Inkari

by Rom Siquijor

  One chronicler, Sarmiento de Gamboa, states that Hatun

  Tupac was the first Incan to rule the territories he conquered while his predecessors were merely content with raiding and looting them.

  3. Yahuar Huacac—was the seventh Sapac Inca of the Kingdom of

  Cusco (beginning around CE 1380) and the second of the Hanan dynasty. His wife’s name was Mama Chikya. His father was Inca

  Roca, and his son was Hatun Tupac or Inca Viracocha.

  His name refers to a story that he was abducted at the age of eight by the Ayarmaca, crying tears of blood over his predicament. He eventually escaped with the help of one of his captor’s mistresses.

  During this period, the Incas had their final struggle with the

  Chancas (whose capital was Abancay, now in the neighboring region of Apurímac). However, for one set of chroniclers, Yahuar Huacac abandoned Cusco under the furious Chanca attack, and his son

  Hatun Tupac saved the city by defeating them; for another set, it was Hatun Tupac who retreated, and his son Pachacuti who was victorious.

  Unlike other Incas, he seems to have done little building in

  Cusco, neglecting even to build his own palace, something expected of an Inca.

  4. Urubamba—is the place where the Q´eros settled and where the legend of Inkari originated. The Q’ero’s claimed that they are descendants of the disciples of lnkari, some believed they are descendants of Inkari himself.

  5. Chacu—halt. Ceremonial hunt attended by the Incas once a year.

  6. Tetragrammaton—is the usual reference to the Hebrew name for

  God, which is spelled (in the Hebrew alphabet): or YHVH or Yahweh, in the Biblical Hebrew pronunciation. It is the distinctive personal name of the God of Israel. In Phoenician, it looked like a reversed F character.

  Ophir—is a port or region mentioned in the Bible, famous for its wealth. King Solomon is supposed to have received a cargo of gold, silver, sandalwood, precious stones, ivory, apes and peacocks from

  Ophir, every three years.

  In the winter of 1966, the American explorer Gene Savoy found in Amazonas, Peru, a series of figures inscribed on the wall of an ancient tomb high up in the Andes. In the region of the legendary

  Chachapoyas, one of the glyphs, the largest and most imposing, resembled a figure he knew to be of Middle Eastern origin. He translated the glyph to say “Ophir,” the biblical name of a secret land, where Hiram’s Phoenician sailors loaded their ships with gold and precious stones from King Solomon’s mines to adorn, in Jerusalem, the walls of Solomon’s Temple.

  After Savoy had discovered that enigmatic glyph in the Andes, another inscription appeared this time in Israel, at Tel Qasile, an ancient site near Tel Aviv that dates from King Solomon’s time. The inscription, on a potsherd unearthed by archaeologists, bears this message in Phoenician-Hebrew: Gold of Ophir, the possession of

  Beth-Horon, thirty shekels. The inscription once marked a pot of gold stored in the hold of an ancient Phoenician merchant ship. At its center was the symbol Savoy had found cut into the cliff face of a mountain on ancient Chachapoyan lands.

  8. Viracocha—same as Wiracocha or Kun-Ticsi Wiracocha or simply

  Viracocha, the creator of civilization, and one of the most important deities in the Inca canon. In one legend he had one son, Inti and two daughters, Mama Quilla and Pachamama. In this legend, he destroyed the people around Lake Titicaca with a Great Flood called

  Unu Pachacuti, saving two to bring civilization to the rest of the world, these two beings are Manco Capac, the son of Inti (sometimes taken as the son of Viracocha), which name means “splendid foundation”,

  and Mama Ocllo, which means “mother fertility”. These 2 founded the Inca civilisation carrying a golden staff, called ‘tapac-yauri’.

  9. Chancas—the Chancas, originally from Choclococha, Huancavelica, settled in the region of Andahuaylas. This group of tribes is known in history as rebel and fearless warriors of ancient Peru.

  10. Pachacutec—literally “world-turner”, i.e. “world-transformer”) was the ninth Sapac Inca (1438-71 CE) of the Kingdom of Cusco, which he transformed into an empire, Tihuantinsuyu. He began the era of conquest that, within three generations, expanded the Inca dominion from the valley of Cusco to nearly the whole of civilized South

  America. He was the fourth of the Hanan dynasty, and his wife’s name is given as Mama Anawarkhi.

