1944
Page 71
atomic bomb and, 412
background and personality of, 359–63
banking-industrial elite meeting of, 286–87, 575n
becomes chancellor, 210, 370
beer hall putsch of, 367, 372
blitzkrieg of, 48–50, 286
chastity and puritanism of, 360, 363, 364
Churchill on, 53, 68, 244
on Churchill, 359
consolidation of power by, 370–71
cult of Führer and, 368, 371–72, 373
Darlan deal and, 342, 343
desperate efforts of, 493, 500, 502, 518, 598n
Eastern front and, 52, 54, 251–56, 260, 262, 267, 324, 571n
FDR compared with, 37, 45, 51–52, 285–86, 373
FDR’s taunting of, 351
FDR as viewed by, 247, 252, 305, 324, 359
FDR’s views on, 329, 409
finances of, 362, 363–64, 368
generals’ relationship with, 251, 290, 344, 354, 356, 357, 358, 571n
German settlers and, 112
Himmler and, 291, 292, 293
Holocaust and, 91, 106, 110, 111, 114, 167, 168, 204–6, 256–57, 258, 262, 263, 270, 296–301, 304, 321, 323, 325, 375, 376, 381, 382, 439, 566n, 582n
Jewish immigration and, 215–16, 218, 226, 385, 386
Lend-Lease and, 238, 244
as loner, 359–60, 361
Manichaean worldview of, 114, 558n
in map room, 207
marriage of, 360, 530
military directive 21 of, 253
Mussolini’s meeting with, 396
as nationalist, 361, 362, 363, 366
in 1943, 354–59
North Africa and, 275, 324, 341, 356
Operation Sea Line shelved by, 54, 235
Overlord and, 78, 80, 176, 178, 190, 198–99, 200
physical decline of, 204, 357, 358, 494, 496, 581n, 598n
at pinnacle of power, 52, 301
political development of, 363–67, 371
rationing and, 452
reclusiveness of, 198, 204, 347, 357, 375
retreats of, 176, 178, 198, 204, 205, 357, 437, 479–81, 491
rise to power of, 284, 302, 313, 359, 368–74, 387
Schulte’s views on, 284, 285, 287
speeches of, 204, 205, 210, 262, 270, 287, 304, 324–25, 360, 366, 367, 368, 369, 370, 373–74, 566n
Stalin double-crossed by, 60, 251
Stalin’s views on, 66
suicide of, 360, 530
territorial acquisitions of, 245–47, 249, 252, 255–56, 260, 286, 288, 354–55, 424, 437–38
threat of, 44, 45, 550n
Wise’s views on, 313
in World War I, 364–65
worst war decisions of, 554n–55n
Hitler, Alois, 360, 361
Hitler, Klara Poelzl, 360, 361, 362
Hitler-Molotov-Ribbentrop meeting, 290
Hitler Youth, 143–44, 285, 403, 493
Hobcaw Barony, 91, 139–42, 156–57, 560n, 561n
surgical rumor and, 482, 596n
visitors to, 141, 156
Hoeker, Karl, 557n
Hoess, Rudolf, 106, 122, 294, 296–97, 544n
Holmes, John Haynes, 319
Holocaust, 11–12, 69, 74, 164, 166–73, 204–6, 375–91, 400–405, 413–18, 425–29, 535, 583n
death marches and, 502–3, 508, 517–18, 521
FDR’s views on, 138, 313, 438–39
impeding the flow of information about, 375
magnitude of, 433–34
rescue efforts in, see Jews, rescue of
secrecy of, 111, 120, 166, 205–6, 566n
“We Will Never Die” and, 376–78, 582n
see also Auschwitz; concentration camps; Final Solution
Hoover, Herbert, 43, 401, 402, 549n
Hoover, J. Edgar, 446, 482
Hopkins, Harry, 44, 56, 67, 163, 227, 237, 273, 340, 423, 471, 517
on FDR-Ibn Saud meeting, 516, 600n
Harriman’s correspondence with, 248
health problems of, 516, 600n
Lend-Lease and, 238
Horizons, 383
Horthy, Miklos, 437–38, 458
Hossler, Franz, 97, 106
Hotel Royal, 214
House of Commons, British, 235, 246, 331, 457
House of Lords, British, 376
House of Representatives, U.S., 43, 192, 225, 235, 333, 518–20
Foreign Affairs Committee of, 415–17
Holocaust and, 380, 387, 415–17
Ways and Means Committee of, 332
