Home Town
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I received great courtesies from many people in the local courts and law-enforcement organizations—among others, Mike Andrews, David Angier, Gary Burt, Jim Conley, John Cummings, Ed Etheredge, Tom Foley, Steve Gawron, Harry Jeckanowski, Gen Keller, Bill Kokosinski, Jane Mulqueen, Kevin Murphy, Aurelio Roldan, David Ross, Betsy Schiebel, Tim Sicard, Dan Soto, Tom Soutier, and Roger Trudeau. I want to thank all the local court officers and all the members of the Northampton Police Department, including Mike Allard, Martha Blair, Dan Block, Chris Bruneau, Dave Callahan, John Cartledge, Mitch Cichy, Art Clewley, Eddie Cooper, John Cotton, Luanne Duso, Sue Farrell, Ken Hartwright, Pablo Jimenez, Jack Kandrotas, Jim Kandrotas, Craig Kirouac, Joe Koncas, Don Labato, Steve Laizer, Billy Lynch, Michelle Lussier, Chet Maslowski, Digger Morawski, Bob Moriarty, Dave Netto, Ken Nichols, Bob Powers, Pablo Rodriguez, Brian Rust, Al St. Onge, Scott Savino, Steve Superba, Joe Ustaitis, Dave Vitkus, Mike Wall, Joe Yukl. And special thanks for putting up with me are due Bobby Dunn, Peter Fappiano, Dorothy Gagne, Pat Garvey, Ray Goulet, Preston Horton, Carlos Lebron, John McCarthy, Ann McMahon, Bobby Nicol, Ken Patenaude, Ken Watson. I owe great debts to Rusty Luce and even greater ones to Chief Russ Sienkiewicz, who let me hang around.
Doubtless, I have forgotten to name some people who helped me. To them, my thanks and apologies.
The following is a listing of some of the materials I used in my research, arranged more or less by subject. (What is now called the Daily Hampshire Gazette was first published on September 9, 1786. It was called The Hampshire Gazette until it merged on November 1, 1858, with The Northampton Courier and was called The Hampshire Gazette and Northampton Courier until 1890, when it became the Daily Hampshire Gazette. For the sake of simplicity, I refer to it throughout these notes as the Gazette.)
NORTHAMPTON
Bain, George W., and Howard A. Meyerhoff. The Flow of Time in the Connecticut Valley: Geological Imprints. Springfield, Mass., and Amherst, Mass.: Connecticut Valley Historical Museum and Pratt Museum, Amherst College, 1963.
City of Northampton, Annual Budget Adopted by City Council, Fiscal Year—1995, 1996.
Clark, Christopher. The Roots of Rural Capitalism: Western Massachusetts, 1780–1860. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1990.
History of the Connecticut Valley in Massachusetts with Illustrations and Biographical Sketches of Some of Its Prominent Men and Pioneers, 2 vols. Philadelphia: Louis H. Everts, 1879.
Holland, Josiah Gilbert. History of Western Massachusetts, 2 vols. Springfield, Mass.: Samuel Bowles and Company, 1855.
Horowitz, Helen Lefkowitz, and Kathy Peiss, eds. Love Across the Color Line: The Letters of Alice Hanley to Channing Lewis. Amherst, Mass.: University of Massachusetts Press, 1996.
Johnson, Clifton. Historic Hampshire in the Connecticut Valley: Happenings in a Charming Old New England County from the Time of the Dinosaur Down to About 1900. Springfield, Mass.: Milton Bradley Company, 1932.
Kurath, Hans, with the collaboration of Marcus L. Hansen, Bernard Bloch, and Julia Bloch. Handbook of the Linguistic Geography of New England. Providence: Brown University Press, 1939.
MacDonald, William L. Northampton, Massachusetts, Architecture and Buildings. Northampton, Mass.: published by the author, 1981.
Manning, Alice H. “Meadow City Milestones: A Collection of Historical Sketches.” Printed by the Daily Hampshire Gazette, Northampton, February 1987.
Moore, J. Michael. The Life and Death of Northampton State Hospital: The Experience of Work in an Institution for the Mentally Ill. Northampton, Mass.: Historic Northampton, 1994.
Nobles, Gregory H. Divisions Throughout the Whole: Politics and Society in Hampshire County, Massachusetts, 1740–1775. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1983.
