14 Fénélon, Correspondance Diplomatique, IV, pp. 438–9.
15 ‘Instructions for Walsingham’, 20 July 1572; TNA SP 70/124 fol. 99.
16 Digges, Compleat Ambassador, pp. 226–8.
17 Ibid., pp. 226–30; BL Harleian MS 260, fols 277–8.
18 Lettrès de Catherine de Medicis, IV, p. 111–2.
19 See A. G. Dickens, ‘The Elizabethans and St Bartholomew’, in A. Soman (ed.), The Massacre of St Bartholomew: reappraisals and documents (The Hague, 1974), pp. 52–70.
20 Nichols (ed.), Progresses of Queen Elizabeth, I, p. 321; CSP Span, 1568–79, p. 410.
21 CSP Dom, 1547–80, pp. 450–3. CSP Span, 1568–79, pp. 411–12.
22 Lodge (ed.), Illustrations of British History, I, p. 547.
23 Fénélon, Correspondance Diplomatique, V, pp. 123–8.
24 Wright (ed.), Queen Elizabeth and her Times, I, pp. 438–9.
25 Ellis (ed.), Original Letters, III, p. 25.
26 C. Read, Mr Secretary Walsingham and Queen Elizabeth, 3 vols (London, 1955), I, p. 239.
27 BL Add. MS 48049, fols 340r–357v, draft copy, and BL Cotton MS Titus F III, fols 302r–308v is Beale’s fair copy.
28 BL Cotton MS Titus F, III, fols 302r–308v.
29 CSP Span, 1568–79, p. 408.
30 Wright (ed.), Queen Elizabeth and her Times, I, p. 444–55.
31 Lodge (ed.), Illustrations of British History, I, pp. 550–1.
32 CSP Span, 1568–79, p. 429.
33 TNA SP 12/89 fol. 1572.
34 LPL MS 3197 fols 41–3, printed in Elizabeth I, Collected Works, pp. 212–14.
35 A fourme of common prayer to be vsed, and so commaunded by auctoritie of the Queenes Maiestie, and necessarie for the present tyme and state (London, 1572), B2v–B3v.
Chapter 25: Lewd Fantasy
1 CP 5/90. CP 5/62 printed in Haynes, Burghley State Papers, pp. 203–4, 208.
2 BL Lansdowne MS XV art. 43 in Correspondence of Matthew Parker, pp. 400–1.
3 Correspondence of Matthew Parker, p. 401.
4 See Eric St John Brooks, Sir Christopher Hatton: Queen Elizabeth’s Favourite (London, 1946).
5 BL Harleian MS 787, fol. 88.
6 Sir Harris Nicolas, Memoirs of the Life and Times of Sir Christopher Hatton (London, 1847), pp. 23–4.
7 Ibid., pp. 25–6.
8 Ibid., pp. 26, 155.
9 Ibid., p. 17.
10 LPL, MS 3197, fol. 79.
11 Gervase Holles, ‘Memorials of the Holles Family, 1493–1663’, ed. A. C. Wood, Camden Society, 3rd series, 55 (London, 1937), p. 70.
12 LPL, MS 3197, fol. 79.
13 ‘A letter from Robert, Earl of Leicester, to a lady’, ed. C. Read, Huntington Library Bulletin, 9 (1936), pp. 23–5.
14 CKS, U, 1475/L 2/3 items 12–13.
Chapter 26: Blows and Evil Words
1 TNA C115/M15/7341. BL Lansdowne MS 59, no. 22, fol. 43; see W. J. Tighe, ‘Country into Court, Court into Country: John Scudamore of Holme Lacy (c. 1542–1623) and His Circles’, in Dale Hoak (ed.), Tudor Political Culture (Cambridge, 1995), pp. 157–78.
2 TNA E351/1795. She was now granted an improved annuity of £33 6s. 8d. She became the only lady of Elizabeth’s Privy Chamber to have left more than a few bits of correspondence, due largely to the survival of the great collection of Scudamore letters and papers in the National Archives.
3 Queen Elizabeth and Mary Shelton were both great-granddaughters of Sir William Boleyn of Blickling, Norfolk, which made them second cousins.
4 BL Egerton MS 2806, fol. 49. Warrant 28 September 1572; HMC Rutland, I, p. 107; BL Add. MS 11049, fol. 2. Brydges says the court is ‘full of malice and spite’.
