38 See Nichols (ed.), Progresses of Queen Elizabeth, II, p. 346.
39 BL Cotton MS Galba E VI, fol. 155, printed in Elizabeth I: Collected Works, pp. 260–1.
40 TNA SP 78/10/79; see also CSP Foreign, 1583–4, pp. 218, 344.
41 See the OED ‘Sir-reverence’, sense 2, ‘Human excrement’. The earliest printed occurrence cited in OED is from Robert Greene, Ned Browne (1592); ‘His face … and his Necke, were all besmeared with the soft sirreverence, so as he stunck.’
42 CSP Foreign, 1583–4, p. 344.
43 See The Letters and Despatches of Richard Verstegan (c. 1550–1640), ed. A. G. Petti (London, 1959).
Chapter 32: Semper Eadem
1 Roy Strong, Gloriana: The Portraits of Queen Elizabeth I (London, 1987), pp. 98–9; see Susan Doran, ‘Virginity, Divinity and Power: The Portraits of Elizabeth I’ in Susan Doran and Thomas Freeman (eds), The Myth of Elizabeth (Basingstoke, 2003), pp. 171–199; A. and C. Belsey, ‘Icons of Divinity: Portraits of Elizabeth I’ in Renaissance Bodies: The human figure in English culture c.1540–1600, ed. Lucy Gent and Nigel Llewellyn (London, 1990), pp. 15–16; John N. King, ‘Queen Elizabeth I: Representations of the Virgin Queen’, Renaissance Quarterly 43 (1990), pp. 30–74. See also Roy Strong, The English Icon: Elizabethan and Jacobean Portraiture (London, 1969); Roy Strong, Portraits of Queen Elizabeth I (Oxford, 1963).
2 Printed in Elizabeth I: Collected Works, p. 194.
3 See The Secretes of the Reverende Maister Alexis of Piemount (London, 1558) for examples of popular Renaissance cosmetic recipes and ingredients.
4 Philip Stubbes, The Anatomies of Abuses (London, 1583), p. 37. See also Laurie A. Finke, ‘Painting Women: Images of Femininity in Jacobean Tragedy’, Theatre Journal, 36 (1984), pp. 357–70.
5 Thomas Drant, Two Sermons preached … the other at the Court of Windsor the Sonday after twelfth day being the viij of January, before in the yeare 1569 (London, 1570), sig. 15v.
6 Drant, Sermons, sig. 12v.
7 Father Rivers, ‘Letter of 13 January 1601’, in Henry Foley, Records of the English Province of the Society of Jesus: historic facts illustrative of the labours and sufferings of its members in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, 7 vols (London, 1877), vol. I, pp. 8, 24.
8 See Arnold, Queen Elizabeth’s Wardrobe Unlock’d, p. 23; Strong, Gloriana, p. 80.
Chapter 33: The Die Is Cast
1 See Alan Haynes, ‘The English Earthquake of 1580’, History Today (1979), pp. 542–4.
2 P. Lake and M. Questier, ‘Puritans, Papists and the “public sphere” in early modern England: the Campion affair in context’, Journal of Modern History, lxxii (2000), pp. 587–627.
3 The great bragge and challenge of M.Champion a Jesuite, commonlye called Edmunde Campion, lately arrived in Englande, contayninge nyne articles here severallye laide downe, directed by him to the Lordes of the Counsail (London, 1581).
4 TRP II: 481–4.
5 Neale, Elizabeth and her Parliaments, I, pp. 383–4.
6 Printed in Hartley (ed.), Proceedings in the Parliaments, I, p. 504. BL Sloane MS 326, fols 19–29.
7 23 Eliz. c.1, Statutes IV, 657–8.
8 TNA SP 83/29; 148/10.
9 23 Eliz c.2, Statutes IV, 659.
10 George Eliot, A very true report of the apprehension and taking of that Arche Papist Edmund Campion the Pope his right hand, with three other lewd Jesuite priests, and divers other Laie people, most seditious persons of like sort (London, 1581).
11 APC, 1581–2, pp. 144–5; Christopher Barker, A particular declaration or testimony, of the undutiful and traitorous affection borne against her Majestie by Edmond Campion Jesuite, and other condemned Priestes, witnessed by their owne confessions (London, 1582), sigs, B1r-b4v. See also Brian Harrison (ed.), A Tudor Journal: the Diary of a Priest in the Tower 1580–1585 (London, 2000); Howell, State trials, I, pp. 1049–72; William Allen, A Briefe Historie of the Glorious Matyrdom of XII Reverent Priests (Rheims, 1582).
