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Author’s note
Unfortunately the following books and articles were not available in time to be consulted:
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Tabbaa,. Y., Constructions of power and piety in medieval Aleppo, College Park, 1997.
Index
‘Abbāsids
caliphate in Cairo, 98, 227
empire, 15
Seljuq Turks and, 17
‘Abd al-Ghānī, 120, 179
‘Abd al-Latīf, Saladin and, 186
‘Abd al-Wahhāb al-Shīrāzī, 110
‘Abdallāh ibn Ja‘far, 267(fig.)
Abdülhamid II (Ottoman sultan), 593
al-Abīwardī (poet), 32, 69–70, 72
Abla, princess, 268(fig.)
Abū Bakr, Muslim navy and, 575
Abū Sa‘īd al-Harawī, 78
Abū Shāma (historian, writer), 83, 138, 140, 171, 193–4
Crusader fleets, 565
Frankish leaders, 343, 344, 345
Frankish women, 347
Jerusalem, 151
minbar, 158, 161
Muslims in captivity, 549
swords, 455
Abū Sulaymān Dā’ūd, medicine and, 354
Abu’l-Fidā (chronicler), 298
mangonels, 524
Abu’l-Khayr, medicine, 354
Acre, 204
coin with Arabic legend, 398
Crusader-Muslim contact, 401, 402
fall of, 1, 29, 172, 240, 298
Frankish women, 349
Ibn Jubayr on, 276
Ibn Taymiyya and, 242
jihād, and fall of, 171–251, 238–41
Mamluks until fall of, 225–7
mangonels and, 524
mosque at, 163
reconquest of, 24
siege of, 238, 530, 531, 536–7
as soiled, 294
trade and, 403
travellers and, 370
Actium, Greek fire and, 528
‘Adb al-Dawla, 70
al-‘Ādil, al-Malik, (brother of Saladin), 25, 184, 201, 206, 213, 223, 414
cross-breaking, 306
military manuals, 515
Muslim fortifications, 481
al-Afḍal (son of Saladin), 183, 184, 211–13
al-Afḍal (vizier of Egypt, son of Badr al-Jamālī), 42, 44, 45, 46, 58–9, 77, 82
Agnes of Courtenay, 296
Aḥmadīlī, Aq Sunqur (ruler of Maragha), 161
Ahmed, Akbar, 590
‘Ajlūn Castle, Jordan, 493, 497(fig.)
al-Ākhārīnī (carpenter of minbar), 155
‘Alā al-Dīn Kayqubād, Crusader fleets and, 566
alabaster portal, Mashhad ‘Awn al-Dīn, Mosul, Iraq, 220(plate)
Alamūt, 44
Alan, first Crusader lord of Athārib, 258
Aleppo, Syria, 79, 80, 82, 116, 363
capture of, 172
citadel of, 483–92
Frankish Christianity and, 313
Great Mosque, see Great Mosque of Nūr al-Dīn, Aleppo
jihād titulature in, 231
Muslim fortifications, 473
religious building appropriation and, 373
shihna of, 296
Alexandria, 269
Crusader fleets and, 565
Crusader-Muslim contact, 402
navy and, 567
Oriental Christians and, 417–18
pigeons and, 548
pilgrims and, 366
Saladin in, 182–3
siege of, 534
Alexius Comnenus (Byzantine emperor), 20, 68–9
‘Alī ibn Munqidh, 166
Allenby, General, 604
Almohads, 250
glazed ceramic dish, Spain, 560(plate)
Oriental Christians and, 418
Almoravids, Oriental Christians and, 418
Alp Arslān (Seljuq sultan), 18, 71
‘Amadiyya, Iraq
city gate, 219(plate)
minbar, Great Mosque, 107(plate)
Amalric (Crusader leader), medicine and, 354
ambushes, 544–5
Amīr Beshtak Palace, Cairo, 245(fig.)
‘amūd, 456
Anatolia (Turkey), 18, 329 in eleventh century, 40–2
al-Ansārī military manuals and, 515
pigeons and, 547–8
spies and, 549
‘Antār and Abla, 266(fig.)
Antioch, 29, 82, 172, 320
fall of, 46, 56–9, 104
Holy Lance and, 314
siege of, 20, 68
Aqsā Mosque, Jerusalem, 147, 151–61,298, 301
Ayyūbid porch, 383 (plate)
cultural exchange, 382
façade, 221 (plate)
Frankish occupation of, 286–91
interior, 67(plate), 147(plate)
mihrāb, 300(plate), 302(plate)
minbar detail, 152–5(plates), colour plate 10
Muslims under Frankish rule, 378
perspectival view, 288(fig.)
