
flexibility in adaptation 212, 276–277, 289, 291, 334, 358
focus (in genetic selection), see evolutionary theory
foragers (see also Late-Pleistocene-appropriate [LPA] foraging societies) 4, 34, 36, 38, 46–47, 53, 61–62, 75–82, 96, 109–111, 134, 137, 141, 146, 158–159, 164, 169, 180, 186, 189, 195, 199, 202, 205, 207, 214, 223, 227–228, 233, 259, 270, 275, 277–278, 289, 291, 295, 298, 300, 304, 322
Frank, R. 365, 368, 382
free riders (see also deviants) vii, 9, 13, 16–17, 49, 51, 53–55, 57, 59–61, 63–69, 71–74, 83, 152, 180, 184, 189, 194–195, 197, 199–207, 210, 241, 264, 305, 308–311, 313, 318–319, 321, 327, 368
bullies 64, 66–67, 69, 72, 152, 156, 159, 166, 169, 195–197, 201–202, 204, 206–207, 210, 236–237, 241–242, 245, 308–313
cheaters 11, 34, 38, 54, 60–64, 66–69, 80, 86, 99, 155, 161, 163, 166–168, 194, 196, 200, 202, 221, 236–237, 241–242, 262, 290, 308–311, 313, 320
the free rider problem 54, 60, 68, 194, 197, 207
genes 201, 204, 206
suppression of 13, 17, 64, 69, 73–74, 83, 202, 204, 206, 241, 305, 308, 313, 318, 327, 368
thieves 34, 64, 67, 80, 86, 99, 152–153, 161, 163, 167, 293, 308, 313, 320
Gallup, G. 103–104, 370, 377
game theory 205, 303, 326
games 224–225, 235–236, 270, 351
gang attacks 95, 138, 140, 147–148, 165
Gardner, P. 370–371
gene frequencies 75, 166, 200, 294
generosity (see also altruism) 7–8, 15, 34, 49–58, 65, 67, 69, 140, 182, 187–189, 193, 214–215, 219–220, 246, 264, 270, 273–274, 278, 280–281, 287, 289, 291, 294, 297–302, 304–305, 314, 326, 333, 335, 347–349, 352, 354, 359, 380
beneficence 9, 293–295
donations 56, 181–183, 296
extrafamilial 9–11, 17–18, 51, 54–55, 57, 60, 62–64, 72, 74, 190–192, 204, 210–211, 271–272, 290, 323, 329, 331, 333–334, 340
genes (see also reproductive success) 10–11, 29, 43, 50, 58, 60, 70, 80, 94, 98–99, 140, 147, 166, 176, 184, 210, 217–218, 234–235, 316–317, 331, 333, 354, 367
aggressive genes 331
gene pools 3–4, 15–17, 54, 64, 74–75, 87, 93, 159, 169, 178, 194, 196, 199–200, 237, 276, 292, 306, 331–332, 335, 338, 341, 343, 362, 374
genotypes 15, 161, 165, 200
phenotypes 65, 67, 69, 165, 173, 200–201, 363
traits 18, 28, 64, 97, 102, 164, 179, 189, 197, 299, 308, 339
genome 83, 90, 305, 339
genotypes, see genes
Gintis, H. 217, 364–367, 372, 376, 382
global community of nations 335, 345, 348–349
golden rules (see also altruism) 10, 49–50, 54, 180, 294, 302, 312, 314, 331, 357, 359
Gombe 36, 58, 102–103, 105, 117, 125, 137–138, 148, 361, 382
Goodall, J. 36, 58, 102, 117, 126, 138, 189, 362, 371–373, 378
gorillas 90–91, 93, 95–97, 101, 103, 107–108, 110, 113, 115–116, 118, 125, 133, 136, 147
gossip, see social control
Greedy Individuals, see Aché safety net study
group consensus 35, 39, 67, 195
group dynamics 208
group leader 109, 193
group punishment, see punishment
group selection (see also natural selection) 11–12, 59–60, 63, 65, 73–74, 136, 156, 163, 194, 209–210, 304, 326–327, 329, 339–340, 368, 380–381
Darwin and 134
models of 13, 65, 194, 305, 325, 368
guilt, see emotions
Gurven, M. 366–367, 369, 374, 380, 385
Hadza 219–220, 299, 301, 306, 380
Haidt, J. 173, 361–362, 374, 378
Hare, R. 27, 29, 40, 45, 365
Hewlett, B. 372, 377
Hill, K. 36, 367–369, 372, 375, 380, 385
historical analysis (see also natural history) 17, 324–325
Homo erectus 145–146, 153–154, 163, 312, 339
Homo habilis 145
