Bowdoin, James, III, 367
Boylston, Nicholas, 33
Boylston family, 24
Braintree, Mass., 24, 42, 44, 52, 74, 77, 79, 97, 112, 137, 138
Brattle, William, 84–85
Braxton, Carter, 107, 130
breast cancer, 365
Brillon, Monsieur, 150
Brillon de Jouy, Anne-Louise de Harancourt, 149–50
British Commonwealth, creation of, 93
Browne, Arthur, 29
Burgoyne, John, 141
Burke, Edmund, 231, 257–58
Burr, Aaron, 286, 319, 385
treason trial of, 343–44
as vice president, 323–24, 327
Burwell, Rebecca, TJ’s courtship of, 53–57
Butler, Joseph, 330
Byrd, William, 122–23
Cabell, Joseph, 414
Callender, James Thomson, 57–58, 61, 305, 346–48, 352–53
Calvin, John, 40, 71
Calvinism, 40, 376, 381
Camus, Armand-Gaston, 367
canon law, 70–72
Canove, Antonio, 14
capitalism, 406, 409
Carpenters’ Hall, 95
Carr, Dabney, 90–91
Casanova, Francesco, 13
Catholic Church, Catholics, 70–71, 89, 98–99, 375
Charles II, king of England, 110
Charlottesville, Va., POWs in, 141–42
charters, colonial, 89, 102, 168–69
Chastellux, Marquis de, 12, 61, 78
Cherokees, 20
Chesapeake, U.S.S., 344
childhood mortality, 61, 63, 65, 162
Chipman, Nathaniel, 122–23, 330
Church, Angelica Schuyler, 66, 164
Church of England, 72, 81, 87
Cicero, 42–43, 124
citizenship, right of, 109
Civil War, American, 144, 433
Civil War, English, 166, 168
Clarke, Richard, 80
Clinton, George, 266, 286
Clymer, George, 398
Cocke, John Hartwell, 62
Coercive Acts (Intolerable Acts; 1774), 91
Coke, Edward, 46
Coke upon Littleton (Coke), 46
Coles, Edward, 360, 410
Coles, John, 360
Collapse of a Wooden Bridge, The (Casanova), 13
College of William and Mary, TJ’s education at, 38–39, 44
colonial constitutions, 109–36, 166, 168
Commentaries on the Laws of England (Blackstone), 85
Commentary and Review of Montesquieu’s Spirit of the Laws (Destutt de Tracy), 386–87
commerce:
as alternative to war, 157, 244, 275–76, 334, 341, 344–45, 422–23
domestic, 406
in foreign policy toward England, 274–77
international, 156–58, 165, 244
Committee of Five, 120–21
common law, English, 48
Common Sense (Paine), 106, 113, 328, 403
compassionate marriage, 52
Condorcet, Marquis de, 187, 206, 224, 228, 229
Confederation Congress, 181
TJ’s accomplishments in, 152–53
Congregationalism, 24, 40, 72
Congress, U.S., 37, 247, 265, 267, 275, 300, 301, 305, 309, 341, 348, 404, 415, 417
lack of documentation on proceedings of, 390
powers of, 221
Quasi-War with France sanctioned by, 306–7
special session of, 295–96
conservatism, JA as representative of, 7
Constitution, U.S. (1787), 85, 342, 398, 417, 419
adoption of, 183, 220
article I, section 10, 249
Bill of Rights of, 310
drafting of, 167, 202–3, 220–23
election provisions in, 286
First Amendment, 353–54
lack of bill of rights in, 222
prelude to, 108–20, 167–77
TJ’s and JA’s divergent responses to, 221–23, 292, 298
Constitutional Convention (1787), 196, 221–23
constitutional rights, development of, 109–14
constitutional theory, 103–36
evolution of, 167–203
fundamental vs. statutory law in, 168–71
safeguards against corruption in, 115–16
of TJ vs. JA, 194–96
Constitution of England, The; or, An Account of the English Government (La Constitution de l’Angleterre; De Lolme), 177–79, 228
consumerism, 238
Convention Army, 141–42