5 TNA C 115/L2/6697, p. 47.
6 TNA C 115/M19/7543. This is 9 October 1576.
7 CKS, document dated July 1573.
8 CSP Dom, 1547–80, p. 442.
9 CSP Ireland, 1509–85, p. 160. TNA SP 63/36 art. 14.
10 BL Add. MS 15914, fol. 12.
11 BL Cotton MS Titus B, ii, fol. 302.
12 In 1561 Sussex had sought the Lord Presidency of Wales for himself and the appointment of Sir Henry Sidney, partly through Leicester’s influence, very much still rankled. BL Cotton MS Vespasian F, xii, fol. 179a.
13 BL Cotton MS Vespasian F, xii, fols 179–81; TNA SP 70/19.360; BL Cotton MS Titus B, ii, 152.
14 TNA SP 12, Warrant book, I; 83; TNA SP 40/1/83.
Chapter 27: Kenilworth
1 George Gascoigne, Princely Pleasures at Kenilworth Castle (London, 1576) printed in Nichols (ed.), Progresses of Queen Elizabeth, I, p. 492.
2 Ibid., pp. 426–522.
3 CSP Span, 1568–79, p. 498.
4 Robert Laneham’s Letter: Describing a Part of the Entertainment unto Queen Elizabeth at the Castle of Kenilworth in 1575, ed. F. J. Furnivall (New York, 1907).
5 Gascoigne, Princely Pleasures at Kenilworth Castle, pp. 426–522.
6 Carole Levin, ‘“Would I Could Give You Help and Succour”: Elizabeth I and the Politics of Touch’, Albion 21 (1989), pp. 191–205; Marc Bloch, The Royal Touch: Sacred Monarchy and Scrofula in England and France, trans. J. E. Anderson (London, 1973); Raymond Crawfurd, The King’s Evil (Oxford, 1911). The practice had been adopted by kings in England and France since the medieval period. Edward the Confessor was said to have been the first English king to heal scrofula by touch. See Reginald Scot, The Discoverie of Witchcraft (London, 1584), pp. 303–4.
7 William Tooker, Charisma sive Donum Sanationis (London, 1597), pp. 99–100.
8 See Janice Delaney, Mary Jane Lupton and Emily Toth, The Curse: A Cultural History of Menstruation (Chicago, 1988), p. 42 and Audrey Eccles, Obstetrics and Gynaecology in Tudor and Stuart England (London, 1982), pp. 49–51.
9 J. Andreas LÖwe, ‘Tooker, William (1553/4–1621)’, ODNB, 2004.
10 A Right Fruitful and Approved Treatise for the Artificial Cure of that Malady Called in Latin Stuma (London, 1602). See F. N. L. Poynter (ed.), Selected Writings of William Clowes (London, 1948), pp. 9–38.
11 Tooker, Charisma, pp. 90–2.
12 CSP Ven, 1592–1603, p. 238; Tooker, Charisma, pp. 94, 100.
13 See Susan Frye, Elizabeth I: The Competition for Representation (Oxford, 1993), pp. 70–2.
14 CSP Span, 1558–67, pp. 404–5.
15 See Nichols (ed.), Progresses of Queen Elizabeth, vol. I, pp. 521–2.
Chapter 28: Badness of Belief
1 John Bossy, The English Catholic Community 1570–1850 (London, 1975); Patrick McGrath, ‘Elizabethan Catholicism: A Reconsideration’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 35 (1984), pp. 414–28. Peter Lake and Michael Questier, ‘Prisons, Priests and People in Post-Reformation England’, in Nicholas Tyacke (ed.), England’s Long Reformation 1500–1800 (London, 1998), pp. 195–223.
2 C. Haigh, ‘The continuity of Catholicism in the English reformation’, in C. Haigh (ed.), The English Reformation Revised (Cambridge, 1987), pp. 178–208; P. McGrath and J. Rowe, ‘The Marian priests under Elizabeth I’, Recusant History, 17 (1984), pp. 103–120.
3 TNA SP 12/118 fol. 105.
4 Zillah Dovey, An Elizabethan Progress: The Queen’s Journey into East Anglia, 1578 (Stroud, 1996), pp. 27–38. See Nichols (ed.) Progresses of Queen Elizabeth, II, pp. 5–15.
5 Lodge (ed.), Illustrations of British History, II, p. 187–91; Dovey, An Elizabethan Progress, pp. 53–6.
6 Lodge (ed.) Illustrations of British History, II, p. 187; P. Collinson, ‘Pulling the Strings: Religion and Politics in the Progress of 1578’, in Jayne Elizabeth Archer, Elizabeth Goldring and Sarah Knight, eds, The Progresses, Pageants and Entertainments of Queen Elizabeth (Oxford, 2007), pp. 122–41.