O’Connell, James C., ed. The Pioneer Valley Reader. Stockbridge, Mass.: Berkshire House Publishers, 1995.
Robinson, William F. Abandoned New England: Its Hidden Ruins and Where to Find Them. Boston: New England Graphic Society and Little, Brown, 1976.
Smith, Joseph H., ed. Colonial Justice in Western Massachusetts, 1639–1702: The Pynchon Court Record. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1961.
Szatmary, David P. Shays’ Rebellion: The Making of an Agrarian Insurrection. Amherst, Mass.: University of Massachusetts Press, 1980.
Tercentenary Editorial Committee. The Hampshire History: Celebrating 300 Years of Hampshire County, Massachusetts. Northampton, Mass.: Hampshire County Commissioners, 1964.
The Tercentenary History Committee. The Northampton Book: Chapters from 300 Years in the Life of a New England Town, 1654–1954. Brattleboro, Vt.: Alan S. Browne, 1954.
Trumbull, James Russell. History of Northampton Massachusetts from Its Settlement in 1654, 2 vols. Northampton, Mass.: Press of Gazette Printing Co., 1898, 1902.
CENSUS DATA
1990 Decennial Census of Population. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Washington, D.C.
Street List. City of Northampton, November 1996.
SYLVESTER JUDD
Hall, Arethusa, ed. Memorabilia from the Journals of Sylvester Judd of Northampton, Massachusetts. Northampton, Mass.: privately published, 1882.
Judd, Sylvester. “The Judd Manuscript,” 5 vols. Kept at Forbes Library, Northampton; filmed 1958. (A very useful abridged version with commentary is Gregory H. Nobles and Herbert L. Zarov, eds., Selected Papers from the Judd Manuscript. Northampton, Mass.: Forbes Library, 1976.)
———. Notebooks, 8 vols., 1833–1860, kept at Forbes Library, Northampton.
NEWTON ARVIN
Many newspaper articles describe the case. I am indebted to Frank Ellis of Smith College for putting me onto a very fine undergraduate honors thesis, which contains the best rendering of the affair that I have found: Sklar, Stacey M., “The Newton Arvin Case,” unpublished honors thesis, Amherst College, April 7, 1989.
TOWNS AND CITIES
Fishman, Robert. Urban Utopias in the Twentieth Century. New York: Basic Books, 1977.
Francaviglia, Richard V. Main Street Revisited. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1996.
Howard, Ebenezer. Garden Cities of Tomorrow. Edited by F. J. Osborn. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1965.
Jacobs, Jane. The Death and Life of Great American Cities. New York: Vintage Books, 1992.
Mumford, Lewis. The City in History: Its Origins, Its Transformations, and Its Prospects. New York: Harcourt, Brace, and World, 1961.
———. The Culture of Cities. New York: Harcourt, Brace, and Company, 1938.
Plato. The Laws. Translated by A. E. Taylor. London: Everyman’s Library, 1966.
Vallentin, Antonina. Leonardo da Vinci: The Tragic Pursuit of Perfection. Translated by E. W. Dickes. New York: Viking Press, 1938.
DRUG USE IN NORTHAMPTON’S SCHOOLS
Report on the Northampton Public Schools. Michigan Alcohol and Other Drugs School Survey, conducted through the Kercher Center for Social Research, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan, 1992.
Summary Report on the Hampshire County Youth and Substance Abuse Survey. Prepared by the staff of the Hampshire Alcohol/Drug Abuse Prevention Partnership of the Tri-County Partnership to Prevent Alcohol/Drug Abuse and the Project Evaluators of the Donahue Institute. Fall 1995.
Michigan Alcohol and Other Drugs 1995 School Survey Report for Northampton Schools. The Donahue Institute, University of Massachusetts, January 1996.
LACK OF OSTENTATION AS A TRADITION
Drake, Samuel G. Annals of Witchcraft in New England and Elsewhere in the United States. Boston: W. Elliot Woodward, 1869.
Dwight, Timothy. Travels in New-England and New-York. London: printed for William Baynes & Son, 1823. Vol. 1, letters XXXIII and XXXIV.
Gere, Henry Sherwood. Reminiscences of Old Northampton: Sketches of the Town as It Appeared from 1840 to 1850. Published by the Daily Hampshire Gazette, 1902.