Howard University, 55
Howe, Grace, 549n
Howe, Louis, 34–35, 39, 41, 423, 548n
HR 1776, 243–44
Hugenberg, Alfred, 369
Hull, Cordell, 15, 219, 240, 316–18, 423, 550n
background of, 316–17
FDR’s relationship with, 44, 45, 227, 316
Holocaust and, 380, 381, 404, 413, 425, 426
Morgenthau and, 424, 425, 426
postwar world and, 485
Hull, John E., 451
Hungarian Jewish Rescue Committee, 166
Hungarian Jews, 138, 153, 166–72, 203, 269, 310, 437–42
at Auschwitz, 91–102, 113, 114, 121–22, 127, 200–201, 297, 450, 453–54, 458, 470
“blood for goods” and, 166–67, 562n
deportation of, 321, 438–42, 449–50, 455–56, 458, 459, 461, 594n
population of, 268
rescue efforts and, 449–58
Vrba-Wetzler report and, 155–56, 166
Wallenberg and, 459–60
Hungary, Hungarians, 116, 138, 165, 246, 269, 437–40
Allied bombing of, 174
German takeover in, 122, 168, 437–38
Relief and Rescue Committee of, 167
separate peace and, 168
Hyde Park, N.Y., 23–24, 25, 28, 58, 85, 217, 221, 344, 400, 483, 484–85, 520
Christmas at, 73–74, 418–19
elections and, 233, 490, 491
FDR-Churchill meetings at, 274–75, 410, 486
FDR’s death and, 527, 528–29
Morgenthau at, 421
wheelchair adjustments at, 41
Ibn Saud, King of Saudi Arabia, 406, 513, 515–16, 519, 600n
Ickes, Harold, 46, 312
Japanese internment and, 442–43, 448
IG Farben, 102, 111, 129, 287, 295, 452
immigration, Jewish, 213–18
inflation, 281, 292, 333, 369
informants, 289–90, 297–301, 303–5
insurance companies, German, 214
Intergovernmental Committee on Refugees, 384, 386
Interior Department, U.S., 321
International Red Cross, 206, 322, 458
Iran, shah of, 545n
Irish Catholics, 33
Irish Jews, 268
isolationism, see United States, isolationists in
Istanbul, 166, 167, 436
Italian Americans, 397, 445
Italian Jews, 129, 170, 321, 437
Italy, Italians, 15, 64, 73, 165, 195, 246, 268, 466
air bases in, 393, 398, 452, 469, 470
Allied invasion of, 75–78, 174, 179, 344, 357, 375, 392–98, 405, 434, 534, 554n, 585n
FDR in, 38
Germans in, 75–78, 179, 395–98, 493
Long as ambassador to, 223
opera of, 362
as path to nowhere, 393
pushed out of war, 353, 392, 395
as refugees, 225
southern, 272, 276, 437
unconditional surrender and, 354
war declared by, 231, 568n
Izbica, 403
Jackson, Andrew, 23, 59
Jackson, Robert, 235, 529–30, 533
Japan, 63, 142, 216, 253, 265, 267, 333, 349, 350
fall of, 507, 531
unconditional surrender and, 354
U.S. POWs and, 442
Yalta conference and, 513
Japanese
Americans, internment of, 414, 442–49, 508, 589n, 590n
Jefferson, Thomas, 23, 57–58
Jerusalem, 18, 326, 405, 406, 545n, 578n
jewelry, of Holocaust victims, 100, 101, 102
Jewish Chronicle, 262
Jewish Council, in Zilina, 154–55
Jewish Frontier, 322
Jewish Outlook, 387
Jews, 2–3, 18, 54, 209–21, 248, 252, 364, 374–91, 519, 545n, 561n
in Africa, 268, 385–86, 406
American, see American Jews
in Auschwitz (town), 92–93
Austrian, 263, 304, 463
Belgian, 133, 170, 297, 304
in Berlin, 531
in Bielsko, 147
Bulgarian, 381, 436
businesses of, 210–14, 303
cemeteries of, 258–59
children, see children, Jewish
Christians and, 418
Churchill on, 261–62
conservative, 314
Czech, 119–21, 263
as doctors, 154, 210
Dutch, 11–12, 121–22, 139, 170, 201–3, 295, 304, 484
education of, 115, 210
Eleanor Roosevelt’s views on, 33, 316, 319, 327–28, 377–78, 401, 402, 422, 547n
exemptions and, 266
French, 122, 170, 268, 297, 304, 342, 407, 436
German, see German Jews
German revolution and, 365
Great Britain and, 330–31, 382–83, 426–27, 535
Greek, 96–97, 122
Hungarian, see Hungarian Jews
immigration of, 213–18
Italian, 129, 170, 321, 437
as lawyers, 210, 320
Lippmann as, 582n
Lithuanian, 257–58, 268
luggage of, 95, 101, 117, 118, 119, 258–59
mass shooting of, 256–64
Morgenthau as, 419–20, 422–25, 587n
Orthodox, 92, 166
Polish, see Polish Jews
population and distribution of, 268–69
postwar plans for, 512–13, 516, 600n
Reform, 310, 311
resettlement of, 256, 258, 297
Romanian, see Romanian Jews
in running of Jerusalem, 406
Slovakian, see Slovakian Jews
Soviet, see Soviet Jews
Ukrainian, 268, 407, 480
women, see women, Jewish
see also Auschwitz; Final Solution; Holocaust
Jews, rescue of, 375, 378–80, 382–83, 387, 400–402, 405–9, 413–29, 468–72, 518
in Albania, 463
bombing and, 449–58, 460–62, 464, 469–72, 591n, 592n
Gillette-Rogers resolution and, 415–18, 429
Riegner’s plan for, 407–9
Wallenberg and, 459–60
WRB and, 427–29, 435–37, 450–52, 454–57, 535
Johnson, Samuel, 242
Judenrat (Jewish Council), 388
Juno Beach, 185, 189, 198, 199–200
Kapos (trusties), 121, 125
Karski, Jan, 400, 403–5, 440, 497, 558n, 584n–85n
Kaschau (Kosice), 170–71
Kasserine Pass, 344, 356, 581n
Kastner, Rudolf, 156, 166, 168
Kattowitz (Katowice), 282, 291, 296
Keitel, Wilhelm, 551n
Kennedy, Joseph, 38
Kershaw, Alex, 561n, 564n
Kershaw, Ian, 256, 494, 566n, 567n, 571n, 581n, 598n
Kesselring, Albert, 197, 393, 395, 398
KGB, 21, 373
Kiev, 260
Kiev Jews, 258–60
King, Admiral, 193
Kitchens, James H., 594n
Klimt, Gustav, 363
knives, in escapes, 124, 128, 130, 132, 146, 151
Knox, Frank, 156–57
Koppelmann, Isidor, 576n
Kovno (Kaunas), 257–58
Kraków, 263, 271, 291, 297, 498
Krasnansky, Oskar, 155–56, 166, 200, 560n–61n
Kristallnacht, 211–14, 216, 288, 567n
Kruger, Friedrich Wilhelm, 297
Krupp plant, 112, 469
Krupp Steelworks, 286
Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach, Gustav, 287
Kube, Wilhelm, 263
Kubowitzki, Leon, 460
Kulka, Erich, 453–54
labor camps, 263, 270, 271, 389, 488, 502
La Guardia, Fiorello, 195, 327, 380, 401, 402, 490
Lahey, Dr., 88–89
landing craft, 183–89, 199, 395
land mines, minefields, 63, 142, 184, 189, 197
Landsberg fortress, 367–68
Lane, Arthur Bliss, 467
Lange, Rudolf, 267
Langer, William, 387
Laqueur, Walter, 574n, 576n
La Roche Guyon, 198
Larrabee, Eric, 602n
latrines, 110, 132
Latvia, 255, 263, 267
Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honor, 567n
lawyers, Jewish, 210, 302
League of Nations, 39, 57, 222, 227, 302
Leahy, Admiral, 196
Lee, Robert E., 501, 522, 580n, 596n–97n
LeHand, Missy, 48, 423
Lend-Lease policy, 36, 55–56, 70, 142, 238–44, 344, 352, 414, 512, 545n, 570n
FDR’s press conference on, 238–39
Leningrad, 255, 358, 434
Lerner, Max, 401
Leuchtenberg, William, 602n
Levi, Primo, 454, 562n, 563n
Leviathan, USS, 39
Levine, Eugene, 365
Levine, Samuel A., 549n
Levy, Joseph, 441
Levy, Richard H., 594n
liberalism, liberals, 20, 59, 230, 280, 287, 342
Wise as, 311, 312, 314
Libya, 4, 275, 334–35, 352, 386
lice, 107, 362, 518
Lincoln, Abraham, 23, 55, 59, 164, 192, 405–6, 528, 531–36, 594n
Emancipation Proclamation and, 532–33
as noncommital on war, 570n–71n
second inaugural of, 478, 509, 596n
Stowe and, 582n
Lindbergh, Charles, 232, 244, 566n–67n
Lindenbaum, Shalom, 461
Linz, 361, 362