7 Ibid.
8 Nichols (ed.), Progresses of Queen Elizabeth, II, pp. 215–19.
9 Lodge (ed.), Illustrations of British History, II, pp. 187–91.
10 Dovey, An Elizabethan Progress, pp. 63–87.
11 CSP Span, 1568–79, p. 611, n. 524; G. L. Kittredge, Witch
craft in Old and New England (Harvard, 1929), pp. 87–8; C. F. Smith, John Dee (London, 1909), pp. 19–20; APC, 1577–8, p. 309. The sensational scandal featured in numerous contemporary publications, including Jean Bodin’s De la demonomanie des sorciers (Paris, 1587), sigs. i2r, Kk1v–2r.
12 APC, 1577–8, p. 309.
13 CSP Span, 1568–79, p. 611; APC, X, p. 309.
14 ‘The Compendious Rehearsal of John Dee’, pp. 521–2.
15 APC, 1578–80, p. 22; BL Cotton MS Vitellius C, VIII, fol. 7v.
16 CSP Span, 1568–79, p. 611; ‘The Compendious Rehearsal of John Dee’, pp. 521–2; see e.g. BL Sloane MS 3846, fols 95r, 98r for spells defending against witchcraft. APC, 1578–80, p. 22; BL Cotton MS Vitellius C, VII, fol. 7v.
17 APC, 1577–8, pp. 308–9.
18 TNA SP 12/140 fol. 78v. Collinson, ‘Pulling the Strings’, p. 141.
19 TNA SP 12/131 fol. 144; Richard Verstegan, The Copy of a Letter Sent from an English Gentleman, lately Become a Catholike beyond the Seas, to His Protestant Friend in England (Antwerp, 1589), p. 7. TNA SP 12/131/43.
20 APC, 1577–8, p. 328.
21 CSP Ven, 1558–80, pp. 509–10. CSP Foreign, 1572–4, p. 493.
22 TNA SP 12/126/7; BL Lansdowne MS 25, fols 146r–147r; TNA SP 12/178/74; TNA SP 12/195/32.
23 Verstegan, The Copy of a Letter, p. 7; A Transcript of the Registers of the Company of Stationers of London, 1554–1640 A.D., ed. Edward Arber, 5 vols (London, 1875–94), II, pp. 339–40.
24 APC, 1578–80, p. 22.
25 Ibid., pp. 36–7.
26 TNA SP 12/276/102; TNA SP 23/186/91, 92. Verstegan, The Copy of a Letter, p. 7.
27 TNA SP 12/131 fol. 144r; APC, 1578–80, pp. 102–3, p. 212.
28 Verstegan, The Copy of a Letter, p. 7; TNA SP 12/276/102, misdated 1600 in the CSP Domestic but clearly connected to 1578; J. A. Bossy, ‘English Catholics and the French Marriage, 1577–81’, Recusant History 5 (1959), pp. 2–16; and Thomas M. McCoog, ‘The English Jesuit Mission and the French Match, 1579–81’, The Catholic Historical Review, 87 (2007), pp. 185–213; TNA SP 12/186/91, 92.
29 Jean Bodin, De la Demonomanie des Sorciers (Anvers, 1580), sigs. E4v, Gg1r.
30 Longleat House, Dudley MS 3, fol. 61 r.
31 Nichols (ed.), Progresses of Queen Elizabeth, II. p. 252.
Chapter 29: Toothache
1 Memoirs of Sir Christopher Hatton, pp. 91–4. TNA SP 12/126/10.
2 Edward Fenton (ed.), The Diaries of John Dee (Oxford, 1988), pp. 4, 17; ‘The Compendious Rehearsal of John Dee’, p. 578.
3 Memoirs of Sir Christopher Hatton, pp. 93–4.
4 CSP Span, 1572–4, p. 493.
5 TNA SP 12/126/10.
6 Fenton (ed.), Diaries of John Dee, pp. 4, 18.
7 ‘The Compendious Rehearsal of John Dee’, ii, p. 522.
8 BLO Ashmole MS 487; BL Cotton MS Vitellius C. VII, fol. 7v; CSP Foreign, 1572–4, p. 493; BL Lansdowne MS 27, fols 90r–91v, Dr Antonio Fenot’s advice; BLO Ashmole MS 1447, pt. VII, p. 48.
