83.TJ to JA, 22 Jan. 1821, Cappon, 2:569-70.
84.JA to TJ, 3 Feb. 1821, Cappon, 2:571.
85.TJ to JM, 24 Dec. 1825, with enclosure, Republic of Letters, 3:1943–46.
86.JM to TJ, 28 Dec. 1825, Republic of Letters, 3:1947–48.
87.TJ to Claiborne W. Gooch, 9 Jan. 1826, Founders Online, National Archives.
88.TJ to Holmes, 22 Apr. 1820, TJ: Writings, 1434; TJ to Bernard Peyton, 21 Feb. 1826, Founders Online, National Archives; Andrew Burstein, America’s Jubilee (New York: Knopf, 2001), 261; TJ to Thomas Jefferson Randolph, 8 Feb. 1826, in Betts and Bear, Family Letters of TJ, 469; TJ to Francis Adrian Van der Kemp, 11 Jan. 1825, Founders Online, National Archives.
89.JA to JQA, 26 July 1816, AFC–MHS; Josiah Quincy, Figures of the Past (1883; repr., Boston: Little, Brown, 1926), 59–60. 63–64.
90.JA to David Sewall, 22 May 1821, JA: Writings from the New Nation, 664.
91.Ellis, Passionate Sage, 80–81.
92.JA to JQA, 14 May 1815, AFC–MHS.
93.John Taylor to JA, 8 Apr. 1824, and JA to Taylor, 8 Apr. 1824, Works of JA, 10:411–13.
94.JA to Taylor, 15 Apr. 1814, JA: Writings from the New Nation, 577; JA to Matthew Carey, 9 Sept. 1820, PJA–MHS; JA to Charles Holt, 4 Sept. 1820, JA: Writings from the New Nation, 660–61.
95.JA to Holt, 4 Sept. 1820, JA: Writings from the New Nation, 660–61.
96.JA to Van der Kemp, 13 July 1815, Works of JA, 10:169; Ellis, Passionate Sage, 80–81; John Ferling, John Adams: A Life (1992; repr., New York: Henry Holt, 1996), 442.
97.JA to TJ, 21 May 1819, Cappon, 2:540.
98.JA to Joseph B. Varnum, 26 Dec. 1808, JA: Writings from the New Nation, 509–12.
99.JA to Waterhouse, 17 Sept. 1813, in Worthington Chauncey Ford, ed., Statesman and Friend: Correspondence of John Adams with Benjamin Waterhouse, 1784–1822 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1927), 111.
100.JA to TJ, 16 May 1817, Cappon, 2:517–18.
101.TJ to JA, 8 Sept. 1817, Cappon, 2:520; JA to TJ, 10 Oct. 1817, ibid., 2:521–22.
102.JA to TJ, 15 Feb. 1825, Cappon, 2:610.
103.JA to Richard Rush, 20 Nov. 1813, JA: Writings from the New Nation, 576.
104.JA to L. C. Adams, 13 Jan. 1820, JA: Writings from the New Nation, 654.
105.Quincy, Figures of the Past, 64.
106.TJ to JA, 18 Dec. 1825, Cappon, 2:612; Quincy, Figures of the Past, 65.
EPILOGUE: THE NATIONAL JUBILEE
1.JA to John Whitney, 7 June 1826, JA: Writings from the New Nation, 674–75.
2.TJ to Roger C. Weightman, 24 June 1826, TJ: Writings, 1517.
3.Andrew Burstein, America’s Jubilee (New York: Knopf, 2001), 261.
4.Burstein, America’s Jubilee, 266; William Cranch, Memoir of the Life, Character, and Writings of John Adams . . . (Washington, D.C.: S. A. Eliot, 1827), 57–58.
5.JA, Rex v. Wemms, 4 Dec. 1770, in The Legal Papers of John Adams, ed. L. Kinvin Wroth and Hiller B. Zobel (Cambridge Mass.: Belknap/Harvard University Press, 1965), 3:269.
6.JA to TJ, 2 Feb. 1816, Cappon, 2:461–63.
7.JA, “Note for an Oration on Government,” Spring 1772, JA: Revolutionary Writings, 1755–1775, 215; JA to TJ, 25 June 1813, Cappon, 2:334; JA to TJ, 2 Feb. 1816, ibid., 2:461–63.
8.JA to William Steuben Smith, 30 May 1815, AFC–MHS; JA to TJ, 28 June 1813, Cappon, 2:339; JA to William Tudor Sr., 25 Feb. 1800, JA: Writings from the New Nation, 389.