  His given name was Cusi Yupanqui. According to many chroniclers, his leadership began when Cusco came under attack from the rival Chancas. His father Hatun Tupac abandoned the city, along with the heir apparent Urco. Cusi Yupanqui defended the city and defeated the enemy; then, pushing his brother aside, then proclaimed himself Sapac Inca.

  In the early part of his reign, he established Inca control over a swath of the Andes from north of modern Lima to Lake Titicaca. In 1463, as it was common with the Incas, he put his son Tupac Inca in charge of the Inca army. Tupac Inca continued to conquer territories to the north, reaching what is now Ecuador by his father’s death in 1471.

  Meanwhile, Pachacutec reorganized the new empire, the

  Tihuantinsuyu or “the united four provinces”. Under his system,

  1. Tupac Yupanqui—he extended the realm northward along the Andes through modern Ecuador, and developed a special fondness for the city of Quito, which he rebuilt with architects from Cusco. During this time his father Pachacuti reorganized the kingdom of Cusco into the

  Tihuantinsuyu, the “four provinces”.

  He became Inca in his turn upon his father’s death in 1471, ruling until his own death in 1493. He conquered Chimor, which occupied the northern coast of what is now Peru, the largest remaining rival to the Incas.

  Tupac Inca Yupanqui is also credited with leading a circa 10 month-long voyage of exploration into the Pacific around 1480, although many have regarded this as a fabrication. Reportedly visiting islands he called Nina chumpi (“Fire Island”) and Hahua chumpi (or

  Avachumpi, “Outer Island”—note that chumpi, “girdle”; figuratively

  “encircled land”, seems to indicate the presence of a coral reef),

  which are sometimes identified with the Galápagos Islands but more probably relate to some islands in Western Polynesia, probably as far out as the Tuamotu or Marquesas Islands.

  It is often suggested that one of the islands was Easter Island, but there are no records in local oral tradition of a large fleet of explorers.

  2. Chachapoyas—the Chachapoyas, also called the Warriors of the

  Clouds, were an Andean people living in the cloud forests of the

  Amazonas region of present-day Peru. The Incas conquered their civilization shortly before the arrival of the Spanish in Peru. When the Spanish arrived in Peru in the 16th century, the Chachapoyas were one of the many nations ruled by the Inca Empire. Their incorporation into the Inca Empire had not been easy, due to their constant resistance to the Inca troops.

  Since the Incas and the Spanish conquistadors were the principal sources of information on the Chachapoyas, unbiased first-hand knowledge of the Chachapoyas remains scarce.

  4. Hahua chumpi—the 10 month-long voyage of exploration into the

  Pacific around 1480 ordered by Tupac Yupanqui was reported to have lead to the discovery of Hahua chumpi the “Outer Island” or

  “encircled land” we now call Easter Island.

  5. Hanau Momoko—short, dark, slender people, early inhabitants of

  Easter Island.

  6. Tepito Henua—the Rapanui name for the island (Easter Island) was

  Te pito o te henua (The Navel of the World) due to its isolation, but this too seems to have been derived from another location, possibly a Marquesan landmark.

  7. Make make—the Rapa Nui mythology of Easter Island, was
the creator of humanity and the chief god of the bird cult “Tangata manu”

  (the bird-man). The huge statues on Easter Island were said to be offerings to him.

  8. Hanau Eepe—tall, long-eared tribe with red hair and fair skin.

  9. Toromiro—Toromiro (Sophora toromiro) is a species of tree formerly common in the forests of Easter Island. The Toromiro fell victim to the deforestation that eliminated the island’s forests by the 18th century, and it later became extinct in the wild. It is sometimes claimed that all Toromiro trees are derived from this single individual, but research has determined that at least one other tree’s descendants survive.

  10. Nina chumpi—fire island.

  11. Ahu Akivi—Ahu Akivi is an unusual site in several respects. A low ahu supports 7 statues all very similar in height and style. The site is odd in that it is located far inland and the statues were erected to face the ocean. Like other Easter Island sites the statues were found knocked off the ahu, lying face down in the ground. Radio carbon dates around 1350 AD.