Miller, Perry, and Thomas H. Johnson, eds. The Puritans. New York: American Book Company, 1938.
Stebbins, Daniel (1766–1856). Notebooks
of Daniel Stebbins, 2 vols. Kept at Forbes Library, Northampton.
“Witchcraft Slander.” Gazette, June 3, 1904.
PHILANTHROPY AND CARE OF THE POOR
Clark, Christopher. The Communitarian Moment: The Radical Challenge of the Northampton Association. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1995.
Ebbeling, Donald C. Courtroom Crucible: The Smith Charities. Northampton, Mass.: Trustees of the Smith Charities, 1976.
Forbes, Charles Edward. Last Will and Testament. Kept at Forbes Library.
Judd, Sylvester. “The Judd Manuscript” and Personal Diaries; and Nobles and Zarov, Selected Papers. Complete citations for these works appear above, in the section headed “Sylvester Judd.”
Lockwood, Alison McCrillis. No Ordinary Man: Judge Forbes and His Library. Northampton, Mass.: privately published, 1994.
Trumbull, James Russell. History of Northampton. A complete citation appears on p. 342.
Winthrop, John. “A Modell of Christian Charity.” In Perry Miller and Thomas H. Johnson, eds., The Puritans. New York: American Book Company, 1938.
I also used the following articles; all of which appeared in the Gazette. “The Poorhouse Problem,” May 21, 1891; “The Poor Farm,” May 23, 1891; “The City Poor House and Farm. Wretched Old Buildings Rotten and Dilapidated,” May 27, 1891; “The City Council Grapples with the Sewer, Poor House, and Upper Route Questions,” May 28, 1891; “The City Poor, How They Fare Under the City Guardianship,” October 18, 1898; and “Almshouse Here Is Now the ‘Infirmary,’ ” May 5, 1927.
THE FOUNDING OF SMITH COLLEGE
I am greatly indebted to Jacque Bradley, a former Ada Comstock scholar and undergraduate history major, for both materials and commentary on the founding of Smith College.
I used the following materials:
Bradley, Jacque. “Sophia’s Choice: An Annotated Bibliography of Books Owned and/or Read by Sophia Smith.” Smith College, July 1996.
Greene, John M. Journals and scrapbooks, 1857–1917. John M. Greene Papers, held at the Smith College Archives.
———. Line-a-day diaries, 1882–1919 (broken). John M. Greene Papers, Smith College Archives.
———. “Sketch of the Life and Character of Miss Sophia Smith, Founder of Smith College.” Gazette, August 3, 1875. (This is just one of many flattering portraits that Greene drew of Sophia after her death. In general, the portraits grow increasingly flattering as the years go on.)
Greenwood, William. Letter to John M. Greene about Sophia Smith, July 27, 1875. The Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College.
Hanscomb, Elizabeth Deering, and Helen French Greene. Sophia Smith and the Beginnings of Smith College. Northampton, Mass.: Smith College, 1926.
Horowitz, Helen Lefkowitz. “To Preserve Her Womanliness.” Alma Mater: Design and Experience in the Woman’s Colleges from Their Nineteenth-Century Beginnings to the 1930s, 2nd ed. Amherst, Mass.: University of Massachusetts Press, 1993.
Miller, Mary Esther. “Sophia Smith’s Will.” Gazette, November 13, 1877 (description of Smith).
Quesnell, Quentin. “Whatever Happened to Sophia Smith?” Smith Alumnae Quarterly, vol. 86, no. 2, spring 1995.
Seelye, L. Clark. The Early History of Smith College. Cambridge, Mass.: Riverside Press, 1923. (This book contains a copy of Sophia’s will, which can also be found in a number of other places.)
Smith, Charles. Letter to Greene about Sophia, July 29, 1875. The Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College.
Smith, Sophia. Personal journal, 1861–70. Smith College Archives.
Smith College Board of Trustees. “Smith College Mission and Objectives Statement,” May 2, 1987, and January 29, 1997.
Tyler, William S. Letter to Greene about Sophia, August 28, 1875. The Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College.