homology 93–95, 329–330, 370
Hrdy, S. 370, 372, 374, 376, 382
human nature 10, 14, 53, 74–75, 83, 162, 178, 191, 253, 267, 273, 325–327, 335, 343, 358, 360
hunger, see famine
hunter-gatherers 20, 31, 34, 36, 42, 45, 52, 63, 68, 107, 143, 178, 184, 189–191, 193, 199, 206–208, 211, 214, 216, 218, 234, 239, 245, 255, 273, 276, 279–281, 294, 298, 301–302, 306, 332–334, 376
bands 51, 55, 57, 96, 141, 166, 183, 240, 335, 346, 355, 357
hunters (large game) 37, 41–42, 44, 47, 50, 61, 96, 142, 150, 160, 185, 207, 219, 260, 263, 269, 299, 303, 320, 346, 348, 355–356
hunting (large game) 38–40, 43, 62, 79, 136–139, 141–142, 145–146, 149, 152–153, 155–156, 162–163, 171, 188, 216, 230, 257, 275, 277, 312, 317, 320, 336
hunting, cooperative 139, 141
hypotheses 64, 116, 152, 156, 168, 170, 176, 279, 297, 306–308, 312–313, 317, 319–321, 338, 366
moral origins 7, 151–153, 155, 157, 161
working hypotheses 131, 144, 149, 151, 165, 195, 328, 340
incest, see deviants
indignation, see emotions
indirect reciprocity, see reciprocity
inequality aversion 69, 327, 332
infants, see children
informants 171, 256–257, 260–261, 300
internalization of rules, see rules
; intimidation (see also dominance; aggression) 47, 54, 65, 67, 71–72, 84–86, 108, 151–153, 196–197, 199–200, 207–208, 241, 244, 260, 311
Inuit (see also Inuttiaq; Kokonwatsiark) 70, 72, 192, 196, 198, 203, 215–216, 224–225, 230, 233–234, 256, 258, 271, 273–274, 309, 376
Inuttiaq (Inuit) 71–72, 241, 247–248, 309–310
joking 64, 71–72, 183, 254, 257
Kaplan, H. 367, 372
Keeley, L. 274, 369, 372, 375, 379, 382
Kelly, Raymond 369, 373, 382
Kelly, Robert 189, 297–298, 364, 369, 372–376, 380
Kiehl, K. 29, 40, 45, 365
killing (see also murder; punishment) 83, 165, 207
bonobos 110
chimpanzees 111
humans 26, 29, 47, 85, 99, 158–159, 253–255, 258–261, 263, 313, 346, 350, 377
kin selection, see evolutionary theory
kinship 8, 21, 144, 339
families 8, 10, 35–38, 41, 44, 50, 53, 63, 74, 80–82, 98–99, 131, 142, 144, 171, 184–187, 207, 216, 234, 246–247, 252, 258, 267–268, 270–272, 275–280, 285–286, 289–291, 304–305, 331–334, 338
kin groups 44, 279, 380
kinsmen 37, 56, 87, 159, 207, 252, 259, 261
nonkin 9, 11, 56–60, 140, 180, 182–183, 191–192, 272, 275, 277–278, 289, 293, 305, 339, 364
relatives 9, 39, 42, 60, 183, 192, 207, 209, 222, 259–260, 262, 305
unrelated families 10, 53, 80, 194, 269–270
Klein, R. 369–370, 372–373, 381
Knauft, B. 373, 378
Koko (gorilla) 125–128
Kokonwatsiark (Inuit) 252
Konner, M. 228, 376–377
!Kung (see also Bushmen) 43, 63, 77, 215, 227, 240, 253–256, 260–261, 272, 281, 300, 304–306, 366
Lamb, M. E. 377
Lamb, S. 370, 376–377
language (see also American Sign Language) 35–36, 43, 52, 64, 67, 77, 102, 104, 116, 118, 235, 244, 318, 332, 350
body language 21, 23, 125, 244
evolution of 20, 43, 52, 67, 77, 102, 104, 118, 235, 244, 318, 332
used in social control, see social control
vocabularies 119–121, 124
large game (see also sharing) 37, 51, 61, 80, 82, 109, 140, 153, 155, 157, 159–160, 182, 185, 195, 221, 246, 268, 274, 303, 352
carcasses 44, 96, 137–139, 141, 143, 151–152, 156, 160–161, 211, 221, 268, 271, 319, 334, 381
hunting (see also hunting) 18, 38, 131, 137, 143–144, 146, 148, 151, 154–155, 157, 162–163, 268, 340, 358
meat possessors 138, 140