Lippmann, Walter, 57, 370, 551n, 582n
Lithuanian Jews, 257–58, 268
Livadia, 509–10
Lomazow, Stephen, 556n
London, 38, 273, 274, 302, 318, 330–31, 391
Breslau compared with, 282, 283
German bombing of, 53–54, 233, 235, 242, 246–47
Riegner Telegram and, 217, 306, 315
Schulte in, 283, 287–88
Welles in, 48
Long, Breckinridge, 221–29, 317, 568n
as ambassador to Italy, 223
anti-Semitism of, 223, 225–26, 227, 415
background of, 221–22
Bermuda conference and, 385–86
Eleanor Roosevelt’s clash with, 227–29
FDR’s meeting with, 226
McCloy compared with, 445
in politics, 222–23
rescue plan and, 414–17
Long, Huey, 59
Long, William Strudwick, 222
Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 243
Longworth, Alice Roosevelt, 27, 29, 37, 475
Los Alamos laboratories, 412, 509
Los Angeles Times, 445
Lovett, Dr., 549n
Low Countries, 220, 232
liberation of, 492–94, 493
see also specific countries
Lublin, 389, 390, 497
Lucas, Scott, 384
Lueger, Karl, 364
Luftwaffe, 52–53, 198, 233, 245, 255, 352, 452, 465, 594n
luggage, of Jews, 95, 101, 117, 118, 119, 258–59
Luxembourg, 165, 269
Luxemburg, Rosa, 365
Luxford, Ansel, 413
Lvov, 271, 494
Lyme Bay, 159, 161
lynchings, 317
MacArthur, Douglas
, 56, 474–75, 478, 481–82
on FDR’s health, 482, 596n
McAuliffe, Anthony, 501
McClelland, Roswell, 450, 451
McCloy, John J., Jr., 193, 424, 425, 435
background of, 443–44
internment of Japanese Americans and, 443–49, 590n
rescue of Jews and, 449–52, 456–57, 460–61, 469–71, 497
McCloy, John J., Sr., 443–44
McDonald, James G., 227, 313, 326–27
machine guns, 83, 123, 134–35, 230, 496, 522
D-Day and, 180, 182, 186, 187
“Harvest Festival” and, 498
in murder of Soviet Jews, 258, 259
McIntire, Ross, 48, 67, 85–89, 442, 550n, 555n–56n
Churchill’s talk with, 486
election of 1944 and, 489
at Hobcaw Barony, 140, 141, 156, 157, 162
White House office of, 193–94
McKinley, William, 27
MacLeish, Archibald, 392
Madagascar, 262, 297
Madison, James, 585n
Majdanek, 116, 134–35, 390, 494, 559n
Soviet liberation of, 497–98, 504, 598n
Malin, Patrick, 228
Malta, 73, 245, 510
Manchester, William, 568n
Manchuria, 513
Manhattan Project, 411–12
maps, 128, 190, 192, 196–97, 201, 250
Marines, U.S., 140
Marshall, George, 22, 56, 63, 227
at Algiers conference, 391
Casablanca conference and, 353
in London, 273
1942 plans and, 573n
1942 war views of, 272–74, 276–78
Overlord and, 68, 72–73, 189–90, 192–93, 553n
Torch and, 276–78, 342
Marshall, John, 194
mass executions:
of Germans, 68–69
of Jews, 256–64
at Majdanek, 116, 134–35
toll of, 263–64
Mauthausen, 499, 518
McCormick, Anne O’Hare, 380
Meacham, Jon, 547n, 583n
medical experiments, 106, 294, 295
Mediterranean, 38, 246, 248, 277, 344, 355, 405
Casablanca conference and, 352–53
Churchill’s focus on, 61, 64, 273, 392–94, 534
Mediterranean Air Force, 204
Mein Kampf (Hitler), 251, 360, 367–68, 582n
Meir, Golda, 215
Meltzer, Bernard, 414
Mengele, Joseph, 94–95, 106, 112
Mercer, Lucy, see Rutherfurd, Lucy Mercer
merchant ships, 234, 396
Mexico, 82, 228
Miami, Fla., 217–18
Middle East, 17, 18, 246, 275–76, 402, 405–8, 571n
Minsk, 255, 391
Molotov, Vyacheslav M., 61, 254, 290, 511, 571n
at White House, 274, 276
money, 101, 102, 112, 216, 369
for atomic bomb, 411
escapes and, 124, 149
for Jewish rescue, 407–8, 416
Morgenthau and, 422, 423
Nazi need for, 286–87
Schulte’s interest in, 281–83