Coolidge, Ellen Randolph Wayles, 18, 405, 412
Coolidge, Joseph, 18, 405
Cooper, Anthony Ashley, 330
Cooper, Thomas, 414, 422
corn, 22–23, 47
Cornwallis, Lord, 143
correspondence:
between JA and Abigail, 52–53, 134–36, 137–38, 150, 159, 248, 279–80, 317
between TJ and Abigail, 160, 164–65, 219–20, 223, 351–55, 359, 365–66
between TJ and JA, 139, 164, 222, 227, 259–61, 271–72, 288–89, 304, 327–28, 358, 363, 364–88, 423–24
between TJ and M. Cosway, 68
between TJ and Monroe, 146
TJ’s and JA’s personal and political philosophies expressed in, 373–88
TJ’s international, 365
Cosway, Maria Hadfield, 66–68
Cosway, Richard, 66–68
cotton industry, 412
council (upper house), 117–18
Cranch, Mary Smith, 49–50, 136, 163, 254
Cranch, Richard, 50, 202, 339
Cranch, William, 428
Crawford, William H., 415
criminal justice system:
in Massachusetts, 132
in Philadelphia, 350
TJ’s suggested reform of, 129
Cunningham, William, 396–97, 401
Cushing, Caleb, 1–4
Cushing, Charles, 41
Dana, Francis, 197
Davila, Enrico Caterino, 250–54
Deane, Silas, 147
Declaration of Independence, 112, 174, 208, 213, 220, 277, 380, 429, 432–33
debated authorship of, 398–405
drafting of, 120–22, 398
fiftieth anniversary (golden jubilee) of, 1, 420, 426
JA’s input in, 3, 120, 401–2, 404
last remaining signers of, 398
painting of the adoption of, 399–400
preamble to, 400
sacred character of, 405
TJ’s input in and authorship of, 3, 94, 109, 120–22, 391, 398–405
Declaration of the Rights of the Colonies, 402
Declaration on the Necessity of Taking Up Arms, 105
Declaratory Act (1766), 85, 98
Defence of the Constitutions of Government of the United States of America (J. Adams), 181, 186–88, 190–93, 200–203, 206, 215, 221, 227, 229, 237–38, 250, 284–85, 373, 421–22
as influence on French Revolution, 228–29
TJ’s reaction to, 216–18, 222
Defoe, Daniel, 31
Delaware, state constitution of, 168
De Lolme, Jean Louis, 177–79, 190, 228
Démeunier, Jean Nicholas, 153
encyclopedia of, 218
democracy:
aristocracy vs., 119–20, 186–98, 380
British conflict of monarchy and, 111–14, 178
defined, 112
JA’s fears of, 132–33, 250
representative, 2326
Democratic-Republican Party, 264, 325, 411
Democratic-Republican societies, 267
Destutt de Tracy, Antoine, 365–66, 386–87, 407–8
Dickinson, John, 86–87, 105–6, 325
Discourses on Davila (J. Adams), 250–54, 256–57, 260, 373
“Dissertation on the Canon and Feudal Law, A” (J. Adams), 70–73, 89
DNA, 62
dominion theory of empire, 93
Don Quixote, 12
Duane, James, 96, 107
Duane, William, 305, 387
Dumas, Charles, 156
Dunmore, Lord, 143
du Pont de Nemours, Pierre-Samuel, 107, 224, 228, 229
Dupuis, Charles François, 368
East India Company, 90
economic sanctions, 345
economy:
evolving U.S., 405–9
of Virginia vs. Massachusetts, 19
Edgeworth, Maria, 10
education:
of JA, 24–25, 27–28, 31, 39–41
as necessity for republican government, 115, 174, 182, 206, 213, 293, 330, 412–14, 430
New England history of, 71–72
in North vs. South, 18–19
public, 129–30, 381
restricted for slaves, 65
restricted for women, 51
of TJ, 38–39
TJ’s disillusionment with, 410, 413–14
wealth and, 212–13
egalitarianism:
as basis of reform movements, 127
constitutional, 173, 174
debate over, 122–27
as expressed in Declaration of Independence, 122–24, 380, 400