  12. Moko Pingei—in the Rapanui legend, she was the lady warrior of the

  Hanau Momoko tribe who got married to a Hanau eepe. It was said that she was sympathetic to the plight of her own tribe, conferred with the Hanau momoko leaders and arranged a signal. When she was seen weaving a large basket, the short-ear army was to file by her and sneak around onto the plateau. During the standoff the short-ears scanned the horizon for Moko Pingei, waiting for the cue.

  When it came, she was sitting by one end of the ditch, peacefully plaiting; the army crept past her and, completely unbeknownst to the

  Hanau eepe, surrounded the plateau. Minutes later, the short-ear troops that had stayed behind to keep the long-ears’ attention advanced on the ditch.

  13. Iko—chief of the long-ears who led the establishment of a trench across the Poike Plateau to serve as fortress for the Hanau Eepe.

  14. Ororoina—was said to be the red-haired ancestor of the Easter island. According to the legend, he was allowed to live as the last remaining long-ear by the Hanau Momoko. He eventually married a woman named Pipi Horeko and settled at the foot of a hill called

  Toatoa.

  15. Vai—one of the 3 Hanau Eepe´s who survived the massacre but was killed upon their discovery at a distant cave.

  16. Chimu—Chimor with its capital at the city of Chan Chan in the Moche valley of Peru. The Inca ruler Tupac Yupanqui led the campaign which conquered just fifty years before the arrival of the Spanish in the region. Spanish chroniclers were able to record accounts of Chimú culture from individuals who had lived before the Inca conquest. Archaeological evidence suggests that Chimor grew out of the remnants of the Moche culture; early Chimú pottery had some resemblance to Moche pottery.

  The Chimu were also known for worshiping the moon, unlike the Inca who worshiped the sun. The Chimu viewed the sun as a destroyer. This is likely due to the harshness of the sun in the desert environment they lived in.

  1. Francisco Pizarro—was a Spanish conquistador, conqueror of the

  Inca Empire and founder of Lima “The City of the Kings”, capital of

  Peru. He was also the discoverer of what is commonly known today as San Francisco. Pizarro was born in Trujillo (Extremadura), Spain.

  Sources differ in the birth year they assign to him: 1471, 1475-1478, or unknown. He was an illegitimate son of Gonzalo Pizarro (senior)

  who as colonel of infantry afterwards served in Italy under Gonzalo

  Fernández de Córdoba, and in Navarre, with some distinction.

  Francisco was the eldest brother of Gonzalo Pizarro (junior), Juan

  Pizarro, and Hernando Pizarro. He was the second cousin of Hernán

  Cortés, the Conquistador of Mexico.

  On September 13, 1524, the first of three expeditions left from

  Panama for the conquest of Peru with about 80 men and four horses.

  Diego de Almagro was left behind to recruit more men and gather more supplies with the intent of soon joining Pizarro. The governor of Panama, Pedro Arias Dávila himself approved of the intent of exploring South America. This first expedition, however, turned out to be utterly unsuccessful, as the conquistadors led by Pizarro sailed down the Pacific and reached no farther than Colombia, where they only encountered various hardships such as bad weather, lack of food and skirmishes with hostile natives, causing Almagro to lose an eye by an arrow-shot. Moreover, the names the Spanish used for the spots they reached only suggest the uncomfortable situation they faced along the way: Puerto deseado (desired port), Puerto del hambre (port of hunger) and Puerto quemado (burned port), off the coast of Colombia. Fearing subsequent hostile encounters like the

  Battle of Punta Quemada, Pizarro chose to end his first tentative expedition and returned, without any luck, to Panama.

  After the Spanish had sealed the conquest of Peru by taking

  Cusco in 1533, Jauja in the fertile Mantaro Valley was established as Peru’s provisional capital in April 1534. But it was too far up in the mountains and far from the sea to serve as the Spanish capital of Peru. Pizarro thus founded the city of Lima in Peru’s central coast on January 18, 1535, a foundation that he considered as one of the most important things he had created in life.

  2. Sarcophagus of Karajia—are ancient coffins precariously located on a mountain cliff at about 2600m at the Chachapoya region. It is a spectacular funerary site down the road about a mile and a quarter.

  3. Ayllu Apu—small-sized tutelary mountain spirit within a very restricted domain.

  4. Llaqta Apu—a medium-sized tutelary mountain spirit.

  5. Suyu Apu or Alto Misayoq—large-sized tutelary mountain spirit overseeing an entire region.

  6. Kurag Akulleq—older chewer of coca, equivalent to a Bishop in the

  Christian priesthood.

  7. Kausay Poq’po—or the light force of living energy around every human, plant, animal, mountain, or any natural being.

  8. Munay—the power of will and love altogether in an unconditional way.

  9. Yanantin—the harmonious relationship between different things.

  10. Taripay Pacha—one achievement of a true sense of harmony with the universe, the golden age where it is said that we will encounter our real selves. It was said to occur from 1993 until 2012.

  11. Lotus effect—the lotus effect in material science is the observed self-cleaning property found with lotus plants. In some Eastern cultures, the lotus plant is a symbol of purity. Although lotuses prefer to grow in muddy rivers and lakes, the leaves and flowers remain clean.

  12. Tukuy Hanpiq—the ability to heal.

  13. Illiasca—from Illia or lightning. In the Andean tradition meant enlightenment.

  14. Taytanchis Ranti—equivalent to God on Earth. This term refers to the powers and capacity of the seventh level initiate in the Andean system of psycho spiritual development. According to Inca prophecy the seventh level priest will be capable of resurrecting their own physical bodies after death.

  15. The transfiguration—the word “transfigured” is a very interesting word. The Greek word is “metamorpho” and it means to transform, literally or figuratively to metamorphose, or to change. The word is a verb that means to change into another form. It also means to change the outside to match the inside. The prefix “meta” means to change and the “morphe” means form. In the case of the transfiguration of

  Jesus Christ it means to match the outside with the reality of the inside. To change the outward so that it matches the inward reality.

  Jesus’ divine nature was “veiled” (Hebrews 10:20) in human form and the transfiguration was a glimpse of that glory. Therefore, the transfiguration of Jesus Christ displayed the Shekinah glory of God

  Incarnate in the Son. The voice of God attesting to the truth of Jesus’

>   Son ship was the second time God’s voice was heard. The first time was at Jesus’ baptism into His public ministry by John the Baptist

  (Matthew 3:7; Mark 1:11; Luke 3:22).

  “After six days Jesus took Peter, James, and John with him and led them up a high mountain, where they were all alone. There He was transfigured before them. His clothes became dazzling white, whiter than anyone in the world could bleach them. And there appeared before them Elijah and Moses, who were talking with

  Jesus. Peter said to Jesus, ‘Rabbi, it is good for us to be here. Let us put up three shelters—one for you, one for Moses and one for Elijah.’

  (He did not know what to say, they were so frightened). Then a cloud appeared and enveloped them, and a voice came from the cloud:

  ‘This is my Son, whom I love. Listen to him!’ Suddenly, when they looked around, they no longer saw anyone with them except Jesus.

  As they were coming down the mountain, Jesus gave them orders not to tell anyone what they had seen until the Son of Man had risen from the dead” (Mark 9:2-9).

  Therefore, the transfiguration of Jesus Christ was a unique display of His divine character and a glimpse of the glory, which

  Jesus had before He came to earth in human form. This truth is emphasized for us in a passage in the Apostle Paul’s letter to Phillippi.

  “Let this mind be in you, which was also in Christ Jesus: Who, being in the form (morphe) of God, thought it not robbery to be equal with

  God: But made Himself of no reputation, and took upon Him the form

  (morphe) of a servant, and was made in the likeness of men: And being found in fashion as a man, He humbled Himself, and became obedient unto death, even the death of the cross. Wherefore God also hath highly exalted Him, and given Him a name which is above every name: That at the name of Jesus every knee should bow, of things in heaven, and things in earth, and things under the earth; And that every tongue should confess that Jesus Christ is Lord, to the glory of God the Father” (Philippians 2:5-11).