al-Aqsarā’ī ambushes, 545
military arts, 448
military manuals, 437–8
Arab Historians of the Crusades (Gabrieli), 14
Arabia, Frankish threat to pilgrimage, 291–3
Arabian Nights, 263
Arabs
cavalry, 511–12
at sea, 556–77
architecture, 382
cultural exchange and, 381–91
armour, 459–64
of Muslims, 450–68
arms
Nizām al-Mulk, 464–5
of Muslims, 450–68
social role of, 465–7
‘Arqa, 75
Arsūf
capture of, 75
conquest of, 232
siege defenders, 532
Artah, castle of, 411
artworks, warfare and, 433–5
Arwād, fortifications and, 470
Asad, President Hafez, 596, 600
Ascalon, 44, 46, 166
navy and, 563
Second Crusade and, 23
sieges and, 533
al-Ashraf (Ayyubid prince), 308
al-Ashraf Khalīl (Mamluk sultan), 29, 238, 240–1 ‘Āshūr, 4
Assassins, 44, 76
of Alamūt, 28
castles of, 467, 500–2
language barrier and, 333
Saladin and, 183
Athārib, 258, 363
sieges and, 533
axes, 456
Mamlūk, 456(plate)
Aybak (commander), 207
Muslim castles and, 493
‘Ayn al-Baqar, Muslims under Frankish rule, 379
‘Ayn Jālūt
battle of, 28, 225
Mamluks and, 244
Ayyūbids/Ayyūbid period, 24–6, 195–204, 414
army of, 444–5
canteen, 8(plate), 390(plate) establishment of, 201–11
Jerusalem in, 211–23
jihād and, 204–11, 224–5, 248
mangonels and, 524
metalwork with Christian imagery, 388–91
Oriental Christians and, 414
trade, 403–7
al-’Azīmī (Syrian chronicler), 32, 37, 44, 50, 51–2, 54, 56, 58, 64, 66, 68, 69, 74
al-’Azīz ‘Uthmān, al-Malik (son of Saladin), 206, 396, 491
Baalbek (Ba’labakk), citadel of, 241
Bāb al-Futūh, Cairo, 34(plate), 36(plate), 37(plate) bastions, 35(plate)
Bāb al-Naşr (Gate of Victory), Cairo, 43(plate), 460(plate) from within, 40(plate) shields and, 458, 461 (plate)
Badr al-Dīn Lu’lu’ (Turkish atabeg), Ayyubid metalwork, 388
Badr al-Jamālī (vizier), 33, 42
Badrān Ibn Mālik, 351
Badrhawa (Frankish knight), chivalric values and, 356
Baghdad, 15, 79, 127
destruction of, 246
Bahā’ al-Dīn, Oriental Christians and, 413
al-Balādhurī, 285
Balak (nephew of ll-Ghāzī), 110
Balāt, battle of (Field of Blood), 22, 81, 108–9, 514
Baldwin I, of Boulogne, 20
Muslims on, 341
Baldwin II, of Ibelin
Frankish prisoners in captivity, 554
Muslims under Crusader rule, 361
Baldwin III, king of Jerusalem, 77
Crusader-Muslim contact, 401
Muslims on, 336
Baldwin IV (the leper), 295
chivalric values, 355
Frankish leaders, 343
Baldwin IX of Flanders, 24
ballista (‘arrāda), 525
banner, Mamlūk, 518(plate), 519(plate)
Baptistère de St Louis, 12(fig.), 13(fig.), 14(fig.), 18(fig.), 21(fig.), 113(fig.), 115(fig.)
warfare and, 541–2
Bāqidīn, Syria, pilgrims and, 367
Bargello Museum, Florence, 406
Barkyāruq (Seljuq sultan, son of Malikshāh), 38, 78
bathhouse, 276–8
battering rams, 527–8
battles, 518–21
formation, 518–21
tactics, diagrammatic form, 520(fig.)
Baybars al-Mansūrī (chronicler), 238
Baybars (Mamluk sultan), 29, 226, 244, 479
army of, 446
Caesarea and, 537–8
career of, 227–37
correspondence, 320
Crusader-Muslim contact, 394
Cyprus, 306
destruction of religious monuments, 380–1
dirham of, 28(plate) and Franks, 264, 265, 340, 348, 471
images, 308
jihād, 235–7, 246
language barrier, 333
mangonels, 524
military manuals, 516
Mongols, 225
Muslims in captivity, 549
navy, 571–2, 575–6
recognition of, 5
sieges, 529, 533
Bayt al-ahzān (Le Chastelet),
Frankish fortifications, 472–3
Beaufort (Shaqīf Arnūn), conquest of, 238
Bedouin Arab cavalry, 511–12
Beirut, 29
Great Mosque, 374
navy and, 568
Bethlehem, 26, 308
Bīmaristān Nūr al-Dīn, 127
bin Laden, Usāma, 602
bodyguard, Turkish, Lashkar-i
Bāzār, Afghanistan, 466(fig.)
Bohemond VI, 265
correspondence, 320
Muslims on, 341–2
Book of Animals (Kitāb al-hayawān) (Ibn Abi’l-Ash‘ath), 271
Book of Government (Nizām al-Mulk), 439, 442, 548