historical roots of, 122
JA’s evolving and changing views on, 123, 127, 174, 187, 207–8, 213–14, 219, 277–78, 320
JA’s faulty prediction on, 320
moral, 277–78, 330
in New England, 29–32
paradoxical problem of, 216–17, 234, 237, 277–78, 284, 380, 430–31
popular power and, 100–101
of republicanism, 274
TJ’s perspective on, 7, 123, 213, 217
women in, 135–36
elections:
of 1788, 227–28, 281
of 1792, 264, 265–66, 281
of 1796, 281–86
of 1800, 6, 316–19, 320–25, 344, 355, 360, 377, 389
of 1804, 4
of 1824, 415
passive campaign style in, 282, 322–23
elective monarchy, 279
Elk Hill plantation, 60
Embargo Act (1807), 344–46, 423
England:
American commercial foreign policy toward, 275–76
America’s independence from, 103–36
commercial treaties with, 156, 276–77, 295
constitutional theory in, 168–69, 176, 177, 225, 243
economic theory in, 246
governmental balance in, 111–14, 117–18, 177, 178, 235
as hostile to U.S., 165–66
imperial crisis of, 69–102
influence of state constitutions on, 183–84
JA as minister to, 3, 164–66, 252, 262, 375
peace treaty with, 151, 152, 154–55
TJ and JA’s tour of, 165–66
TJ’s loathing of, 273
at war with France, 269–70, 277, 297, 300, 339
see also American Revolution; War of 1812
English constitution, 111–14, 117–18, 168–69, 256
JA’s infatuation with, 185–86, 216, 240–43, 249, 253, 274, 287, 296, 315, 358
as model for state constitution, 177–79, 183–85, 229, 233
Enlightenment:
Europe of, 56, 147
evolving civility of, 35–36
TJ’s and JA’s contrasting views of, 9–10
view of human nature in, 122–27, 213
view of war in, 275
entail, laws of, 19, 20, 381
Epicureanism, 349
Episcopal Church, 375–76
Eppes, Mary Jefferson “Polly,” 63, 64, 152, 281
death of, 351, 366
Essex Gazette, 402, 403
Essex Junto, 197, 344, 346, 379
Essex Result, 179
Ethiopian Regiment, 143
eulogies, TJ and JA compared and contrasted in, 1–6
Euripides, 55
Europe:
aristocracy in America vs., 192–93, 218–19
commercial treaties with, 156–58
failure of republicanism in, 276
France’s incursions into other countries in, 295, 306
TJ’s admiration for culture of, 14, 142, 145, 149, 150, 161
TJ’s changing perspective on, 232, 331
executive:
debate over remuneration for, 199–200
limitations on power of, 109–10, 118–19, 142–43, 174–75
monarchical trappings of, 232–33
strong and independent, 179, 182, 193, 202, 213, 216, 233, 235, 236, 290, 318, 343
term of service of, 175, 221–22, 251, 279, 286, 313, 343
title of, 242
Farmers’ Exchange Bank, 249
Fauquier, Francis, 46, 76, 122
Federalist No. 2, 273
Federalist Party, 290
Federalists:
ascendancy of, 301
decline of, 318, 325, 389
division among, 317–18, 320–21
immigration opposed by, 308
JA’s ambivalence as, 249–50, 267, 273–74, 276, 283, 290, 294, 296, 299, 315–17, 320, 344, 345
as monarchical, 233, 397–98
republican ideology vs., 240–78, 320–21, 326
Republican Party vs., 279–319, 333–36, 400
tenets of, 249
TJ criticized by, 284
see also High Federalists
feme covert, 51
Fenno, John, 250–51, 257, 262, 263
feudal law, 70–73
Findley, William, 208
First Continental Congress (1774), 91–92
independence vs. reconciliation in, 97–98
JA’s service in, 3, 28, 52, 95–99, 104
TJ’s service in, 3
Flat Hat Society, 39
Fleming, William, 54