9.JA to John Taylor, 19 Apr. 1814, JA: Works, 6:452.
10.JA to Taylor, 19 Apr. 1814, JA: Works, 6:453–54.
11.JA to Taylor, 5 Mar. 1814, JA: Works, 6:519–20.
12.JA to John Langdon, 12 Dec. 1810, PJA–MHS.
13.Hezekiah Niles to TJ and JM, 1 Nov. 1817, PTJ: RS, 12:160–64.
14.Abraham Lincoln to Henry L. Pierce and Others, 6 Apr. 1859, in Abraham Lincoln, Speeches and Writings, 1832–1865, ed. Don. E. Fehrenbacher (New York: Library of America, 1974), 2:19; Abraham Lincoln, “Speech at Chicago, Illinois,” 19 July 1858, ibid., 1:456.
15.Abraham Lincoln, “Speech at Independence Hall, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,” 22 Feb. 1861, in Lincoln, Speeches and Writings, 2:213.
INDEX
The page numbers in this index refer to the printed version of this book. The link provided will take you to the beginning of that print page. You may need to scroll forward from that location to find the corresponding reference on your e-reader.
abolitionist movement, 232, 348, 416–18
Abolition Society of Pennsylvania, 348
Acta Sanctorum (Camus), 367
Act of Settlement (1701), 84–85
Adams, Abigail “Nabby,” see Smith, Abigail Adams “Nabby”
Adams, Abigail Smith, 13, 15, 45, 66, 99, 106, 155, 198, 202, 248–49, 253–54, 266, 268, 271, 276, 284–87, 293, 294, 370, 379, 428
antislavery sentiment of, 53
appearance of, 50
as avid reader, 51–53, 159
death of, 366, 422, 424
in Europe, 159–66
grievances against TJ expressed by, 352–55
intellect and wit of, 50–53, 60–61, 135–36, 159, 382
JA’s courtship of, 49–50
in JA’s missions abroad, 63, 158–66
letters of, see correspondence, between JA and Abigail; correspondence, between TJ and Abigail
long periods of separation between JA and, 159, 248, 294
polite, measured reconciliation between TJ and, 366
political interest and commentary of, 53, 134, 159, 164–65, 219–20, 296, 300–301, 304–5, 307, 317, 323–24, 352–55
strained and broken relationship between TJ and, 324, 351–55, 359, 361, 363–66
TJ’s friendship with, 159–65, 254, 261
unique marriage of, 50–53, 56–57, 60–61, 134–36, 138–39, 150, 151, 159, 248, 294, 382, 383
Adams, Charles, 277–78
death of, 327–28, 351, 422
Adams, Deacon, 24–25, 27–28, 31, 40–41, 51
Adams, Ebenezer, 39–40
Adams, John:
Abigail courted by, 49–50
acclaim for, 420–22
as American hero, 3–4
as amiable, 9, 36
antislavery stance of, 19–20, 132–33, 348, 418, 424
appearance and personal style of, 8–9
authorship of Declaration challenged by, 398–405
as avid reader, 10, 42, 45–46, 111, 196, 231, 366–68, 392
birth of, 24
contrasts between TJ and, 7–37
cutting sense of humor of, 10, 77–78, 134, 148, 362–63, 373–74, 382, 388, 408, 423, 428
cynicism of, 7, 122–23, 133, 203, 205–8, 214–18, 224, 228, 238, 255, 268, 299, 331–32, 409
death of, 1, 4, 428
diary of, 25–26, 39–40, 50, 69, 72, 75, 80–81, 84, 88, 95, 96–97, 99, 121, 134, 148, 201
diminished legacy of, 4, 5
economical lifestyle of, 163–64
eulogies for, 1–6
evolving serenity and optimism of, 420–25
family background and heritage, 24–26
growing self-confidence of, 96, 303–4
ill health of, 426–28
intellect of, 10, 201
as irascible and pugnacious, 9, 10, 36–37, 79, 105, 159, 165, 272, 283, 366, 400
legacy of, 390, 393–94, 420, 428–33
letters of Abigail and, see correspondence, between JA and Abigail
mellowing of, 420–25
modest homes of, 77–78
as nervous and stressed, 153–54
northern upbringing of, 16–20
in opposition to English oppression, 69–76, 79
>
personal temperament of, 2, 6, 154–55, 165
personal tragedies of, 422
as politically and socially abrasive, 252–54
reactionary perspective of, 325–26
religious sensibility of, 40, 374–79