12 Thomas Alfield, A true reporte of the death & martyrdome of M.Campion Jesuite and preiste, & M.Sherwin, & M. Bryan preistes, at Tiborne the first of December 1581 (1582).
13 Harrison (ed.), A Tudor Journal, pp. 208–9. For George Eliot’s submission to the Earl of Leicester see BL Lansdowne MS 33, fols 145r–149r.
14 George Eliot, A very true report of the apprehension and taking of that Arche Papist, Edmund Campion, the Pope his right hand with three other Jesuit priests and divers other Laie people, most seditious persons of like sort (London, 1581).
15 APC, 1581–2, p. 407.
16 Thomas Day, Wonderfvll Strange Sightes (London, 1583), sig. A2r.
17 H. Howard, A Defensative against the Poison of Supposed Prophecies (London, 1583).
Chapter 34: The Enemy Sleeps Not
1 TNA SP 12/163/23.
2 CSP Span, 1580–6, p. 512, 651–2. For Somerville and his plot: TNA SP 12/163/21–22, TNA SP 12/163/26, TNA SP 12/163/28 and TNA SP/163/4. BL Harleian MS 6035, fols 32–5. CSP Dom, 1581–90, pp. 128–30, 182. A foreign visitor to London in 1592 counted thirty-four of them, another in 1598 more than thirty.
3 A Discoverie of the Treasons Practised and Attempted against the Queene’s Majestie and the Realme by Francis Throckmorton (London, 1584), reprinted in The Harleian Miscellany (London, 1808–13), III, pp. 190–200.
4 BL Lansdowne MS 39, fol. 193r.
5 ‘A Discoverie of the Treasons Practised and Attempted’ in The Harleian Miscellany, pp. 190–200; John Bossy, Under the Molehill: An Elizabethan Spy Story (New Haven and London, 2001), pp. 31–3, 84–6.
6 BL Stowe MS 1083, fol. 17.
7 Raumer, Contributions, pp. 256–7.
8 BL Cotton MS Caligula C viii, fols 204–6. No address or endorsement but identified as William Herle by John Bossy, Giordano Bruno and the Embassy Affair (New Haven and London, 1991), p. 206.
9 CSP Span, 1580–6, p. 514; see D. L. Jensen, Diplomacy and Dogmatism: Bernardino de Mendoza and the French Catholic League (London, 1964), pp. 59–64.
10 CSP Span, 1580–6, p. 513; Mendoza informed Philip on 26 January 1584 of Elizabeth’s desire that he leave the country. See CSP Span, 1580–6, pp. 515–16.
11 CSP Foreign, 1583–4, pp. 652–3.
12 CSP Foreign, 1577–8, pp. 140–1.
Chapter 35: In Defence of the Queen’s Body
1 HMC Salisbury, III, pp. 44–5.
2 TNA SP 12/173/81–3.
3 BL Harleian MS 1582, fol. 390–1; trans. in Bossy, Bruno Affair, pp. 217–18.
4 TNA SP 12/173/104.
5 TNA SP 12/174/10.
6 See David Cressy, ‘Binding the Nation: The Bonds of Association, 1584 and 1596’, in D. J. Guth and J. W. McKenna (eds), Tudor Rule and Revolution (Cambridge, 1982), pp. 217–34; Patrick Collinson, ‘The Elizabethan Exclusion Crisis and the Elizabethan Polity’, Proceedings of the British Academy, 84 (1994), pp. 51–92; and ‘The Monarchical Republic of Queen Elizabeth I’ in Elizabethan Essays (London, 1994).
7 TNA SP 12/174, no. 10. See Cressy, ‘Binding the Nation’, pp. 217–26.
8 TNA SP 12/173/88.
9 See Cressy, ‘Binding the Nation’, pp. 217–34.
10 Elizabeth I: Collected works, p. 195.
11 BL Lansdowne MS 41, fol. 45.
12 BL Sloane MS 326, fol. 71.
13 27 Eliz I, c.1, Statutes IV, pp. 704–5.
14 See Collinson, Elizabethan Essays, pp. 48–55 and Collinson, ‘The Elizabethan Exclusion Crisis and the Elizabethan Polity’, pp. 51–92.
15 BL, Lansdowne MS 39, fol. 128r.
16 27 Eliz I c.2, Statutes IV, pp. 706–8.
17 See Neale, Elizabeth I and her Parliaments, II, pp. 13–101.
18 Hartley (ed.), Proceedings in Parliament, II, pp. 158–60.
Chapter 36: Agent Provocateur?
1 BL Lansdowne MS 39, fol. 128r–129r.
2 BL Lansdowne MS 96, fol. 48r, which is printed in Christopher Barker, A True and plaine declaration of the horrible Treasons practis
ed by William Parry the Traitor against the Queenes Majestie. The manner of his Arraignment, Conviction and execution, together with the copies of sundry letters of his and others, tending to divers purposes, for the proofes of his Treasons (London, 1585), sigs D2r-v.
3 TNA SP 12/176/154–60; Clapham, Elizabeth of England, p. 88.
4 TNA SP 12/176/47; TNA SP 12/176/48; TNA SP 12/176/52.
5 ‘Journey of Von Wedel’, pp. 223–270 at p. 267.
6 TNA SP 12/177/1; TNA SP 12/177/4.
7 Barker, A True and plaine declaration of the horrible Treasons practised by William Parry, sig. Eiv.
8 BL Lansdowne MS 43, fols 117v–118r.
9 Barker, A True and plaine declaration of the horrible Treasons practised by William Parry, sig. Eiv.
10 TNA SP 12/177/1.
11 An order of Praier and Thankes-giving, for the preseruation of the Queenes Majesties life and safetie … With a short extract of William Parries voluntarie confession, written with his own hand (London, 1585).
12 See Leo Hicks, ‘The Strange Case of Dr William Parry’, Studies (1948), pp. 343–62. Hicks argues that the plot lacked papal approval and was actually a government plot to discredit the Catholics and justify renewed persecution.
13 TNA SP 12/179/26.
Chapter 37: Unseemly Familiarities
1 BL Cotton MS Titus B VII, fol. 10.
2 CSP Foreign, 1584–5, p. 716; Peck (ed.), Leicester’s Commonwealth, pp. 5–13.
3 Ibid., p. 125.
4 Peck (ed.), Leicester’s Commonwealth. See also Frank J. Burgoyne (ed.), History of Queen Elizabeth, Amy Robsart and the Earl of Leicester (London, 1904), p. 49.
5 Peck (ed.), Leicester’s Commonwealth, p. 86.
6 Ibid., pp. 85, 92. See D. C. Peck, ‘Government suppression of Elizabethan Catholic books: the case of Leicester’s Commonwealth’, Huntington Library Quarterly, xlvii (1997), pp. 163–77.
7 P. Holmes, Resistance and Compromise: the Political Thought of the Elizabethan Catholics (Cambridge, 1982); P. Holmes, ‘The authorship of Leicester’s Commonwealth’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History, xxxiii (1982), pp. 424–30; P. Lake, ‘From Leicester his Commonwealth to Sejanus his fall: Ben Jonson and the politics of Roman (Catholic) virtue’, in Ethan Shagan, Catholics and the ‘Protestant Nation’: Religious Politics and Identity in Early Modern England (Manchester, 2005), pp. 128–61.
8 Ibid.
9 TRP, II, pp. 506–8.
10 Harington, A Tract on the Succession to the Crown, p. 44.
11 G. Adlard, Amye Robsart and the Earl of Leycester (London, 1870), pp. 56–7; Dudley Papers, III, fol. 209.
12 Murdin (ed.), Burghley’s State Papers, pp. 436–7.
13 TNA SP 78/13/86.
14 CSP Foreign, 1584–5, p. 400.
15 TNA SP 78/13/86.
16 TNA SP 78/15/2.
17 CSP Foreign, 1584–5, p. 19.
18 Peck (ed.), ‘The Letter of Estate’, p. 23.
19 Ibid., p. 20.
20 Ibid., pp. 29–30.
21 Ibid., p. 30.
22 Ibid.
23 Dudley Papers, III, fol. 209.
24 CP 133/68 printed in Murdin (ed.), Burghley’s State Papers, p. 559.
25 It has been suggested that the congenital defect to which contemporaries referred was ‘testicular feminisation syndrome’ which made her sterile. See R. Bakan, ‘Queen Elizabeth I: A case of testicular feminisation’, Medical Hypotheses 1985, July 17(3), pp. 277–84.