Florida, 312
Floyd, Kitty, 63
Four Books of Architecture (Palladio), 11
Fourth of July, 1826, as shared death date for TJ and JA, 1, 4, 426–28
France:
American sentiment against, 302
bias against, 309
diplomatic commission sent to, 297, 299–301
Directory in, 301
immigration from, 308–9
incursions into other European countries by, 295, 306
influence of state constitutions on, 183
JA’s missions to, 138–39, 147–52, 154–64, 178, 338
JA’s reopening of negotiations with, 314–15, 317–18
Quasi-War with, 306–7, 318–19, 342
slavery abolished in, 64, 349
tensions between U.S. and, 292, 294–312, 314, 317–18
TJ as minister to, 164–66, 262
TJ’s ambivalence about, 34, 160–61, 301
TJ’s attachment to, 261–62, 283, 284, 290, 297, 301, 306
TJ’s missions abroad in, 3, 34, 57, 65–66, 156–66, 223–27, 232
treaties of alliance and commerce with, 147, 157
U.S. invasion threat from, 305–9, 311–12, 314, 317–18, 322
at war with England, 269–70, 277, 297, 300, 339
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Franco-American Treaty (1778), 318
Franklin, Benjamin, 10, 11, 16, 31–32, 36, 93, 120, 127–28, 148, 150, 152, 154–56, 163, 183, 187, 203, 205, 242, 255, 305, 348, 360, 425
death of, 398
JA’s dislike of, 148–49, 151, 155, 338, 402
Freeman, James, 202
Freemasons, 197
French language, 381
French philosophes, 56, 206–7, 262, 306, 365, 373–74, 407
French Revolution, 223–31, 241, 369, 393, 400
American support for, 250, 268, 274, 276, 304, 306
JA’s opposition to and fear of, 223, 231, 249–52, 256–57, 268, 272, 274, 277, 290, 298, 358, 373, 382, 423
onset of, 204
prelude to, 223–27
roots of, 250
stifling of, 325
TJ’s and JA’s divergent views of, 6, 204, 223–24, 256–57, 273, 292, 298–99, 362, 373–74, 423
TJ’s optimistic enthusiasm for, 223–27, 256–57, 261–62, 267, 268–70, 273–74, 298–99, 301–2, 306, 340, 369, 373–74, 410, 423
violent outcome of, 268–69, 309, 321, 423
Freneau, Philip, 262–63
Gadsden, Christopher, 98, 395
Gage, Thomas, 91
Gallatin, Albert, 406, 407, 417
Gates, Horatio, 141
Gazette of the United States, 250–51, 257, 262–63
Genet, Edmond “Citizen,” 266, 271
gentleman, defined and described, 28–31, 191–92
George III, king of England, 48, 103, 109, 141, 166
assassination attempt on, 223
TJ’s direct criticism of, 93–94, 102
Gerry, Elbridge, 155, 177, 200, 206, 291, 297, 300, 307, 321
Giles, William Branch, 278, 281
Godwin, William, 328
Gordon-Reed, Annette, 62
governors:
executive authority of, 173–77, 179, 200
limitations on constitutional role of, 118–19, 174–75
terms of, 175
Gram, John, 368
Gray family, 75
Great Seal, U.S., 127–28
Gridley, Jeremiah, 42, 48
grief, JA on, 386
Hague, The, 156
Haiti, Republic of, 334, 347
“half-breeds,” 21–22
Hamilton, Alexander, 66, 93, 164, 188, 234–35, 262–63, 269, 280, 282, 320, 332, 348
in compromise of 1790, 246
economic policy of, 243–49, 270, 278, 290, 314, 335
grandiose ambition and aspiration of, 312–13
JA’s cabinet committed to, 291
JA’s conflicts with, 253, 283, 287, 314, 316–18, 338
as secretary of the treasury, 243, 245, 248, 263–64, 267, 270
TJ attacked by, 244–46, 263
Hancock, John, 81, 82–83, 227, 393
Haraszti, Zoltán, 201
Harrington, James, 113–14, 177, 201
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