9 BL Lansdowne MS 102, no. 94.
10 John Strype, Historical Collections of the Life and Acts of the right Reverend Father in God John Aylmer, Lord Bishop of London (Oxford, 1821), pp. 192–3.
11 Ibid., p. 193.
12 Ibid.
13 Nichols (ed.), Progresses of Queen Elizabeth, vol. II, p. 262.
14 Ibid., p. 255.
15 BL Cotton MS Vespasian F xii, fol. 179; CSP Span, 1568–79, pp. 681–2.
16 Collins (ed.), Letters and Memorials of State, I, p. 272; De l’Isle MS U1475 c7/7.
17 CSP Span, 1568–79, II, p. 682.
18 BL Lansdowne MS 29, fol. 161.
19 See Arnold, ‘Lost from Her Majesties Back’, p. 63.
20 ‘The Compendious Rehearsal of John Dee’, pp. 508, 510, 515, 522–3.
Chapter 30: Amorous Potions
1 Lettrès de Catherine de Medicis, VI, p. 14.
2 Lettenhove, Relations Politiques, X, pp. 662–3.
3 Ibid., pp. 774–5.
4 CP 148/12
5 BL Harleian MS, 1582, fols 46–52.
6 CP 148/25 printed in HMC Salisbury, II, p. 238.
7 Elizabeth I: Collected Works, p.157; CP 148/32.
8 TNA SP 83/7/73.
9 Lettenhove, Relations Politiques, X, pp. 536–5; IX, pp. 304–5.
10 CSP Ven, 1558–80, p. 628.
11 TNA 31/3/27 fols 217–19.
12 Lettenhove, Relations Politiques, X, pp. 799–801.
13 Thomas Churchyard, A discourse of the queens maiesties entertainment in Suffolk and Norfolk (London, 1578), quoted in Nichols (ed.), Progresses of Queen Elizabeth, II, pp. 222–3. David M. Bergeron, ‘The “I” of the Beholder: Thomas Churchyard and the 1578 Norwich Pageant’, in Jayne Elizabeth Archer, Elizabeth Goldring and Sarah Knight (eds), The Progresses, Pageants and Entertainment of Queen Elizabeth I, pp. 142–62.
14 CSP Span, 1568–79, p. 627.
15 TNA 31/3/27 fols 259–60, 282; CSP Span, 1568–79, p. 655; Lodge (ed.), Illustrations of British History, II, p. 141.
16 William Camden, Annales, p. 1579; see D. C. Peck (ed.), Leicester’s Commonwealth: The copy of a letter written by a Master of Arts of Cambridge (1584) and related documents (Ohio, 1985), p. 18.
17 Letter from Mauvissiere dated 7 September 1579, quoted in Read, Mr Secretary Walsingham, II, p. 19; TNA Baschet Transcripts.
18 CSP Foreign, 1578–9, p. 487.
19 Lettrès de Catherine de Medicis, VI, p. 112.
20 See Colección de Documentos, p. 359, trans. in CSP Span, 1568–79, pp. 658–9.
21 Lodge (ed.), Illustrations of British History, II, pp. 149–50.
22 CSP Span, 1568–79, p. 629.
23 CP 148/27; see HMC Salisbury, II, pp. 238–245, 250–2.
24 See S. Doran, Monarchy and Matrimony, p. 160.
25 Victor von Klarwill, The Fugger News Letters (London, 1926), p. 28; Nichols (ed.), Progresses of Queen Elizabeth, II, pp. 285–6. The ballad was written celebrating both Elizabeth’s courage in the face of danger and her mercy in pardoning the barge man. The Harleian Miscellany, eds Thomas Park and William Oldys (London, 1808–13), X, pp. 272–3.
26 CSP Span, 1568–79, p. 681.
27 D. C. Peck (ed.), Leicester’s Commonwealth, p. 92.
28 TNA SP 12/151/48, articles 6 and 7.
29 CSP Span, 1568–79, pp. 681–2.
30 A. Labanoff, Lettrès, Instructions et Mémoires de Marie Stuart, Reine d’Ecosse, 5 vols (Paris, 1844–54), V, pp. 94–5.
Chapter 31: Froggie Went A-Courtin’
1 J. M. B. C. Kervyn de Lettenhove, Les Huguenots et Les Gueux, 6 vols (Bruges, 1883–5), V, pp. 390–1; TRP III, pp. 141–2.