Late-Pleistocene-appropriate (LPA) foraging societies 82, 99, 143, 156, 163, 189, 191, 197, 218–220, 224, 227, 235, 247, 255, 258–259, 262, 268, 271–272, 281, 289, 291, 298, 301, 305, 311, 316, 332, 351
definition of 79–80
LPA research project 362
Leacock, E. 219–220, 376
least common denominators 113, 134, 141, 147
Lee, R. B. 43, 254–256, 258–260, 365, 368–369, 371, 373, 375–376, 378–379
LPA foragers, see Late-Pleistocene-appropriate foraging societies
Lucy (chimpanzee) 102–103, 119, 121–122, 124–125
Manyalibo (Pygmy) 39–40, 42
Marlowe, F. 299–300, 367, 369, 375, 380
marriage 15, 61, 64, 73–74, 87, 174, 187–188, 250, 294, 298–300, 304–305
pair bonding 61–62, 108, 139, 247, 304, 306, 313
spouses 297, 299–300
Mayr, E. 16, 317, 364, 367, 381–382
Mead, G. H. 101, 370
meat possessors, see large game
meat sharing, see sharing
monkeys 89, 103, 138, 366
Montenegro 214, 223, 240
moral beliefs 34, 80, 118, 157, 289, 291
moral codes 31, 34, 135, 175, 211
moral communities 37, 41, 100, 104, 114, 213–215, 235, 245, 323, 343–344, 346–349, 351, 353, 357
moral consensus 34, 177, 245
moral development 218, 227, 235
moral dilemmas 115, 174, 216, 224, 226, 228, 234, 263, 332
hypothetical 31, 121, 224, 233
stressful 230, 234
moral evolution vii, 17, 24, 87, 89, 95, 99, 131, 134, 136, 169–170, 173, 176, 179, 209–210, 244, 312–313, 322–323, 325–326, 330, 336–338, 360
moral flexibility 95, 176
moral majorities 169, 251, 263, 347
moral malfeasance 251, 253
moral nature 326, 337, 360
moral origins 1, 94, 133, 151, 155, 161, 169, 172, 247, 316–317, 322–323, 343, 370
moral reputations 32, 50, 104, 114, 131, 165, 175, 177, 203, 242, 263, 276
moral systems 114, 166, 193, 345, 385
morality 5, 7, 12–15, 17, 29, 33, 44, 99, 106, 134, 136, 175, 239, 321–322, 325, 329, 339, 347, 359
morals vii, 17, 24, 100, 115, 122, 131, 202, 213, 216, 223, 316, 318, 323–324, 326–327
murder (see also killing) 26, 34, 71, 84, 107, 196–197, 202, 252–255, 257–260, 263
mutualism, see evolutionary theory
myths, see stories
natural history (see also historical analysis) 102, 311, 325–327
natural selection (see also evolutionary theory) 5, 7, 12–13, 53–54, 56, 64–65, 92, 94, 101, 143, 162, 168, 172–173, 176, 180, 184, 187–188, 276–277, 279, 289, 293, 298, 301, 304, 313, 316–317, 326, 329, 332–333, 367, 381
hereditary variation 2–4
sexual selection 64, 74, 163–164, 166, 306–307
social evolution 13, 324
social selection (see also evolutionary theory; punitive social selection) vii, 15–17, 33, 63, 73–74, 80, 83, 87, 131, 136, 147, 149, 152, 156–157, 163–167, 169, 178–179, 181, 183, 185, 187–189, 191, 193–195, 197, 199, 201, 203, 205, 207, 209–211, 237, 306, 308, 312, 321, 331, 334, 339
Ne’er-Do-Wells, see Aché safety net study
nepotism, biological (see also evolutionary theory) 9–11, 13, 53, 56–57, 83, 142, 187, 267, 272–274, 276–278, 280, 290, 333–334
Nesse, R. 364, 374, 381
Netsilik 77, 192, 215–216, 252, 255, 257–258, 268–269, 274, 277, 280, 289, 303
Nisa (!Kung) 215, 226, 228–234, 281–283, 285–288, 294
ostracism, see punishment
out-groupers 94, 135
outrage, see emotions
Pan species, see Ancestral Pan (see also bonobos; chimpanzees)
parents 8, 24, 50, 86, 99, 107, 118, 170, 187, 250, 258, 277, 299–300
fathers 86, 97, 124, 222, 229–230, 232, 262, 283–284, 286, 365
mothers 57, 97–98, 110, 117–118, 140, 174, 228–233, 235–236, 251, 262, 281–287, 330
Parker, I. 371, 373