as resentful, 79, 152, 188–89, 205, 207, 228, 256, 286, 293, 321–22, 336–37, 343, 400–401, 404
retirement and later years of, 389–425
ridicule of, 8, 79, 155–56, 234, 242
as self-critical, 25–26
self-doubt of, 95–96
sense of social inferiority of, 33–34, 188–89, 199–200, 207
sensitivity of, 50, 79
as sensuous, 12–13
sociability of, 420–21
social hierarchy defined by, 31–32
spontaneous emotionalism of, 360, 366, 385
unique marriage of, 50–53, 56–57, 60–61, 134–36, 138–39, 150, 151, 159, 248, 294, 382, 383
unstable behavior of, 316–17
virtue valued by, 24–25, 40–41, 48, 114, 205–6, 231, 342
visual memory of, 12–13
on working and leisure classes, 208–10
writings of, 2–3, 69–70, 79, 338; see also specific works
writing style of, 12, 96–97, 101, 201–2, 366–68
see also Jefferson-Adams friendship
—CAREER:
ambition and aspiration of, 41–44, 49, 78, 80–81, 96, 137, 152, 155–56, 159, 195, 227, 265, 279–81
banks and banking eschewed by, 248–49, 290, 408
as cautious about enlightened reform, 131–36
choice of career, 40–41
constitutional theory of, 111–120, 171–174, 186–203, 205–7, 233–239; see also Defence of the Constitutions of Government of the United States of America
criticism of, 150–51, 155–56, 234–36, 253–54
debating skills of, 106
declining popularity and political marginalization of, 248
farming ventures of, 22, 25, 52, 337
as lacking in courtly protocol, 148–49
lack of political prowess of, 280–81, 287, 290–91, 293, 315–16
as lawyer, 3, 41–45, 47–48, 69, 74–76, 79, 81–84, 88, 95, 123, 137, 138, 188, 207, 394
in missions abroad, 3, 6, 13, 52, 138–39, 147–52, 153–66, 167, 171, 176, 186–87, 221, 252, 338, 375
monarchical inclinations of, 241, 252, 254–57, 283, 285, 315, 343, 397–98
naïveté of, 253–54
in patriot politics, 3, 81–85, 88–90, 94–102
political philosophy of, 6, 79, 101, 255, 331–32, 428–32
as principal framer of Massachusetts constitution, 171, 173–81, 206
as realist, 157–68
retirement years of, 3, 6, 10
as vice president, 3, 6, 8, 227–28, 240–42, 248, 253, 258, 265, 280
—AS PRESIDENT, 3, 6, 279–319
acclaim for, 302–4
accomplishments of, 307, 318
bitter aftermath of presidency, 321–24, 327, 336–37, 397
campaigns of, 283–86, 320–25
censure and impeachment threat to, 315–16
as controversial, 4, 294, 297
election of, 286
inauguration of, 292–93, 297
internal conflict within, 315–16, 360
JA’s aspirations to presidency, 279–81
lame duck period, 323, 334, 336, 352
loss of presidency, 317, 319, 322, 355, 389
in retirement, 336–37
as target of partisan press, 310
tarnished legacy of, 307–11, 333–34, 372
U.S. internal political upheaval, 279–319
Washington’s cabinet retained by, 291, 294
weakness of, 312
Adams, John Quincy, 12, 66, 137, 139, 151, 162, 258, 271, 295, 296–97, 299, 300, 337, 339, 347, 363–64, 366, 370, 382, 390, 415, 420, 421
political career of, 344, 346, 353, 397, 404, 422
presidency of, 424
Adams, Louisa Catherine, 382–83
Adams, Samuel, 73, 83, 105, 148, 171, 176, 205, 393, 395
Adams, Thomas, 151, 322, 332, 338, 383, 422
afterlife, 39, 424–25
Age of Reason, The (Paine), 293
agriculture, manufacturing vs., 243–45
Albemarle County Court, 46, 60
alcoholism, 327, 422
Alexander, Joseph McKnitt, 402
Alfred, laws of, 385
Alien and Sedition Acts (1798), 307–11, 313–14, 342
Alien Friends Act (1789), 308–9
Ambler, Jaquelin “Jack,” 53–55
American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 266, 345
American culture:
beauty of nature in, 166
cynical perception of, 7
diversity in, 429–30
emerging and evolving national identity in, 273–74, 389–90, 431–432–433
evolving capitalism of, 405–6
exceptionalism in, 7, 215, 217, 229, 252–55, 325
optimistic perception of, 7