2 CSP Foreign, 1579–80, pp. 45, 48; CSP Span, 1568–79, p. 688; I. Cloulas, Correspondance du Nonce en France, Anselmo Dandino (1578–1581), Acta Nuntiaturae Gallicae, vol. VIII (Paris, 1970), pp. 465, 469, 472; G. Canestrini and A. Desjardins, Négociations Diplomatiques de la France avec la Toscane, 5 vols (Paris, 1865–75), IV, pp. 260, 261, 265; CSP Ven, 1558–80, pp. 667–8.
3 Elizabeth I: The Collected Works, pp. 243–4.
4 See Arnold, Queen Elizabeth’s Wardobe Unlock’d, pp. 75–6.
5 TNA 31/3/27 fol. 397; John Stubbs, The discoverie of a gaping gulf whereinto England is like to be swallowed by an other French marriage (London, 1579), sigs D8v–E6v, printed in Lloyd E. Berry (ed.), John Stubbs’s ‘Gaping Gulf’ with Letters and Other Relevant Documents (Charlottesville, Virginia, 1968). See Ilona Bell, “‘Soueraigne Lord of lordly Lady of this land”: Elizabeth, Stubbs and the Gaping Gulf’ in Julia M. Walker (ed.), Dissing Elizabeth. Negative Representations of Gloriana (Durham, NJ and London, 1998), pp. 99–117.
6 Berry (ed.), Gaping Gulf, p. 3.
7 Ibid., p. 68.
8 Ibid., p. 72.
9 TRP II pp. 445–9; Berry (ed.), Gaping Gulf, pp. 3–97. See also Natalie Mears, ‘Counsel, Public Debate and Queenship; John Stubbs’s The Discoverie of a Gaping Gulf, 1579’, The Histor
ical Journal, 44, 3 (2001), pp. 629–50.
10 See K. Barnes, ‘John Stubbs, 1579: The French Ambassador’s Account’, BIHR 64 (1991), pp. 421–6.
11 CSP Ven, 1558–80, p. 623.
12 The letter is printed in Katherine Duncan-Jones and Jan van Dorsten (eds), Miscellaneous Prose of Sir Philip Sidney (Oxford, 1973), pp. 33–7. In a letter to Hubert Languet on 22 October 1580, Sidney explained that he had been carrying out the intentions of others in writing the piece. S. A. Pears (ed.), The Correspondence of Sir Philip Sidney and Hubert Languet (London, 1845), p. 187.
13 CP 149/47 printed in HMC Salisbury, II, p. 265.
14 CSP Ven, 1558–80, p. 621.
15 TNA SP 78/3 fols 133–6.
16 Ibid., fol. 145.
17 Dudley Papers, III, fol. 43052.
18 Lettrès de Catherine de Medicis, VII, p. 261.
19 Wright (ed.), Queen Elizabeth and her Times, II, pp. 107–9.
20 Ibid., pp. 106–9.
21 Bibliothèque Nationale de Paris, Fonds FranÇais MS 3307, fol. 16.
22 Frederick A. Youngs, The Proclamations of the Tudor Queens (Cambridge, 1976), p. 208.
23 A Briefe Declaration of the Shews, Devices, Speeches and Inventions, Done & Performed before the Queenes Majestie & the French Ambassadours, at the Most Valiaunt and Worthye Triumph, Attempted and Executed on the Munday and Tuesday in Whitson Weeke Last, Anno 1581 Collected, Gathered, Penned & Published by Henry Goldwel, Gen (London, 1581).
24 TNA SP 78/5, no. 62.
25 CSP Span, 1580–6, p. 348.
26 Raumer, Contributions to Modern History, pp. 226–7.
27 M. A. S. Hume, The Courtships of Queen Elizabeth (London, 1904), pp. 211–12.
28 From a letter from Francis Anthony of Sousa to Diego Botelho in Antwerp in CSP Foreign, 1581–2, pp. 473–4.
29 CSP Span, 1568–79, p. 226–7. The Venetian ambassador in France repeated information provided by a servant of Anjou, 14 December 1581, Bibliothèque Nationale Italien MS 1732, fol. 230.
30 Ibid.
31 Canestrini and Desjardins, Négociations Diplomatiques, IV, p. 412.
32 Colección de Documentos, xcii, pp. 193–4, trans. in CSP Span, 1580–6, p. 229.
33 BL Harleian MS 6992, fol. 114r.
34 William Camden, Annales, III, p. 12.
35 Bibliothèque Nationale Italien MS 1732, fols 231–2.
36 Ibid.
37 See J. A. Froude, History of England from the fall of Wolsey to the defeat of the Spanish Armada, 12 vols (London, 1893), vol. II, p. 476.
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