26 CP 133/68.
Chapter 38: Especial Favour
1 ‘Journey of Von Wedel’, pp. 262–5.
2 Ibid.
3 Calendar of the Carew manuscripts preserved in the Archepiscopal Library at Lambeth, 6 vols (London, 1867–73), II, pp. 235–7.
4 Longleat House, Thynne Papers, vol. V, 1574–1603, fol. 254.
5 ‘Journey of Von Wedel’, pp. 262–5.
6 TNA SP 12/182/41.
7 Haynes, Burghley State Papers, p. x.
8 M. Waldman, Elizabeth and Leicester (London, 1946), p. 185.
9 CSP Dom, I, viii, p. 403.
10 Bruce, Correspondence of Robert Dudley, pp. 112, 144.
Chapter 39: The Deed Shall Be Done
1 For Savage’s oath see in T. B. Howell, State Trials, 1, pp. 129–31. Read, Mr Secretary Walsingham, III, pp. 18–22.
2 Alexandre Teulet, Relations Politiques de la France et de l’Espagne avec l’Ecosse au XVIe siècle, vols 1–3 (Paris, 1862), p. 348; CSP Span, 1580–6, pp. 603–8.
3 Howell, State Trials, vol. I, pp. 1, 139.
4 CSP Span, 1580–6, p. 588; Thomas Morgan writing from Paris a week later (9 July) described something similar: ‘That Queen (Elizabeth) going of late to her Churche, was in the Way sodanelye stricken with some great Fear, that she returned to her Chamber, to the Admiration of all that were present,’ Murdin, Burghley’s State Papers, p. 529.
5 TNA SP 53/19/12; CP 15/59, list of papers relevant to Babington’s conspiracy.
6 Printed in Pollen, ‘Papal Negotiations with Mary Queen of Scots’, pp. 38–45.
7 TNA SP 53/18/61.
8 TNA SP 53/18/55.
9 TNA SP 12/250/61.
10 TRP II, 525–6.
11 TNA SP 53/19/38.
12 TNA SP 53/19/24.
13 See Pollen, ‘Papal Negotiations with Mary Queen of Scots’, pp. clxx-clxxiii.
14 Thomas Deloney, A Most Joyfull Songe Made in the Behalfe Of All Her Maiesties Faithfull and Loving Subiects Of the Great Joy Which Was Made in London At the Taking Of the Late Trayterous Conspirators (London, 1586).
15 The True Copie of a Letter from the Queenes Maiestie, to the Lord Maior of London, and His Brethren Conteyning a Most Gracious Acceptation of the Great Joy Which Her Subjectes Tooke Upon the Apprehension of Divers Persons, Detected of Most Wicked Conspiracies, Read Openly in a Great Assemblie of the Commons in the Guidhall of that Citie, the 22 day of August 1586 (London, 1586), sig. Aii.
16 See BL Add. MS 48027, fols 296r–313r. Pollen, ‘Papal Negotiations with Mary Queen of Scots’, pp. 49–97.
17 BL Egerton MS 2124, fol. 28r-v. Conyers Read, The Bardon Papers: Documents relating to the imprisonment and trial of Mary Queen of Scots (London, 1909), p. 45.
18 BL Egerton MS 2124, fol. 28r–v.
19 BL Add. MS 48027, fols 263r–271v and BL Harley 290, fols 170r–173v.
20 BL Harleian MS 290, fol. 187r.
21 BL Add. MS 48027, fol. 569r, printed in Howell, State Trials, I, pp. 1166–9.
22 BL Add. MS 48027, fol. 569v.
23 Simonds D’Ewes, The journals of all the parliaments during the reign of Queen Elizabeth both of the House of Lords and House of Commons (London, 1682), pp. 97–8.
24 Quoted in Neale, Elizabeth I and her Parliaments, II, p. 113.
25 Ibid., p. 194; Elizabeth I: Collected Works, p. 189.
Chapter 40: Blow Up the Bed
1 TNA SP 12/197 fols 15, 42, 24, 41, 40, 46, 48, 50; TNA SP 15/30 fol. 17. CP 14/44 printed in HMC Salisbury, III, p. 214.