as patriarchal, 51–52, 60–61, 135, 381–83
patriotic role of art in, 13–14
predictions for, 74, 245
social hierarchy in, 20–21, 28–35
social mobility in, 30–31
social order in, 282–83
TJ’s and JA’s divergent views on, 203–39, 405–25
TJ’s evolving appreciation of, 231–33, 350
TJ’s skepticism about future of, 406–8
American independence:
establishment of, 103–36
formal declaration of, 120–21
American Philosophical Society, 266
American Revolution:
imperial crisis as prelude to, 69–102
Massachusetts vs. Virginia in debate over initiation of, 393–96
need for historical documentation of, 390–96
outbreak of fighting in, 102, 103–4
renewed interest in, 289–390
Revolutionary War as only one part of, 391
significance of, 6, 183, 223, 225, 321, 325, 393–94, 427
TJ’s and JA’s views of significance of, 390–92
warfare in, see Revolutionary War
Ames, Fisher, 53, 326
Analetic Magazine, 390
Anglicanism, 40, 71, 81, 375
Anglo-Saxon myth, utopian world of, 73, 92
Arbuthnot, John, 401
Archytas, 368
aristocracy:
American vs. European, 192–93, 217
in bicameral legislature, 117–18, 178, 180–81
as creditors, 197, 207, 219
French, 148–50, 160–61
ideal, 195
JA’s ambivalent obsession with, 33, 123, 189–90, 194, 199–200, 207–10, 212–14, 240–42, 346
in Massachusetts, 188–89
middling class vs., 208–10, 214–15
natural, 212–14, 380, 414
privileges of, 28–29, 104
property as measure of wisdom in, 180–81
publically eschewed by politicians, 234–35
in the South vs. New England, 28–35, 233–34
in support of American independence, 130–31
as threat to democracy, 186–98, 212–14, 216–17, 234, 380, 389–90
TJ as member of, 7, 17, 22–24, 33, 59–60, 76, 77, 104, 150, 163–64, 166, 198, 210–12, 215, 217, 271, 382, 413
TJ’s ambivalence about, 23–24
TJ’s and JA’s divergent views of, 218–20, 379–81, 383–85
TJ’s
assault on, 77, 128–29, 130–31, 257, 261
aristocracy, governmental:
defined, 112
democracy vs., 119–20, 178–79, 190
Aristotle, 177
Arnold, Benedict, 143
Articles of Confederation, 220–21, 333
arts:
JA’s sensuous response to, 12–13, 15–16
TJ’s interest in, 11–15, 34
Assembly of Notables (1787), 223
Aurora, 283, 305, 332
Auteuil, JA’s residence at, 159–60
autobiographies:
of JA, 23, 25, 41, 56, 85, 337–38
of TJ, 23, 76, 94, 128, 129, 145, 226
Autobiography (Franklin), 36
Bache, Benjamin Franklin, 305
Backus, Isaac, 175
Bacon, Francis, 124
Baltimore, Congress relocated in, 137
Bank of England, 246–47
Bank of North America, 246–47
Bank of the United States, 246–47, 283, 335
banks, banking, 298, 358, 406–8
establishment of, 246–50
failures of, 249
Baptists, 175
Barbary pirates, 4, 341–42
Barbé-Mabois, Marquis de, 168
Bastille, attack on, 226
Beccaria, Cesare, 129
Beckley, John, 257
Belknap, Jeremy, 348–49
Bentley, William, 403–4
Bernard, Francis, 79–80
Bernard family, 75
bicameral legislature, 109–11, 116–18, 173, 179–81, 184–86, 188, 193, 196–97, 202, 213, 218, 229, 380
balance achieved by, 216
Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom (1786), 376
Bill of Rights, English (1689), 87–88, 118, 310
Bill of Rights, U.S., 310
blacks:
bias against, 322
presumed inherent inequality of, 125–26, 211
Blackstone, William, 85, 169
Bonaparte, Napoleon, 318, 325, 335, 340–41, 365, 387
Boston, 139
Boston, Mass., 42, 44, 75, 77, 81
Federalist influence in, 345
leading patriots of, 82–83
revolutionary dissent in, 82, 90–92, 94
social profile of, 31, 33
Boston Commercial Gazette, 1
Boston Gazette, 70, 81, 84
Boston Massacre, JA’s defense of British soldiers in, 82–83
Boston Patriot, 291, 338
Boston Tea Party, 90–92, 227
Botta, Carlo, 390–91
Bowdoin, James, 171
Friends Divided Page 59