partnerships 8, 15, 61–63, 73, 139, 149, 165, 194, 200, 269, 294, 301, 303, 305–306, 379
peers 30, 34, 46–47, 55, 67–68, 72, 86, 97, 99, 106, 175, 177, 226, 253
Peterson, N. 370, 372–375, 379
phenotypes, see genes
Philanthropists, see Aché safety net study
plant foods 92, 146, 216, 274–276, 291, 317
Pleistocene 76, 136, 278, 291, 337, 343, 353
Pleistocene, Late 34, 65, 76, 78, 81, 95, 135–136, 213, 276, 289–290, 292, 304, 327, 360
preadaptations 94–95, 101, 106, 152–153, 304, 317, 325, 330
building blocks 89, 92, 129, 317, 325, 329–330
predecessors 14, 18, 75–76, 90–91, 109, 135
prefrontal cortex 24–25, 27, 100, 173
premodern humans 106, 131, 144, 150, 155, 161, 169, 245, 308, 319
protoconscience 161, 168–169, 312, 318
psychology, evolutionary 324–326, 385
psychopaths (see also deviants) 25–29, 40, 44–45, 68, 129, 175
public opinion, see social control
punctuated evolution, see evolutionary theory
punishment 15, 17, 19, 21–23, 26, 31–32, 34, 62, 72, 75, 122, 124–125, 149, 152–153, 172, 195, 202–203, 205–211, 217, 22
1, 242, 282, 287, 291, 311, 319, 326–327, 331
banishment 46–47, 67–68, 87, 148, 169, 200–201, 237, 249, 350
capital punishment 28, 35, 42, 46–47, 56, 67, 84–87, 96, 111, 147, 156, 158–159, 162–163, 165, 168, 197, 199–200, 207, 240–241, 249, 252–253, 257–261, 263–264, 309, 324, 329, 350
ostracism 35, 46, 67, 86, 107, 167, 200, 216, 247–249, 251, 350, 378
physical punishment 118, 199, 227, 229, 286
punitive social selection (see also natural selection) 83, 95, 157, 162, 164–165, 167–168, 173, 197, 200, 317, 321, 333
Pygmies (see also Manyalibo; Cephu) 39–40, 42
quarrels 110, 138, 160, 256–259, 271
reciprocity 49, 61, 302
indirect reciprocity 50–51, 61, 63–64, 166–167, 179, 181–187, 193, 211–212, 214, 269, 273, 289–291, 302, 307–308, 311, 348, 352
reciprocal altruism, see evolutionary theory
remorse, see emotions
reproductive success 31, 86, 114, 164, 167–168, 188, 263, 296–297, 307, 333–334
costs 8, 57, 60–61, 63, 68, 149, 185, 187–188, 193, 197, 205–207, 241, 271, 381
fitness 7–8, 15, 28, 30–31, 55, 65–66, 68, 86, 114, 130, 148–149, 152, 159, 162, 164, 188–189, 226, 245, 264, 305–310, 328, 334
reputation (see also evolutionary theory) 167, 176, 187–188, 197, 200, 203, 209–210, 221, 243, 270, 297–300, 303
bad reputation 167, 211, 303
generous reputation 73, 295–296
social reputation 31–32, 64, 114, 183–184, 239, 294, 301
rewards, see social rewards
Richerson, P.J. 366, 368, 370, 380
ridicule, see social control
risks 12, 68, 118, 189, 193, 205, 207, 308, 347, 349, 353
rules 8, 21–24, 27–28, 38, 45, 49, 51, 101, 106–108, 111, 114–116, 122, 128–129, 141, 169, 172–173, 175, 180, 187, 200, 218–220, 228, 233, 235–237, 244, 272, 289, 293, 312, 328, 333, 344, 346
behavioral rules 113, 225
group rules 17, 27, 30, 34, 42, 68, 113–114, 176, 216–217, 313
internalization of rules 29, 32, 68, 152, 157, 176, 221, 223, 227, 236, 245, 321
moral rules 26, 31, 33, 35, 37, 277
social rules 98–99, 130
runaway selection, see evolutionary theory
sanctioning (see also punishment; social control; social rewards; subordinate coalitions) 41–42, 45, 67, 72, 83, 86, 122, 124, 155–156, 162–163, 165, 195, 197–198, 201–203, 206–209, 217, 220–221, 225, 239, 241–242, 244, 248, 251, 264–265, 268, 273, 311, 313, 325, 345
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