2 CP 15/77 printed in HMC Salisbury, III, p. 233; CSP Dom, 1581–90, pp. 379–80; CSP Dom Addenda, 1580–1625, pp. 199–202 and CSP Span, 1587–1603, pp. 13, 14, 82.
3 BL Kings MS 119, fol. 50; TNA SP 12/197 fols 9, 41. BL Cotton MS Galba E VI, fol. 333. CSP Dom, 1581–90, pp. 379–80; CSP Dom Addenda, 1580–1625, pp. 199–202; CSP Span, 1587–1603, pp. 13, 14, 82.
4 CP 15/78 in HMC Salisbury, III, p. 216.
5 Read, Mr Secretary Walsingham, III, p. 60.
6 CSP Span, 1587–1603, p. 149.
7 BL Kings MS 119, fol. 50.
8 CSP Foreign, 1583–4, p. 190; CSP Span, 1587–1603, pp. 13–15.
9 CP 14/43 in HMC Salisbury, III, p. 214.
10 CSP Span, 1587–1603, p. 82.
11 CSP Dom, 1581–90, p. 531.
12 Murdin, Burghley’s State Papers, p. 380. See Mitchell Leimon and Geoffrey Parker, ‘Treason and Plot in Elizabethan Diplomacy: The Fame of Sir Edward Stafford Reconsidered’, The English Historical R
eview 111 (1996), pp. 1134–58.
13 CSP Foreign, 1583–4, pp. 259, 272.
14 Ibid., pp. 457, 459.
15 BL Cotton MS Galba E VI, fol. 171v.
16 CSP Foreign, 1583–4, p. 474.
17 CSP Foreign, 1584–5, pp. 266–7, 312; CSP Foreign, 1585–6, pp. 222, 306–7.
18 CSP Foreign, 1586–8, pp. 34–5.
19 CSP Span, 1587–1603, pp. 189, 218.
20 Ibid.
21 See J. S. Corbett, Papers Relating to the Navy in the Spanish War, 1585–1587 (London, 1898).
Chapter 41: Nightmares
1 TRP, II, pp. 528–32.
2 CSP Foreign, 1586–8, p. 241.
3 CSP Scot, 1587–8, pp. 287–95.
4 Ibid., p. 294.
5 CSP Scot, IV, pp. 291, 294.
6 Nichols (ed.), Progresses of Queen Elizabeth, vol. II, pp. 495–507.
7 BL Lansdowne MS 102 fol. 10r; Wright (ed.), Elizabeth and her Times, vol. II, p. 332.
8 CSP Ven, VIII, p. 256.
9 BL Lansdowne MS 1236, fol. 32.
10 William Camden, Annales, p. 115.
11 See R. B. Wernham, ‘The disgrace of William Davison’, English Historical Review, 46 (1931), pp. 632–6.
12 Strype, Annales, II, ii, p. 407.
13 TNA SP 12/200/20.
14 HMC Salisbury III, ii, p. 220.
15 St John’s College Cambridge MS I.30, fols 60v–61r..
16 Ibid., and see Peter E. MacCullough, ‘Out of Egypt: Richard Fletcher’s sermon before Elizabeth’ in Julia M. Walker (ed.), Dissing Elizabeth, pp. 118–52; see also Margaret Christian, ‘Elizabeth’s Preachers and the Government of Women: Defining and Correcting a Queen’, The Sixteenth Century Journal 24.3 (1993), pp. 561– 76; MacCullough, Sermons at court, p. 87.
17 Harrison (ed.), Letters of Queen Elizabeth, p. 188.
18 CSP Scot, 1586–8, pp. 330–1.
19 CSP Ven, 1581–91, pp. 259–61.
20 Alexander S. Wilkinson, Mary Queen of Scots and French Public Opinion, 1542–1600 (Basingstoke, 2004); CSP Foreign, 1586–8, p. 227.
21 J. Hooper Grew, Elisabeth d’Angleterre dans la littérature française (Paris, 1932), pp. 38–9; see also Strong, Gloriana, p. 34.
22 See John Scott, A Bibliography of works relating to Mary Queen of Scots 1544–1700 (Edinburgh, 1896), pp. 54–5.
23 J. E. Phillips, Images of a Queen: Mary Stuart in Sixteenth-century Literature (Berkeley, 1964), pp. 143–170.
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