I also used the following articles and letters to the editor: Untitled article, Gazette, July 5, 1870 (squabble over Smith’s will); “Local Intelligence,” Northampton Courier, August 30, 1870 (squabble over Smith’s will); “Reasons for Voting against the Proposition to Raise by Taxation $75,000 to Aid Smith College,” Gazette, March 11, 1873; “Smith College and Who Accumulated a Majority of Its Funds,” Northampton Courier, March 27, 1888 (stories of Austin); Gazette, letters appearing on March 11, 18, and 25, 1873; and “Celebrating Sophia: Rally Day ’96,” The Sophian (Smith College), February 22, 1996.
THE STORY OF HALLIGAN AND DALEY
James M. Camposeo, “Anti-Catholic Prejudice in Early New England: The Daley-Halligan Murder Trial,” Historical Journal of Western Massachusetts, vol. 6, no. 2 (spring 1978).
Gallen, P. H. “Father Cheverus in Northampton.” In How Popes Are Chosen and Other Essays. Boston: The Stratford Company, 1927.
Garvey, Richard C. “The Hanging of Daley and Halligan,” in Tercentenary History Committee, The Northampton Book. For a full citation see p. 342.
History of the Connecticut Valley in Massachusetts (see p. 341), vol. 1, p. 214, contains the following passage: “As an interesting fact connected with this it may be added that years afterward, on his death-bed, the real murderer of the mail-carrier acknowledged his guilt and vindicated—too late—the innocence of the lads who were executed for the crime.” Various commentators have settled on this assertion as if it were fact. But it remains unsubstantiated, in spite of the efforts of many.
Huen-Dubourg, J. The Life of Cardinal Cheverus. Translated from the French by E. Stewart. Boston: James Munroe & Company, 1839.
Melville, Annabelle M. Jean Lefebvre de Cheverus, 1786–1836. Milwaukee: Bruce Publishing Company, 1958.
A Member of the Bar. Report of the Trial of Dominic Daley and James Halligan for the Murder of Marcus Lyon Before The Supreme Judicial Court. Northampton, Mass.: S. & E. Butler Booksellers, 1806.
Peck, Chauncey E. “The Marcus Lyon Murder,” in The History of Wilbraham, Massachusetts, published by the Town of Wilbraham, 1914.
Shepherd, Mary Pomeroy. Journals, 1803–1809. Held at Historic Northampton.
Sullivan, Robert. “The Murder Trial of Halligan and Daley—Northampton, Massachusetts, 1806.” Massachusetts Law Quarterly, September 1964, pp. 211–24. The most careful and thorough of the secondary accounts of the judicial proceedings and of the popular hysteria the murder created.
Trumbull, James Russell. “Execution of Dailey [sic] and Halligan,” in History of Northampton (see p. 342), vol. 2, pp. 589–92.
“A Brief Account, etc. of the Execution of Dominic Daley and James Hallagan [sic] for the Murder of Marcus Lyon.” This document carries no date or publisher. It is held at Forbes Library.
I also consulted the following stories from the Gazette (some untitled): a short account of the trial, according to which the jury retired at ten P.M. and returned with their verdict “in a few moments,” April 30, 1806; a small notice of the hanging “Thursday last,” which sets the size of the crowd at 15,000, June 11, 1806; “The Hanging of Halligan and Daley, for the Murder of Marcus Lyon at Wilbraham,” September 6, 1806; “More Reminiscences of Olden Times,” July 6, 1869; “Old Times,” July 20, 1869; “Murder of Marcus Lyon, An Account of It by a Man Who Saw the Murderers Hung in 1806,” March 3, 1899; “On Gallows Hill and Pancake Plain,” April 30, 1906; “150th Anniversary of Death on Gallows of Innocent Pair Points Up Changes, Progress” (quotes in full a statement by Luke Ryan on the case), April 24, 1956; Alice Manning, “That Great Boulder at the Hospital Grounds—Why Is It There?” December 8, 1972; “Gubernatorial Pardon Being Sought in 19th Century Murder Case Here,” June 10, 1982; “50 Attend Ceremony for Irish Pair,” June 14, 1982; “Murder Pardons Doubtful,” December 21, 1982; “1805 Murder, Mass Held for Irish Who Were Executed,” June 7, 1984. I also used The Hampshire Federalist, January 7, 1806.
SYLVESTER GRAHAM
Nissenbaum, Stephen. Sex, Diet, and Debility in Jacksonian America: Sylvester Graham and Health Reform. Chicago: The Dorsey Press, 1988.
OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER